CPC 6128 Training (UK) (128K) (Face B) (1989) [Original] [UTILITAIRE].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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000F80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
000F90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001400: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
001410: 01 00 01 00 02 09 52 E5 01 00 41 02 00 00 00 02 ......R...A.....
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001AB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001B40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001BC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001BF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001C00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001C70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001C90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001CF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001D00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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008070: 20 55 73 69 6E 67 20 74 68 65 20 45 6C 65 63 74 Using the Elect
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008470: CD BA 17 19 20 53 61 76 65 20 42 6F 6F 6B 6D 61 .... Save Bookma
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008940: 0E 21 CA EF CD E2 05 21 00 00 E5 21 F3 EE E5 CD .!.....!...!....
008950: B1 21 21 00 00 7D 32 27 EE 21 CA EF E5 21 02 00 .!!..}2'.!...!..
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008970: 8D 5D 21 CA EF CD 3A 05 21 01 00 E5 21 02 00 CD .]!...:.!...!...
008980: 6B 08 06 02 21 F3 EE CD E2 05 C3 A4 5D 21 F3 EE k...!.......]!..
008990: CD 3A 05 21 CA EF CD 3A 05 CD 3D 08 06 0E 21 CA .:.!...:..=...!.
0089A0: EF CD E2 05 21 CA EF CD 3A 05 21 01 00 E5 21 07 ....!...:.!...!.
0089B0: 00 CD 6B 08 CD 4D 05 07 2D 42 4B 2E 4E 44 58 CD ..k..M..-BK.NDX.
0089C0: 3D 08 06 0E 21 CA EF CD E2 05 21 F6 EE E5 21 CA =...!.....!...!.
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0089F0: 21 01 00 7D 32 27 EE C3 C0 5E 21 CA EF CD 3A 05 !..}2'...^!...:.
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008A20: 52 CD 6B 08 06 0E 21 CA EF CD E2 05 21 01 00 E5 R.k...!.....!...
008A30: CD E6 21 CD D2 22 CD 9B 14 CD BA 17 14 07 53 6F ..!.."........So
008A40: 72 72 79 2C 20 63 61 6E 27 74 20 66 69 6E 64 20 rry, can't find
008A50: 22 21 CA EF CD 3A 05 21 00 00 CD AA 17 CD BA 17 "!...:.!........
008A60: 2F 2D 42 4B 2E 4E 44 58 22 20 2E 2E 2E 20 28 77 /-BK.NDX" ... (w
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008A90: CD 1B 20 21 4E EB E5 21 CA EF E5 CD 2F 2A E5 21 .. !N..!..../*.!
008AA0: 00 00 D1 CD 7F 06 CB 45 CA AB 5E 21 CA EF CD 3A .......E..^!...:
008AB0: 05 CD 4D 05 00 CD 8D 06 CB 45 CA C0 5E CD DA 48 ..M......E..^..H
008AC0: 2A 27 EE 26 00 CB 45 CA 59 5D CD D2 22 CD 9B 14 *'.&..E.Y].."...
008AD0: CD BA 17 1E 50 6C 65 61 73 65 20 77 61 69 74 20 ....Please wait
008AE0: 2D 20 4C 6F 61 64 69 6E 67 20 49 6E 64 65 78 2E - Loading Index.
008AF0: 2E 2E CD 1B 20 CD 99 02 CD BD 4A 21 F6 EE CD 7A .... .....J!...z
008B00: CD 79 22 21 66 EB CD BA 14 CD BA 17 05 50 61 67 .y"!f........Pag
008B10: 65 20 2A 2A EE 11 01 00 19 5E 23 56 EB E5 21 03 e **.....^#V..!.
008B20: 00 CD 26 17 CD BA 17 04 20 6F 66 20 2A 33 EE E5 ..&..... of *3..
008B30: 21 03 00 CD 26 17 21 0A 00 CD 22 17 21 0A 00 CD !...&.!...".!...
008B40: 22 17 CD CD 17 CD 1B 20 21 00 00 7D 32 31 EE 2A "...... !..}21.*
008B50: 28 EC 26 00 E5 21 02 00 D1 CD 7F 06 CB 45 CA 92 (.&..!.......E..
008B60: 55 21 01 00 E5 2A 32 EE 26 00 D1 CD 66 06 7A B3 U!...*2.&...f.z.
008B70: CA 92 55 D5 7D 32 31 EE 21 66 EB CD BA 14 21 20 ..U.}21.!f....!
008B80: 00 CD 22 17 CD 1B 20 2A 31 EE 26 00 23 D1 1B C3 .."... *1.&.#...
008B90: 6E 55 21 00 00 7D 32 31 EE 2A 31 EE 26 00 E5 21 nU!..}21.*1.&..!
008BA0: 05 00 D1 CD E0 06 E5 21 2B F0 E5 2A 31 EE 26 00 .......!+..*1.&.
008BB0: 29 D1 19 5E 23 56 EB E5 2A 35 EE D1 CD 92 06 D1 )..^#V..*5......
008BC0: 7D A3 6F CB 45 CA D5 55 2A 31 EE 26 00 23 7D 32 }£o.E..U*1.&.#}2
008BD0: 31 EE C3 99 55 2A 31 EE 26 00 E5 CD 4E 50 2A 2A 1...U*1.&...NP**
008BE0: EE 22 20 EC 21 00 00 7D 32 19 EC 2A 32 EE 26 00 ." .!..}2..*2.&.
008BF0: E5 21 03 00 E5 CD 79 22 21 01 00 7D 32 1A EC 2A .!....y"!..}2..*
008C00: 20 EC 11 03 00 19 5E 23 56 EB 22 37 EE 21 43 EE .....^#V."7.!C.
008C10: E5 2A 20 EC 11 03 00 19 5E 23 56 EB E5 21 FF 7F .* .....^#V..!..
008C20: D1 19 CD D5 19 CD 1B 20 2A 28 EC 26 00 E5 21 01 ....... *(.&..!.
008C30: 00 D1 CD 7F 06 CB 45 CA 0C 57 2A 20 EC 11 03 00 ......E..W* ....
008C40: 19 5E 23 56 EB E5 21 FF 7F D1 19 E5 2A 39 EE E5 .^#V..!.....*9..
008C50: 21 FF 7F D1 19 E5 21 02 00 D1 EB B7 ED 52 D1 CD !.....!......R..
008C60: 66 06 7A B3 CA 77 56 D5 22 3B EE CD B3 50 2A 3B f.z..wV.";...P*;
008C70: EE 23 D1 1B C3 62 56 21 16 EC 22 22 EC 2A 19 EC .#...bV!.."".*..
008C80: 26 00 EB 2A 22 EC 73 2A 22 EC 11 01 00 19 E5 2A &..*".s*"......*
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01C930: 18 00 47 02 00 00 00 02 18 00 43 02 00 00 00 02 ..G.......C.....
01C940: 18 00 48 02 00 00 00 02 18 00 44 02 00 00 00 02 ..H.......D.....
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01CA60: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7C 20 20 20 20 20 20 |
01CA70: 20 20 54 52 41 4E 53 43 52 49 50 54 20 20 20 20 TRANSCRIPT
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01CA90: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7C 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 |
01CAA0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
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01CAD0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 7B 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E {~~~~~
01CAE0: 7E 1D 20 20 7C 20 20 7C 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ~. | |.
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023030: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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023050: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
023060: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
023070: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
023080: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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0230A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0230B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0230C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0230D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0230E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0230F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
023100: 20 61 6E 64 20 66 69 6E 61 6C 6C 79 20 20 6A 75 and finally ju
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023370: 20 20 54 52 41 4E 53 43 52 49 50 54 20 20 20 20 TRANSCRIPT
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023410: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
023420: 7C 20 20 20 54 48 52 45 45 20 20 20 7C 20 20 7C | THREE | |
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023450: 20 7C 20 20 7C 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 | |.
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023470: 20 20 20 20 20 20 7C 20 20 7C 0D 20 20 20 20 20 | |.
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0234C0: 1D 20 20 7C 0D 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 . |.
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0234E0: 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 7E 1D 20 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D 0D ~~~~~~~~. ......
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02E870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E900: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E910: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E920: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E930: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E940: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E950: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E960: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E970: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E980: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E990: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EED0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F000: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F010: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F020: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F030: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F040: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F050: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F060: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F070: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F080: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F090: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F100: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F110: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F120: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F190: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F200: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F290: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F390: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F4A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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PRO=279 CHEA=1 COD=14 MUSI=0 COP=126 GRA=126 WRIT=44 198=4 199=0 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
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u use the Electric Book just like an old fashioned printed book. You canNflick t
hrough it Forwards and Backwards look through the Contents SectionJor the Index
to see what pages hold a reference you might be interested inCand Turn To those
pages directly or Print them on yourz **n&20!"9!2'!*0&)))!n&!0EXM!!M!*0&)))!n&!e
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ntil it finds the reference you want you can place upNto 4 Markers in the text a
nd move between them instantly the key alwaysLbrings you to this page. Finally
always use Quit to close the book neatly.P Either Use the SPACE BAR to "ready"
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!N!/*!E!ME RAFBGCHDIE
key... To start the tutoral proper, turn to page 8.
U S I N G T H E E L E C T R I C B O O K 1 OF 4 The word
s down here at the bottom of your screen are a MENU. The UPPER line gives
you a list of the things you can do with ELECTRIC BOOK... The LOWER l
ine provides Sub-Menus. Try tapping the space bar a few times and you'
ll see what I mean... Computing With The CPC TUTOR..
. Tap The "F" key. (c) Head-Line, Hereford.. 1989 INTRODUCTION TO
THIS TUTORIAL
The idea of this book is that you work through a quiz so
on after you have finished your learning sessions - just to chec
k your understanding. If you find a problem with anyt
You can also select an option by tapping just the
initial letter of the one you want - the LOWER line will di
splay prompts to help you decide what to do next.
The next 3 pages tell you what each option does.
/ hing you can look it up immediately in the
"RECAP" book which is on this same disc.
We recommend that you work through the quiz again after five or s
ix weeks of working with your hardware and software, to see if anything
has fallen into place in the interim - and to check that you have
n't forgotten any key points. V / ** Tap "F
" to move Forward a page ** U S I N G T H E E L E C T R I C B O O K
2 OF 4 The next three pages describe how the various features of the SCR
EENPLAY electric book work... If you.... Tap "F" - you will move FORWARD one p
age Tap "B" - you will move BACK one page Tap "T" - followed by a page number
and then press the RETURN key and you will go direct to the page
number you keyed in. Tap "S" - you will be prompted to key
C
omputing with the CPC You are reading the first of three ELECTRIC
BOOKS on this disc - Each one does a different job. This one BOOKS ON T
HIS DISC holds the detailed instructions on using the ELECTRIC BOOKS.
TUTOR - A quiz RECAP - A Transcr
ipt We hope you enjoy working wit-in the word(s) you want to fin
d. When you press RTN you will be offered a QUICK search (just
page headings) or a THOROUGH search (the whole book).
Key-in "Q" or "T" as appropriate. NB Search goes FORWARD from the
page on screen. 3 OF 4
Tap "A" - the search you have just carried out will be repeated. T
ap "P" - you will be asked to confirm that you want to h the Of
The Tapes tutorials - and that you might be BASIC - A quick-reference int
erested in other tutorials in the guide to getting range. (Contact
your dealer, or if started with BASIC he can't help, contact us di
rect. You'll find details at the end of this book.)
The next few pages contain instructions on how to read the electric b
ook. To continue reading, tap the "F" R A F B G C H D I E print out the
page on screen. When you confirm your instruction the print ou
t will start immediately. Please print any of the page
s you wish to keep handy for reference Tap "" - you will be shown a help screen
. Tap "M" - and you will be able to SET, FIND or REMOVE a bookMark.
Just tap "S", "F" or "R" followed by the number 1, 2, 3 or 4 as app
ropriate. Tap "Q" - you will be asked to confirm that you want to cl
o make a safety copy and use that! * To get ready for work you "boot"/
reset your system. The "A" tells you the computer is waiting for yo
u to key in a command. * The DIR command gives a directory of the discs -
it lists all the files. * The are very precise conventions about
naming files BEFORE YOU START THE QUIZ - SOME KEY POINTS *
Variations of the DIR command let you see the SIZES of files, and
EXCLUDE certain files from se the book. Tap "Y" and you will be
asked if you want to save the bookmarks. Key in "Y" or "N" in res
ponse to this prompt too. So you can see that THE ELECTRIC BOOK is pre
tty versatile. Yet it should still seem pretty familiar. We could have b
uilt-in all sorts of other clever features (like graphics, or word proces
sing) but we decided quite deliberately to keep things simple and unclutt
ered. Having said that, we are always keen to find improv listings.
* Another CP/M command SHOWs how much free space is left on a disc.
* CP/M, the CPC's operating system, is a collection of programs to g
ive you special control over the way you work with your computer. * O
nce you know the things in this list, you are in a position to keep ta
bs on the state of your discs. (Get Ready For The Qui
z) WHO NEEDS AN OPERATING SYSTEM...... A salesman trying to sell
you ements, so if you have any suggestions.. or if you have a new applic
ation we have not thought of.. please let us know... Now for some details
about the tutorial itself Tap "F" By now you should have completed the audio
sessions, and we hope you are beginning to feel confident with CP/M PLUS.
Of course, you can't expect to have mastered it yet - that takes time and pr
actice. The rest of the Reel Time course is based on disc, in the remaining
Electric Books TUTOR This book, a new spreadsheet program tel
ls you "This software is so easy
and powerful you'll never nee
d to use CP/M at all" Do you believe him If you DO Jump
FORWARD 1 If you DON'T Jump FORWARD 2 SO YOU DO BELIEVE THE SA
LESMAN....! Well, why not. He might well be right. BUT
AND containing a short quiz, t
o check your understanding of the key points about CP/M RECAP C
ontains an edited transcript of the audio tapes. You can use it f
or revision at any time. BASIC Contains a Quick Guide to getting started w
ith the programming language BASIC.
Tap "F" to go forward... Don't forget that you can print any pages you need
to keep handy. IF YOU WOULD LIKE TO TAKE A BREAK, NOW IS
Even if his spreadsheet What
about all the program is extremely housekeeping jobs you powe
rful, it is unlikely need to do to support to cover ALL the features
your database program or which come as standard in your accounts progra
m or the CP/M system you get.. even your games programs! Jump FOR
WARD 2... SO YOU DON'T BELIEVE THE SALESMAN....! But you don'
t have to be too A GOOD TIME. CLOSE THIS BOOK NOW, AND SAVE THE
BOOKMARKS AS YOU DO. WHEN YOU REOPEN THE BOOK YOU WILL RETURN TO T
HIS PAGE. TO CLOSE THE BOOK, KEY IN "Q Y Y" FOR THE
TUTORIAL, TAP THE LETTER "F" BEFORE YOU START THE QUIZ - SOME KEY POINTS
In session one you used the CP/M operating system for basic h
ousekeeping tasks, and we made some key points.. * NEVER use the master cop
ies of your discs for day to day work, RAFBGCHDIE suspicious!
Many applications programs like word processors and
spreadsheets do carry their own housekeeping procedures to copy
and delete files list directories and so on.
But you should ask will it provide you with ALL you want
To see why Tap "F" ..... Key Point
Over time you are bound to collect more and
mortem is in control, not an application package.
it acts as the "prompt" for you to start keying somethin
g in. it tells you that the "active" drive -
the drive which CP/M will use.. in default of any
instruction to the contrary from you. You can now start ty
ping in your instructions, which CP/M will carry out on the active drive A... o
r you can switch the active drivee information (or data) so you will need
to establish a routine way of working which ensures you don't lose
track of things. If you get into the habit of always using C
P/M procedures (rather than the ones supplied with an applicatio
ns package) your "housekeeping" procedures will quickly become se
cond nature, however different the applications programs may loo
k.. ANOTHER QUESTION You've just received tha to another drive
- such as Drive B. The active drive is also known as
the default drive. So you must be able
to change the default drive whenever you like.
How do you do that To switch the default drive
simply key in the drive letter you want...
then ""... then RETURN. For example B or b will swit
ch tot expensive new piece of software you ordered in a fit
of enthusiasm some weeks ago. You rush off to the computer, ripp
ing open the packaging as you go. you have an over
whelming (and natural!) desire to stick the disk into the drive and
go WHY SHOULD YOU RESIST THAT TEMPTATION
ANSWER The first thing you MUST do is COPY
IT! Remember B A or a will switch to
A Remember If you are using a single drive CPC, as you switch
to drive B the CPC will prompt you to put a disk in B and press an
y key. Another question During the copying process t
he computer takes all the files off one disk and puts
them on to another. True or false F
ALSE. This is one of the basic concepts of compThe first thing you must alwa
ys do when you get your new software is COPY it - and then
only use the copy, keeping the original somewhere safe i
n case of emergency. You should NEVER use the MASTER copy of a
disc - except to make a duplicate copy of it. If you do s
poil your original of an important disc you will have to pay to repl
ace it. What else Perhaps you should also stop for a few uti
ng.. and one which many newcomers find hard to grasp. Copying a disk with D
ISCKIT (or indeed any copying process) merely makes an exact duplicate of
the disk's contents on another disk. Something similar happens when
you run a program. The computer reads the program from the disk
into its memory but instead of putting it onto another disk it works on
the memory copy. In both cases the original is totally unchanged.
THE WRITE-PRO minutes to read the manual thoroughly - you ne
ver know what you might learn about the right and wrong way of d
oing things! A This is the CPC's CP/M "System prompt".
It appears on a line all by itself. It tells you a number of t
hings. WHAT The system prompt has three fu
nctions It confirms that CP/M has "loaded"
succesfully, and that the CP/M sys RAFBGCHDIETECTION RACKET...
Every disk you use can be "write-protected". But why
should you want to write-protect a disk... ... and which discs should you
write-protect Switching the "WRITE PROTECT TAB" makes it impossible to
record on the disc. You would NOT want to do this with a disk you use ever
yday for creating or editing data files. But you are unlikely ever And y
ou would certainly to want to write more want to prevent yourself, infn
d) files. Apart from that, this is a good, informative filename! You have
just finished working with your favourite word processor, and you want to see
a list of all the files on the disk. Do you have to dig out your CP/M disk
first The DIR command which is used to give you a lis
ting, or directory, of files exists in two forms. One of them is
built in to the CP/M system you load when you BOOT or RESET the syste
m Although there is ormation or data onto, or anyone els
e, for example, your CP/M accidentally deleting master disk.
stuff from this disk. THAT'S when it becomes a good idea to wr
ite protect a disk - to prevent those sorts of accidents. When in doubt, alw
ays write-protect your disks, unless you will be frequently changing the data o
n them. QUESTION Halfway through a sessi
on of doing your accounts you decide you're so tanother, more powerful
form, DIR on its own will always be enough to give you a simple file
list. Question - You are using your favourite
applications package when you suddenly get the message
- DISK FULL Do you throw that disk a
way and start on another OK, that is an easy one -
of course you don't throw that disk away. But it does beg important subsidia
ry qotally confused you might as well reset the computer and start agai
n from scratch. Of course, you wouldn't really do that, would you
But why not USE THE RESET PROCEDURE WITH CARE!!!
Many software packages leave files "open" all over the disk if yo
u use the reset procedure halfway through a job you risk scrambling your data
across the disk. NEVER reset the system when you're in the middle of a
working session. If you juestions Can you just open a new disk
and carry on working with it straightaway.... If not, why
not.. and what does that tell you about working with disks
THE FORMAT PROGRAM A new disk
MUST be FORMATTED before you can start working with it and to format
it you have to use DISCKIT. If you are part way through editing a docu
ment, or doing your accounts when you get a ust abandon things in m
id-stream, you may corrupt the work you've done - with disastrous conseque
nces. You are asked to give your comments on
whether a certain event is good or bad for you department. You use your w
ord processor to write your comments on disk, ready for later printing. You t
hink a good, descriptive filename for this file would be
GOODORBAD.COMMENTS But there are a number of problems with this filen DIS
K FULL message, you won't be able to run DISCKIT without exiting from
the program, and that may, mean losing valuable work. Th
e safe solution is always keep at least one FORMATTED disk handy
Question You have two disks, labelled BACKUP and MASTER. MASTER is
the master copy of your next award- winning best-seller BACKUP keeps
the security backup copies of the chapter files. At the end of your w
ord processing sessioname. Can you identify them
File names can have two parts, separated by a "." - though you don't
HAVE to use 2-part names. But GOODORBAD.COMMENTS * You can't
use a "" in a filename * The fileNAME must be a maximum of 8 characters *
The fileTYPE must be no more than 3 characters * BECAUSE of the 3-char
acter filetype limit, CP/M will shorten the filetype to ".COM" - which s
hould only be used for CP/M program (COMma R A F B G C H D I E, with yo
ur MASTER disk in drive A you use this command to backup the file, "CHAPTER3"
. PIP ACHAPTER3BCHAPTER3
Right or wrong Oh dear. This command would have the disastrous effe
ct of copying the file Chapter3 FROM the backup in drive B OVER the master
version in A REMEMBER The "syntax" (or format) of the PIP
command is peculiar but very specific DESTINATION
SOURCE files, checking directories and so on. But the whole pr
ocess works much slower than usual, and the printer echos everything yo
u type. What's wrong
ALT P Entering CTRL P at th
e keyboard turns on a switch in the computer such that everything
which appears on the screen ALSO appears on the printer. It look
s as though somone had turned ON the The correct command would be
PIP BCHAPTER3ACHAPTER3 Most people destroy at least one
valuable copy of a vital file before they remember this format!
BUT you may be able to stop PIP before it gets too far!
HOW The standard method of "Breaking" into a CP/M com
mand to stop it is Ctrl-C... in other words, hold down the CTRL key and pr
ess the letter C. This won't always work - it depend echo but had forgo
tten to turn it off again. The solution is to turn it off again
by simply entering CTRL P a second time at the keyboard. Question
Your day-to-day working data disk seems to have a collection of files
called "BITS", "BOBS" etc. You know some of them contain important
information, but others are just temporary files which c
an be deleted. The trouble is, you can't remember what's in each one.
Hs on things like how far into the program you are whether the pr
ogram is "looking" at the keyboard But it is always worth trying in an emergenc
y. Question PIP and DISCKIT perform similar functions.
They are both used to make copies. So what is the difference betw
een them PIP will copy individual files, or any files mat
ching a "template" you specify. DISCKIT will copy an entire disk in one go
So although ow do you find out, without starting up your
Word Processor specially THE TYPE COMMAND
You can use the TYPE command to examine the contents of any file. TYPE
is an instruction to CP/M to display the contents of a file character by charac
ter on the screen TY
PE will produce absolute rubbish on your screen if you use it wit
h a .COM file, because the "characteyou CAN use PIP to copy an
entire disk (using the format "PIP *.*"), in general yo
u can think of PIP as being a FILE copying program and
DISCKIT as a disc copying program. Question Whilst working on your
best seller again, you realise you need an extra new chapter between
chapters 3 and 4. Files CHAPTER3 and CHAPTER4 already exist. You
can't call your new file CHAPTER3a... (too long!) You could COPrs
" in the file are in machine code - meaningful to the computer but
not readable by humans.
TYPE may also produce peculiar characters with s
ome text files - it will display things like a word processor's intern
al formatting codes uninterpretted. But TYPE will normally give you enough of a
n idea of a file's contents to decide what the file contains. Question You've
bought an appY CHAPTER4 to CHAPTER5, and then delete the original..
. But what should you do The magic command is
RENAME RENAME allows you to give any f
ile a different name without changing the contents
in any way. And remember the format...
DESTINATIONSOURCE Question You return to your machine to do a
bit of housekeeping - erasing RAFBGCHDIElications package cal
led "COMM-Fusion" which is supposed to help you communicate with all your frie
nds via your new "modem". The trouble is, every time you use COMM-Fusion you ha
ve to go through a long sequence of CP/M commands to do things like switch
"Baud rates" set up "Parity" and "Stop bits" copy files to the memory disk e
tc. None of which you understand. But you don't have to re-read
the entire manual every time you want to repeat a set of CP/M activities.
t rather than including all files matching the wildcard template,
the directory listing should EXCLUDE them. EXTENDED VARIANTS O
F COMMON CP/M COMMANDS 3 of 3 Most CP/M commands have variation
s which we have not covered in this basic introduction.
Until you are ready to explore, stick with the ones w
e HAVE covered. But there is no substitute for your own
experimentation! Read the How do you automate the process
THE SUBMIT COMMAND You can set up a file containi
ng a sequence of CP/M commands, and then get CP/M itself to execute the
sequence automatically. The file is called a SUBMIT file It must have th
e extension ".SUB" (eg SETUP.SUB) You start execution with the command (e
g) SUBMIT SETUP Once the commands are in a SUBMIT file y
ou can forget all the details of running the commands - l manual, and
be prepared to try the variations out for yourself.
Providing you have a backup copy of your work, you can't do any har
m. STRUCTURE OF FILE NAMES A CP/M file name
can have two parts the first part - the NAME itself - can be up to eight
characters in length. It can incorporate letters, numbers and some of the
special symbols. For safety, use just the letters of the alphabet and t
he numbeave it all to CP/M. A change of pace
The rest of this tutorial concentrates on ex
panding on a number of the points we covered only briefly in
the audio sessions. EXTENDED VARIANTS OF COMMON CP/M
COMMANDS 1 of 3 In the learning sessions we concentrated on the basic fo
rmats of CP/M commands like ERASE, RENAME etc But they do have EXTENDED versi
ons, (referred to as uers 0 to 9. You can add a full stop and then thre
e code letters or symbols to the file name to signify the TYPE of i
nformation held in the file. F I L E N A M E . T Y P E
DO not use an asterisk, OR a question mark in the filename you choose
. The asterisk and the question mark have a special significance for CP/M as
you will see shortly. PERMItilities in the manual) which are supplied as ".
COM" files on the CP/M disc. ERASE - the ERASE utility allows you to che
ck each filename before CP/M erases it. eg ERASE *.BAK C
- will erase all files with the exten
sion ".BAK", but only if you
confirm each one by pressing "
y". EXTENDED VARIANTS OF COMMON CP/M COMMANDS 2 TTED NAMES
You can enter file names in small letters or i
n capitals. The computer will automatically convert everything to capita
ls. Here are some examples names A OK, but not very he
lpful LETTERS a bit better, but not much SALESLET.JAN
more like it SALES.TGT ditto SALESTGT
ditto SALESTGT. won't be accepted JAN.FEB.LET of
3 RENAME - the RENAME utility allows you to use a "wildca
rd" template in your renaming operation. eg RENAM
E NEWFILE.*OLDFILE.* - will rename each file
on the disc beginning "OLDFILE" as a
file beginning "NEWFILE" DIR - the DIR utility has
a number of variants apart from SIZE. For example you can
specify tha RAFBGCHDIE won't be accepted JANFEBM
AR.LET won't be accepted FILENAME TEMPLATES
CP/M allows you to construct filename "templates" for
commands controlling file "housekeeping" activities. The commands will
be carried out for all the files that match the template. You
use the asterisk symbol "*" and the question mark "" as "wil
d card" characters to represent other characterBoth systems can
express quantities perfectly adequately - though the computer's system
is less flexible, and therefore more long-winded. For example a quantity of
"a baker's dozen" would appear as follows To you and me To
a computer 13 1101 SIZING OF FILE
S - THE SPECIAL "K" SYMBOL Now for the "K". To us a ROUND NUMBER is a mu
ltiple of 10. eg 10 x 10 100 100 x 10 1000 To a compu
s when they appear in a file name. "*" stands for any combinatio
n of characters.. "" stands in for any single character.
See the next page for examples. FILE NAME TEMPLATE EXAMPLES
Assuming your disc holds the following files CPCTAPE1 C
PCTAPE1.BAK CPCTAPE2 CPCBOOK.TXT PARROT EBOOKCPC.TXT CPCCHAP2 Here
's how you would use templates to ERAse several files with a single command
... 1. To delete ALL the fiter a ROUND NUMBER is a multiple of 2. eg (using
OUR system for writing numbers down) 2 x 2 4 4 x 2 8
8 x 2 16 16 x 2 32 ......... 256 x 2
512 512 x 2 1,024 ..... which is where the
computer's system has a ROUND NUMBER very close
to our round number of 1,000. SIZING OF FILES -
THE SPECIAL "K" SYMBOL So a "K" in compules in one go key in "ERA *.*
" ie. delete all the files called "something.something" 2. To delete files ca
lled P something "ERA P*.*" 3. To delete files called something.TXT "ERA *.TXT
" 4. To delete files called CPCTAPE.something "ERA CPCTAPE.*" 7. To delete fil
es with 7 or less characters in their names and of any file type "ERA ."
OR "ERA .*" Templates such as these are sometimes
referred to as "MASKS" SIZING OF FILES - THE SPECter jargon actually sta
nds for 1,024. It is simply a number which happens to be a round number
to the computer, AND very close to a round number WE can easily grasp -
1,000. But it was chosen simply for convenience - there's is no re
al significance in it. (In fact TRULY significant computer
numbers are 256, or 65536 but that's another story). So for
all practical purposes when you are trying to estimate the size of a file,
you can IAL "K" SYMBOL Throughout this tutorial we've talked of "
K" as standing for "about a thousand. Which begs the question, why not use,
say, "M" to stand for EXACTLY a thousand. The reason is technical, and has to
do with the way the computer copes with counting. You will never need to kn
ow this for day to day work with your computer, you may be interested to hear
the explanation. If you don't really want to get bogged down in
technicalities, simply Jump FORWread one "K" as one thousand characters.
OPERATING SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE Once you have loaded t
he OPERATING SYSTEM (CP/M) you are ready to start using your computer
system because the computer is then able to use the discs and the scr
een and the printer.. AND it is able to accept commands from the keyboar
d (or the mouse if you have one). But the operating system controls HOW
the computer system works not WHAT it does. It doesn't teARD 3 pages..
SIZING OF FILES - THE SPECIAL "K" SYMBOL Because people
have 10 fingers, we have developed a system of counting based around the nu
mber 10. SO - there are ten basic digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9), which can be
used in different ways to stand for any number. Instead of fingers, computers
have only electricity to assist in their counting and electricity comes in tw
o forms - ON or OFF. So computers use a counting system based on only 2 digi
ts (0,1). RAFBGCHDIEll the computer how to post things to ledgers, or how
to move words around, or do any other of the more specialised applications
for computers.. You need special APPLICATIONS programs to make your
computer do these jobs. The OPERATING SYSTEM is quite separate from these oth
er specialised "APPLICATIONS PROGRAMS". EXTENDED USE OF THE PIP
COMMAND We hinted, but did not explain in detail, that the PIP c
ommand can be used for moving or copying data betwe01 863 8988 XXXXX
XXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX THAT ENDS THIS BOOK.
XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX
READ "RECAP" IF YOU XXXXXXXXXX
XXXXX WANT TO REVISE XXXXX
XXXXX en the different "peripheral" parts o
f your computer system. Mostly, and certainly the way we have tackled it in
the learning sessions, you will be using it to copy data from one file t
o another - but it has a number of useful functions in addition. Amongst it
s many uses, PIP can be used to move data From a file to another file
From a file to the printer From a file to the screen From the keyboar
d straight into a file! From the keyboard straight to the printe Session1Se
ssion2Session3Session4Session4Session4Session4Session4Session4Session4c'RJ 4 7TK
i a!A"m#$%3&'(1r etc etc
EXTENDED USE OF THE PIP COMMAND For example, try this
At the A prompt, with your CP/M disc ready in the drive, check there
is paper in the printer, and type in PIP RETUR
N At PIP's "*", type in LSTCON RETURN Now type in a short messa
ge, followed by RETURN. As you hit RETURN what you enter
at the keyboard "console" (CON)*+,h-£./012(3F456 £7l8C9waABC(DE.FGoHIJKLMNXOP(Q
RSTnU*VWJXyYZ1) has been "pipped" to the "list device" (LST). T
o mark the end of the stream of text, key in CTRL Z RETURN.
EXTENDED USE OF THE PIP COMMAND Once more, you will
learn more about this feature of PIP by experimenting with it, in
conjunction with your manual. But, again... leave it until you
feel confident enough to start experimenting!
XXXXXXXXXXX TM aTbcdeifBghi£jklmnopRqrWstC£uv wHxyzZsacR8" w
HxyzZsacR8" XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXXXXXXX XXXXX
XXXXX
XXXXX FROM Head-Line, PO Box 22, HEREFOR
D HR4 8UW PHONE 0432 271598 - 0602 603623 - RAFBGCHDIE
ONE
Welcome to this REEL TIME trainingxXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX
XX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXX XX
XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XX
XXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXX
XXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXX cou
rse on AMSTRAD's CPC 6128 computer.
The 6128 may be less expensive than the big office
machines - but it's far from being a toy. In fact the 6128 is
a powerful and versatile computer that you can use for anyth
ing from playing games, to writing programs or solving business
problems.
XX XXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX
XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX
XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXX XXX
XX XXXXX XXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXX THE AMSTRAD CPC6128 Tap The "F"
key In this course we can't hope to cover all the things you might
want to do with a computer - but we will be concentrating on the more s
erious applications, rather than just playing games. Now, I have to assume
you've never used the Amstrad 6128 before. So, if you've already started -
or if you've used a different machine, you may find the first few minut
es of the course familiar. If this is your first time with an audio training co
urse, I'm sure you'll find it both. (c) Head-Line, Hereford.. 1989
TRANSCRIPT OF THE AUDIO TAPES The following four
chapters contain the scripts for the audio tapes. They have been inclu
ded so that you can refresh your memory without having to set u
p a cassette player and search through the tapes to find the bit you want
. If you know you want to look up a particular topic, simply
SEARCH useful and enjoyable. Just listen carefully to my explanations, an
d carry out my instructions just as you would if I were sitting next to you
. And please, if I go too fast, stop the tape - don't let me run on ahead. If
you want to hear a section again - just rewind the tape a little way and then
replay it. OK let's get started. You should be sitting in front of your compu
ter system. You need to have the three cables from the screen to the comput
er all connected together. The conne for it. If you just want to
browse through the scripts, by all means do. You will find that we
have made very slight changes, but only to make the scripts
more suitable for reading in a book. YOU CAN PRINT ANY (OR ALL OF) THE PAGES
ON YOUR PRINTER
TRANSCRIPT
RAFBGCHDIEctors will only fit one way round - but check
with your manual if you need to. The computer should be plugged into the mai
ns ready to go, but leave it switched off until we're ready. Stop the tape n
ow if you need to get ready. SC That tone was our "stop cue" - and
you'll hear it whenever I want you to stop the tape to do something on y
our own. (Of course, you can stop the tape any time you like, if I go too fa
st for you or if you want to hear something again.) ut I'll talk about
them when we need them. OK - back to that screen. The word READY tells you th
at the 6128 is ready to accept your instructions in the programming language
BASIC - which is probably the most popular language for small computers.
Now in this course I can't hope to tell you all about Basic - we'll come
back to it later in the course. But before we leave this screen I'll get yo
u to try something. Type in the word P R I N T then tap the long spacebar to
make a spa Of course,
you can't follow the course on screen and use the computer at the sam
e time. But we've left in the stop cues to make it easier to f
ind your way around this transcript.
Let's get the 6128 powered up and ready to go. Switch on at the
mains. Now press the power button on the bottom right of the screen. Fina
lly, switch on the computer itselce. And now an opening quotation mark - hold
down the SHIFT key and press the number 2 in the top row. Now type your name
and finally, another quotation mark. That's PRINT "YOUR NAME" If y
ou've made a mistake, use the key marked DEL for DELETE - and re-type it.
And now watch the screen and press RETURN. And your name appears on the next
line, followed by another READY message. You've just typed in and run a pr
ogram - which tells the computer to PRINT - or show on screenf. The switch is
at the back on the right next to the connecting cables. If everything is OK
, a number of things will happen. First, the power indicator on the compute
r will indicate red secondly the indicator on the disc drive comes on and
thirdly some writing will appear on the screen - starting wih AMSTRAD 128K
Microcomputer and ending with READY Underneath that is a square block - the
cursor - which tells you where you are on the screen. You may need to adju
st the contro - whatever appears between the quotation marks. That's obvi
ously a very simple program - and to write really useful ones can take hundr
eds - or even thousands of hours. Writing programs is certainly interesting -
and often fun - but it takes time to master. Most people want the compu
ter to something right away - and that's where games or other programs on disc
come in. Someone else has done all the hard work - and all you need to do is
to load them up and run them. ls on the monitor to get the best d
isplay, especially if you have a colour screen. If you haven't got that READY m
essage, stop the tape and work through the power-on sequence again. SC
Let's take a closer look at the computer keyboard. If you've used a type
writer before you'll be familiar with the letter keys - starting Q W E R T Y
and so on in the top left - and that's why it's sometimes called a "Q
WERTY" keyboard. On the right you'll see some keys labelled F0, F1 and s
As I promised, we'll come back to Basi
c later, but for the next session we'll be looking at some program
s provided on disc, which will help with the day-to-day running of your 612
8 . For this first
session you'll need a number of different discs ready - check you've got the
m. You need the disc supplied with the 6128 labelled CP/M PLUS - it's side
1 of your o on. These are the FUNCTION keys - which are all set up to do
a special task, depending on what you're doing with the computer. Just belo
w the FUNCTION keys is a group of keys with arrowhead symbols, which are u
sed to control the CURSOR on screen. Press the key on the bottom right and
watch the screen - and you see the cursor move to the right. Now press the
RETURN key - and the cursor moves down a line and back to the left margin.
There are some other special purpose keys - b RAFBGCHDIEmaster discs. You also
need the disc labelled TRAINING DISC that's supplied with this course. You'l
l also need three brand new disks and a pencil and some paper. In the first
two sessions, we'll be concentrating on CP/M - what it is - what it does - and
why you need it. So, let's get started with CP/M. By the way, there are tw
o versions of CP/M, but we'll only be using the version called CP/M plus in thi
s course. Hold the CP/M plus disk by the label and slide it into the disk d
rive on when you switched on - or they can be loaded from disc - and that's
where CP/M comes in. CP/M contains a complete list of instructions which co-
ordinate the various parts of the 6128 into a single system. So, CP/M is
a special type of operating program - or more usually - an OPERATING SYSTEM. T
he operating system is vitally important because without it, you won't be abl
e to use other programs like, for example, the Tinysoft programs supplied i
n this pack. Incidentally, Basi the right hand of your computer. Make s
ure that Side 1 is facing upwards, and slide the disc in until it clicks into p
lace. Stop the tape if you need to. SC Now, hold down the SHIFT key an
d tap the ''-sign key - it's next to the letter P on the keyboard. You sho
uld see a vertical bar appear on the screen - and the cursor moves over one p
lace ready for the next character. Type in the letters C P M and press RE
TURN. Your screen display changes. After a while you get a c and some
games programs are exceptions to this rule, and we'll see why later on. Le
t's take a look at what is supplied on the CP/M disc. To do that you need to
use one of CP/M's COMMANDS. The A prompt is telling you that it's ready to
accept your instructions. Key in the letters DIR and press the ENTER k
ey (at the bottom right of the keyboard to "enter" the instruction into
the 6128.) By the way, you can also use the RETURN key instead of ENTER. T
he DIR commmand copyright notice and some information about the system you'r
e using (in the top left hand corner) And the message "Drive is A" foll
owed by a colon in the bottom right hand corner. You'll see (that) just be
low the copyright notice, near the top left of the screen, there's a letter A
followed by an arrowhead pointing to the right. This is CP/M's SYSTEM p
rompt. It tells you the system is working and it's prompting you to key
something in. It's also telling you CP/M w gives you a list or DIRECTORY of
all the files held on this disc. We'll come back to this later, but for no
w, look at the directory. A number of files end in the letters ".COM", inc
luding ones called DIR, DISCKIT, RENAME, ERASE and PIP. We'll be using all
of these and others during the course. Take a closer look at DISCKIT. Notic
e that the full name is DISCKIT3.COM. The COM tells you it's a COMMAND or
PROGRAM file. You see, CP/M is provided with a range of special purpose ill
look at drive A unless you instruct it differently. So drive A is known as the
DEFAULT drive. What you've done so far is to load the CP/M system into the
computer. What does that mean Well, when you switch on the 6128, it is wir
ed internally to start up ready to accept instructions in BASIC - and tha
t's fine if you want to write a program - or to use one that has been written
in Basic. But many of the jobs you'll want to do don't involve BASIC a
t all. What we've done n programs for organising your work and other tas
ks. In a moment we'll be using DISCKIT to prepare and copy discs, but be
fore we do that I want to show you two useful tips. The first is how to RESET
the computer. With the bottom two fingers of your left hand, hold down the k
eys marked CONTROL and SHIFT - and then tap the at the top key marked E
SC - short for ESCAPE. The screen clears and then displays the same screen a
s when you switched on, complete with the READY meow is to hand over the contr
ol of the computer to a different system, called CP/M - which stands f
or CONTROL PROGRAM for MICROCOMPUTERS. Your 6128 computer system is made up f
rom a number of different bits - the screen, the keyboard, perhaps a pr
inter - and the computer itself. But they need something extra to co-o
rdinate and control how they work together - they need a set of instructions
to tell them what to do. Those instructions can be built in - as you saw
RAFBGCHDIEssage - in other words the 6128 has gone back to BASIC. Resetting
the computer clears everything in its memory and starts it again from scratch
. So that CONTROL SHIFT ESCAPE sequence is very useful if you get comple
tely stuck. You can always re-set and start again. The second thing I want
to show you is how to make your discs secure. Look at the TRAINING DISC sup
plied with this pack. At the top of the disc you can see a small plastic
tab. With your fingertip, gently push t It shows the function keys F0, F1 F4
and F7. You can see the word COPY next to the F7 key. That tells you (tha
t) while you're using DISCKIT, pressing the key marked will F7 cause the
computer to make a copy of a disk. That's what we want, so tap the F7 ke
y now and now press Y to confirm that we do indeed want to copy a disc. You
are then asked to insert the disc to READ - in other words the disc you want
to copy. That's the master CPM disc, so put that back in the drive he tab
into the disc casing until it clicks into place. You'll see you've uncove
red a hole right through the disc casing. Do the same for the tab on the
other side of the disc. SC With these holes uncovered, the 6128
can READ the information stored on the disc but it can't change it. So
anything stored on it is secure, and you can't erase or overWRITE it by mist
ake. Now press the drive's release button and take the CP/M disc out. The
holes on the CP/M disc now with side 1 uppermost. And press any key - the s
pacebar will do - to continue. The 6128 begins to read the contents of that d
isc into its memory, giving you a running total of the amount it has read.
After a while it asks you to insert the disc you want to WRITE to. Take the
CP/M disc out put it to one side and put in one of your blank discs, with the
side marked 1 uppermost again. When you've done that, press the SPACEBA
R again to continue. From here on, the 6128 tellsshould be uncovered. Push
the tabs in if you need to - but don't worry if there aren't any! Master
discs are often supplied with no tabs and as long as the holes are showing, t
he disc is automatically "write-protected". Put the CP/M disc back in the driv
e, with side 1 up. So far we've been using the MASTER copy of the CP/M disc.
But for day-to-day use, that's not a good idea. Although the discs are very r
obust, accidents can happen, so you need to make a COPY for day-to-day use,
and you which disc to put in at the right time and which key to press. I'm
going to ask you to work through the rest of the process on your own, but be
fore you do that, let me tell you what is going to happen. During the copyi
ng process the computer READS the magnetic patterns on the disk you want
to duplicate. It reads it track by track, and makes a note of what it f
inds in its memory. So the disc to READ is the MASTER disc. Then it will
ask you to take out the master disc keep the master somewhere safe. You can
always make another copy if you need to. So before we go any further, let's
make copies of the CP/M disc - using one of your blank discs. First, we'll
need to go back to CP/M. Hold down the SHIFT key and tap the key as you
did before - and then type in the letters CPM and press RETURN. To copy disc
s we need to use the DISCKIT3 program which is on the CP/M disc. That's alrea
dy in the drive, so key in the word DISCKIT - D I S C K I T and th and inser
t a blank disc. The 6128 will then WRITE an exact duplicate copy of what it
found onto the blank disc. With a brand new disk it carries out a FORMATTING
process as well (and we'll look at what that means later). The 6128's memory
isn't big enough to store the entire contents of a disc in one go, so you wi
ll need to repeat the process, reading from the master disc and writing to t
he new disc. You should now be ready to continue, so replace the CP/M master
disc back in the drie number 3 - with no spaces. If you make a mistake, use t
he DELETE key just above the RETURN key - to move the cursor back, deleti
ng characters as it goes. Then re-type the word properly. When you've got i
t right, press the ENTER key (or the RETURN key if you like). The 6128 no
w loads the DISCKIT program into its memory, ready to use, so for the moment
you don't need the CP/M disc in the drive. Take it out now. The display on y
our screen is a diagram of part of your keyboard. RAFBGCHDIEve and press the
SPACEBAR. In a moment I'll ask you to stop the tape and work on your own.
Follow the screen prompts carefully, but don't worry! If you put the wrong
disc or the wrong side in, the 6128 will tell you. And in any case, you'v
e made sure that your master disc is write protected - so you can't do anythin
g disastrous! By the way, DON'T write protect the new disc - otherwise you w
on't be able to copy onto it. Stop the tape now, and start it again when the 6
128 tells you like many software discs you may buy the TRAINING DISC has file
s on BOTH SIDES. So to make an accurate copy you'll have to go through the who
le process twice, to put a copy of the second side of your training disc onto
the second side of the new disc. Stop the tape until you've copied both sides
of the disc, and got the A prompt back on screen. SC Did you remember
to label both sides of the new disc If you haven't exited from disckit, do so
now. SC Put your master CP/M andthe copy is completed. SC If y
ou've got the Copy complete message still on screen, take the disc out of th
e drive and tap the SPACEBAR. You are then asked if you want to copy anothe
r disc. We don't want to do that yet, so press the SPACEBAR to finish,
And finally press F0 to exit from the program. Well you've now got a perfe
ct copy of the CP/M disc, so put the MASTER disc away somewhere safe and ge
t YOUR copy of the CP/M disk and write on the label "CP/M W ReelTime d
iscs to one side - and use the new copies for the rest of this course. There
are two different aspects to CP/M. There are the OPERATING SYSTEMS - which yo
u've just used to reset - and CP/M COMMANDS - or programs - like DISKIT and DIR
. The CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM is there to co-ordinate and control the diffe
rent parts of the 6128 - and to allow you to run other types of specialised s
oftware. CP/M COMMANDS are there to help you control a range of day-to-day
activities such ORKING COPY". From here on, we'll use the COPY, NOT the origi
nal. Stop the tape while you do that. SC Put your working copy of CP/M
back in the drive, ready to carry on. By the way, from here on in the tape I
won't always tell you which way up to put the disc. Just remember th
at the side I tell you to put in should be uppermost in the drive. Let's R
ESET the 6128 once again and check that your new CP/M is working. Hold down
the CONTROL and SHIFT keys and tap ESCAPE. Anas keeping track of your disks
, creating new disks as old ones fill up or go out of date. In short, act
ivities that are to do with organising your work or "housekeeping". Let's t
ake a closer look at what the CP/M disc contains. You already have the A pro
mpt on screen, so key in the letters DIR and press RETURN as you did earlier.
. Once again you get a DIRECTORY of what's on your CP/M system disk - beca
use that's the disk that happens to be in the drive. They're nearly all d
you should see the familiar start-up sequence, just as you did at the star
t of the session. Once again we need to get to CP/M - so tap SHIFT and the
key then key in CPM and RETURN. Start the tape again when you've got the CP/
M A prompt back on the screen. SC If you haven't got the A prompt, ch
eck you've put the disc in the right way round and try again. If you're
still stuck, you'll need to re-play the last part of the tape. SC Be
fore we go on, it will b PROGRAM files - like the DISCKIT COMMAND program yo
u've just used. Notice that the file names are made up of two parts. The fi
rst part - the title - can be up to eight characters in length. It can incorpo
rate letters, numbers and some of the special symbols, BUT not all - you c
an't use an asterisk, a question mark, or a full stop as part of the title.
The asterisk and the question mark have a special significance fo
r CP/M (as we'll see later on ). And the full stop ore a good idea to make a
copy of the TRAINING DISC - that way if you do have a disaster, you can go b
ack to the original and make a fresh copy. You can work through that on your o
wn, - remember that the disc to READ is the TRAINING disc and the one to
WRITE is your second blank disc is - and you start the process by typing i
n DISCKIT3 and RETURN. Don't forget to label the new disc the same as the ori
ginal. One final thing before you start. The 6128 can use both sides of a di
sc, and RAFBGCHDIE dot has a specific job to do. It marks the END of the f
ile title IF YOU INTEND TO USE THE SECOND PART OF THE FILENAME. With CP/M yo
u can add a full stop and then three code letters or symbols to the file TITL
E to signify the TYPE of information held in the file. For example, a file c
alled "JONES.LET" might hold an original letter to Mr Jones and "JONES.BAK"
might be a backup copy of the same letter. When YOU come to name files yo
u don't have to use both parts if you don't wanThe prompt is still A, so CP/M
will still assume you want to work on drive A in default of any other sp
ecific instruction. But notice that accordin to the bottom of the screen t
he active drive is drive B - as far as CP/M is concerned the disc drive is now
called drive B! It's easy to change the default setting. Just key in the let
ter B and a colon and press RETURN. And you can see that instead of the A pr
ompt, you've now got a B prompt. So all your commands now take effect at the B
dt to. So if you want to call a file just JONES and nothing else you don't ne
ed the fullstop at all. You'll notice that most of the filenames, on scree
n now, end in the filetype "COM". They're command files - programs tha
t CP/M will run for you if you simply key in the file title (the first part o
f the filename - as you did with DISCKIT. The FULL name is DISCKIT3.COM.) You
'll also see another file called something like C10CPM3.EMS. As you mi
ght expect from its name, that's rive. Try it. Key in DIR on its own - and
press RETURN. You get the same directory display for drive B. Now try
DIR A and RETURN. Once again if you need to, swap the discs and put the CPM
disc into the drive, then tape the SPACEBAR - And you get the directory for d
rive A. SC So, DIR on its own looks at the default drive - but the 6
128 will always remind you which disc you're supposed to have in by telling you
whether the Active drive is A or B. If you don't want CP/ the file contain
ing the CPM system itself. Notice that the file extension is dot E M S. It I
S a program file - but it's not like the other CPM command files. We'll
come back to this later in the course. On the far left of the directory you'l
l see a column which has the letter A and a colon in each line. That's to
let you know you're looking at a directory of the disk in drive A. When you ST
ART your system CP/M automatically assumes you want to work with drive A by def
ault. And you M to look at the default drive you'll have to specify which dr
ive you want, for example DIR A If you're feeling confused by all this - d
on't worry. It'll make more sense when we use the drives for real! Now look a
t the directory for drive A and you'll see a file called DIR.COM. But we've
just used the DIR command from the B drive, even though DIR.COM is on the A dri
ve! That's possible because the DIR command exists in two forms. The one
we've used so far is the short form, and it get a notice at the bottom right
of the screen telling you that drive A is the "active drive". Strictly speak
ing, as far as CP/M is concerned, all the files on this disk are called "A co
lon, something". If you have a disk for drive B, the files on IT would all be
called B colon something. If you fit a second drive to your 6128 IT will b
e drive B, and the next part will be very simple. But at the moment you
r machine probably only has with the standard single drive - which is driv's
permanently built in to the CP/M system. So it's always available, even t
hough it doesn't show on the directory for the disc in the default drive. T
he DIR.COM you can see on drive A is the full version, which offers you a ra
nge of options, as you'll see in a moment. Some of the other CP/M command
s also exist in two versions - for example ERASE and RENAME. But others
- DISCKIT for example - are only available if you load them from disc. Let'
s take a look at some of the e A. However CP/M will let you do a useful tric
k - and that is to treat THIS drive as if it was a second drive - drive B.
I'll show you what I mean. Key in DIR B And press RETURN. On a 612
8 with the single drive the machine beeps - and a message appears at the botto
m of the screen "Please put Take the CPM disc out and put in your new TRAININ
G disc. And now press the spacebar. This command has given youi a list of the
files on the TRAINING disc - all called B something. RAFBGCHDIEother thin
gs you can do with DIR. It's easiest if you change the default drive, so t
ype in the letter A and a colon and RETURN to get back to the A prompt. So
far you've been using DIR to find out WHICH files are on a disk. That's only
part of the information you need. Quite often you'll want to know how BIG a fi
le is (or all the files are). Key in DIR then a space, then an opening SQUARE
bracket - that's just next to the return key - then the word SIZE, then a clo
sing square bracket, art work, because you'll have the A prompt and the curso
r on screen. The A prompt tells you the computer is waiting for you to key i
n a command. You've tried out the commands for getting directories of your va
rious disks - to find out which files are on them. You've seen the file naming
conventions and you've used variants of the DIR command to find out the s
izes of various files, as well as seeing how to EXCLUDE certain files from
your listings. Finally you saw how to get CP/M tnd press RETURN. And you
get a different sort of directory. The file names are all there, but now
each one has a number and the letter K after it as well. That's the size
of the file in bytes (b.y.t.e.s) - think of a byte as a character (a
number, a letter, a space or a symbol). The K stands for KILO, or a thousand
(it's actually just over a thousand, but it's near enough). So each file on
that disk is so many thousand characters in size. Now try this one D
IR *.o SHOW you how much free space is left on a disk. In the next session we
'll move on to look at a range of other activities which will put you firmly i
n control of the way your computer system works. In a moment I want you to w
ind this tape on to the end and turn it over, ready to start session two.
In the meantime, take YOUR copy of the CP/M disk out of the drive and t
urn the computer off. Incidentally NEVER turn your computer ON or OFF with a
disk in the drive. The surge of elCOM Press RETURN and you get what looks
like an ordinary directory, except, if you look again, you'll see that ALL
the file names end in the letters COM. In the next session we'll have a closer
look at what that asterisk means, but for the moment, just accept (that) th
e command as it stands means "Look at the default drive, and give me a dir
ectory of files called something dot COM " Ok, so you know how to find out
WHICH files are on a disk and you know how to find out how big ectricity mi
ght damage the disk. OK. Wind this tape on to the end and be sure to take
a break before you start the next session. Bye for now... ***
* End of Session 1 *** take a break before you start the next
T Y P E DO not use an asterisk, OR a question mark in the fil
ename you choose. The asterisk and the question mark have a special significa
nce for CP/M as you will see shortly. PERMI they are, BUT there's a key
bit of information still missing. "How much free space is left on the disk".
Now you could work that out by taking the total space used by files
and subtracting that from the total capacity of the disk - but there's an
easier way. You can get CP/M to SHOW you how much space is left. Key in th
e word SHOW and press RETURN. And there you are - the amount of space left on
the disks. So far in this session you've had a go at using the CP/M operating
system to help you do some simple housekeeping tasks, so I want to run over s
ome of the key points we've covered, to draw some of the loose ends together.
The first general point we established was NEVER use the master copies of yo
ur disks for day to day work. Make a safety (backup) copy and use that! And
you've seen how to use DISCKIT to do that. The next general point was that y
ou have to load the CP/M system before you can do any useful work. You can t
ell when you're ready to sta RAFBGCHDIEd
TRANSCRIPT
TWO
FILES (You know how to copy a whole disk - u
se DISCKIT, but that's not what we want to do here). We need another CP/M p
rogram to copy INDIVIDUAL FILES. The program we want is PIP - short fo
r Peripheral Interchange Program. As that name suggests, PIP enables y
ou to transfer information between the various components that are per
ipheral to your computer - between the disks and the screen, or the screen an
d the printer, and so on. PIP has a lot of uses, but the o
Let's begin this second session by starting up your 6128. Sw
itch it on and take YOUR copy of the CP/M disk and put it in the drive. Now s
tart up CP/M as you did in the previous session - key in the vertical bar sym
bol and the letters CPM. When you get the A prompt on screen we'll be ready
to move on. SC In the last session I said that asterisks and quest
ion marks have special significance for CP/M - and that's why yone we're inte
rested in for now is, copying information from one file to another. It's unl
ikely you'll be using PIP for much else. So think of PIP as being your F
ILE copying program - and Disckit as being your disk copying program. So let
's see how to use PIP to copy a file from the disc in drive A onto the M drive
. First we need to load PIP ready to copy a file. PIP is not one of the bu
ilt in programs, so you need the CP/M disc in place. Key in PIP and
press RETURN. u can't use them in filenames. You've already used the a
sterisk with DIR to pick out COM files, so let's take a closer look. Key
in DIR S.COM That reads, give me a directory of all the Command file
s (on the default drive) who's file titles start with the letter S. Press R
ETURN. That command works because you can use the asterisk to represent any co
mbination of characters. Now, what about the question mark The question mark
is different from the asterisk in that you useWhen PIP is loaded the 6128 displ
ays an asterisk instead of the usual A prompt - and that tells you that PIP
is ready to run. You could take the CP/M disc out of the drive now, but we w
ant to copy a file from that disc into the TRAINING DISC, so leave it in t
he drive. Now with PIP and with certain other CP/M commands, you tell the c
omputer what to do by writing a sort of formula which describes what you want
the END RESULT to be. In this case we want to end up with a situation wher
the question mark to take the place of a SINGLE character rather than a grou
p of characters. Try this key in DIR space, the letter S, followed by tw
o question marks, dot COM. Now THAT reads give me a directory of all the Co
mmand files on the active drive, who's file titles are no more than three lett
ers long and start with the letter S. Press RETURN, and you'll see there's ju
st one file that matches the template you specified. So that's how you use th
e asterisk and the question e the information on disk B colon is "the-same-as
" (or "EQUAL" to) that on disk A colon. So key in a letter B followed by a c
olon. Then key in an equals sign then the letter A and a colon and we need t
o specify the file we want to copy. Let's copy the file PIP.COM, so key that i
n now PIP.COM So that line now reads make a copy so that B colon, (the
result) equals the file called PIP.COM on drive A colon. Now press RETURN. On
ce again on a single drive machine you'll need to swap dmark to construct "te
mplates" for file names. But why should you want to do it (Well) Principall
y to save time and effort Say, for example you wanted to copy just the COM f
iles from this system disk onto another disk. Copying them over, one by one, k
eying in the file name each time would be both time consuming, AND error-pro
ne. But you don't HAVE to key in all the file names individually - y
ou can do it with a single command and be sure you don't miss any. So how do
you copy RAFBGCHDIEiscs, so put the TRAINING disc into the drive and press an
y key to confirm. And PIP now makes a copy of the file PIP.COM on the B dr
ive. Earlier on, you used the asterisk and question mark characters wi
th the DIR command. And you can use them with ALL of the CP/M commands. Yo
u could copy ALL the command files with the template BA*.COM. We've finished
with PIP for the moment, so tap the RETURN key to get back to the A prompt. K
ey in DIR space B colon and RETURN. And checress RETURN. Get a directory o
nce more and you can see that the file that was called SHOW.BAK is now called J
UST "S". And there are two important points here. Because you just made it, Y
OU know that file is a copy of SHOW.COM but in a few weeks time you'll almost c
ertainly have forgotten. The Filename S after all - although it's perfe
ctly acceptable to CP/M - is completely meaningless to you and me. So when you
come to name your own files, try to make up a name that will remind you - or
k that PIP.COM is indeed on the directory of files in drive B. So, you've s
een how to FIND out which files are on a disk. You've seen how to MAKE COP
IES of the files you want - to create back-up safety copies of your work, fo
r example. How do you get rid of files you don't want any more You use the
CP/M ERASE command (you need only the first three letters.) Key this in.
ERA BPIP.COM In other words we are telling CP/M to erase that co
py of PIP on the disc in drianyone else who might have to use the computer fo
r that matter - what the file contains. Remember you're allowed 8 character
s for the file name, and a further 3 to specify what type of file it is. The
second point is more obvious. "S" is an exact copy of a file we've already got
on this disk, and that would be very helpful if, say, we were going to
change the original - we'd still have a copy to refer back to. But in this c
ase we aren't going to do anything with the copy, and it dve B. Press RETURN
now. And now do DIR B once more and press RETURN - and you'll see that PIP ha
s been erased from the disc. One last point - you can't have two copies of
a file with the same name on the same drive. So, if you want to make a copy
of the file called SHOW dot COM on this drive - you'll HAVE to give the copy a
different name. Let's see how to make a copy of a file with a different name
from the original. We'll get PIP to copy SHOW dot COM and call the copy SHO
W BAK. And woes take up valuable space on the disc. Another good rule of com
puting is to keep your discs tidy and clear of unwanted files AS YOU GO. So let
's ERASE it. Key in ERA S and RETURN. Let's try something else. Key
in PIP and RETURN and wait until you get the familiar PIP prompt on sc
reen. What happens if you get stuck in the middle of a command Or suppose you
didn't mean to run PIP now but wanted SHOW instead Find the key labelled CONT
ROL- in the bottom left hand corner oe can do it with a single command lin
e. Key this in. PIP space (you don't need A colons all over the place becaus
e drive A is the default drive and all the work is going to take place on thi
s drive). Remember specify the RESULT of for the copy first. That's SHOW
dot BAK an equals sign, SHOW dot COM and press RETURN. If you get a beep becau
se you've still got your training disc in the drive put your CPM disc in and t
ap the space bar. Now get another directory, and you'll see you nowf the k
eyboard. Hold that key down and at the same time tap the letter C, And you
exit from the PIP program and get back to your operating system's A prompt.
(you can release the CONTROL key now) That combination of keys - "CONTROL C"
- is a standard CP/M "CONTROL CODE". For example try this. Press the l
etter Z and hold it down so that a line of Z's appears on your screen. (Not
right across. Stop about half way) Let's say you'd keyed that in by mis
take. It's easy enoug have one more file than last time. SHOW.BAK is ex
actly the same as SHOW.COM, except for the name. Now you don't HAVE to copy a
file in order to change its name. CP/M has a command "RENAME" that does the
job for you. It changes the name of the file, but apart from that, leaves
the file completely unchanged. It works just like the other CPM commands.. Yo
u use the command by keying in the same type of formula - "result equals or
iginal" - like this. Key in REN SSHOW.BAK and p RAFBGCHDIEh to get rid o
f (by tapping the DELETE key once for every Z on the screen). But CP/M off
ers you an even easier way "CONTROL X" Hold down the CONTROL key and tap th
e letter X to erase the whole line in one go. Hold down the Z key again to
get another line of Z's on the screen. This time I don't want you to dele
te the line of Z's with CONTROL X. I want you to tell CP/M to IGNORE the U
nwanted Z's, by keying in CONTROL U. You'll see a HASH sign appear at the e
nd of the line anSUB. Let's do that now. Key in REN PROFILE.SUBPROFIL
E.ENG and press RETURN. Now get a directory, and check you can see the fi
le PROFILE.SUB in the listing. Nothing else has happened yet, because you ha
ven't run the command file SUBMIT.COM. But SUBMIT always runs automatic
ally if it finds a file called PROFILE.SUB when you start or re-set the 6128.
So let's do that now. Use the CONTROL SHIFT ESCAPE sequence, then the vertic
al bar followed by CPM to get back to CPM once d the cursor moves down and b
ack to the left ready for you to key in something else. Just press RETURN. S
o that's CTRL-C to interrupt or cancel a program, CTRL-X to erase a command lin
e from the screen and CTRL-U to get CP/M to ignore something that's UNwanted.
I want you to key in the command word TYPE followed by a space. (I'll explain
what we're doing in a moment). Now key in the file name PROFILE.ENG and press
RETURN. You get a printout of a series of CP/M commands on screen. D
more. Stop the tape if you need to and start it again when you're back at
the A prompt. SC This time because CPM finds a file called PROFILE.SUB
on the disc it gets SUBMIT to run that sequence of commands just as if y
ou had typed them in at the keyboard yourself. Now, hold SHIFT and tap nu
mber 3 - and you can see that it now prints a pound sign - so the command
submit ran has worked. Using a submit file can be very useful indeed. It me
ans you can get your 6128 toon't worry about what they all mean for the mo
ment. The key point I want to make here is that the TYPE command allow
s you to display the CONTENTS of certain types of file (it won't work
for COM files, for example). That display on screen tells you what's
in the file PROFILE dot ENG. So use TYPE if you're not sure what's in
a particular file, or if you're looking for some information and you can't
remember which file it's in. Before we leave that list of carry out ANY seq
uence of CP/M commands automatically. All you need do is create a file calle
d SOMETHING dot SUB - Once you've created the .SUB file you can execute all th
e commands with a single SUBMIT command. Simply key in SUBMIT followed by th
e name of your SUB file, then sit back and watch the computer perform. And r
emember, if you call the file PROFILE.SUB CP/M will carry out that sequence
every time you reset the computer. Well we've come a long way since yo
u started youcommands in PROFILE.ENG - why do you suppose anyone would WAN
T a file which is comprised of a series of commands to the computer Well,
the fact that it IS a series of commands is the clue. You see, the conten
ts of that file add up to a procedure - a standard set of activities (that) y
ou will probably want to carry out over and over again. In this case, it's
a procedure you might want to carry out when you switch your computer on each
morning. It's main purpose is to set upr REEL TIME session. We've cove
red a lot of CP/M commands and you've already achieved a lot. We've covered m
ost of the essential items - the ones you need to know if you're to manage yo
ur computer system properly. You've created a duplicate copy of a disk with
DISCKIT. You've seen how to find out what's on a disk, how to name files, h
ow to find out the size of a file, how to copy FILES with PIP. You've seen ho
w to delete files once you're finished with them. You've used a wide ran th
e 6128 to the right language - so that in the UK shift 3 produces a poun
d sign for example - and to set up the keyboard so that you can edit CP/M comm
ands. In fact PROFILE.ENG is a sort of reference file for a CP/M program
which appears in that listing of the file contents - "SUBMIT". SUBMIT is a
program that executes a sequence of commands in a batch. It knows which comma
nds you want batched by referring to a file just like PROFILE.ENG, except it m
ust have the file extension RAFBGCHDIEge of hardware controls - CP/M's own
, built-in, control codes special combinations of keys on the Amstrad keybo
ard, through to changing various hardware settings with special programs. I'
ve covered a lot of the background as well, to try and explain WHY you do cert
in things in certain ways. So you should be in a much better position now to m
ake sense of the CP/M manual. In session 3 and 4 we'll be putting all of t
hese things to use, and introducing you to some new programs which und the
tone - SC (to page 2) - to mean "tap F to go forward a page. Now, the
re are many computer languages - BASIC just happens to be the one that's
most widely used. But why do we need a language at all We need a language
because, even though the computer is a very willing, very fast, very dedicated
tireless worker, it has to be told what to do every step of the way. You h
ave to give it instructions it will recognise - so you need to "talk" to it in
a language it knows. use the CP/M operating system. If you want to go straigh
t on to that, you can wind the tape on to the end and skip the rest of this se
ssion. Alternatively if you'd like to stick with me, I'll give you some hi
nts and tips on programming in basic, as I promised earlier on. For that you
'll need your ReelTime Training Disc ready in drive A. Stop the tape now whil
e you get ready. SC If you're ready to continue with me into
this introduction to BASIC, check your ReelTime SC (to page 3) No
w at first glance, a "language" seems like a very complicated thing - vir
tually impenetrable. But it does have to have an underlying structure, and w
hen you boil it down, that structure is not very complicated at all. So le
t us look at some fundamental things about computer languages, and about compu
ter programs to highlight some of the key elements. The first thing to rememb
er is that a computer PROGRAM (whatever language it's written in) is nothing
Training disc is in the drive and key in "READ BASIC" then return it. After
a while you should see the familiar opening display, then the first pa
ge of the Electric Book on BASIC. Now, this introduction is very much a PR
IMER. I'm not setting out to make you an expert programmer. That takes a
lot of practice (perhaps years). I'm assuming you've never used BASIC (or
any other computer language) before, so I'm aiming to provide you with a
clear understanding of WHAT yomore than a list of instructions. Now those
instructions provide the computer with two things - COMMANDS (telling it
WHAT to do) and DATA (the information it needs to do what you've asked it to d
o). Try to remember that breakdown. Your program (your list of instructions)
must tell the computer WHAT to do (for example, add two numbers together) AN
D it must GIVE the computer the two numbers it's going to add together. COMMA
NDS AND DATA. (The task and the raw materials to do that tasku'll be able to
do with BASIC. (Rather than HOW you do it). The idea is to provide you with
a good grounding, so you'll be able to interpret the many books and manuals
on BASIC more easily. We'll be looking at the structure of BASIC itself. On
ce you understand that, you will be all set to try things out for yourself.
If you HAVE done some programming before, you'll still find this session
useful. You'll probably have learned your programming the hard way. You'll f
ind, as you wo). Let's look at them separately, starting with COMMANDS.
SC (to page 5) All you need to remember (for the time being) is that th
ere are three main types of command. That is because you need to have contro
l over three things. The HARDWARE, the SOFTWARE (that's the program itself)
and the DATA. The first two control what the computer does and how it doe
s it (the task) the third controls how the raw material is used. One way
or another you have to make sure the computerrk through these notes that our s
tructured approach should help increase your understanding (re-inforce
your existing knowledge). Now, BASIC is built-in to your computer. Its job
is to accept commands written in the BASIC language and interpret the
m so the computer will do what you want. Tap the return key - or if you like t
he letter F key to go forward to the next page. By the way from here on I
won't be telling you how to move through the pages of the book, I'll just so R
AFBGCHDIE has the data it needs. Broadly speaking, as far as the typica
l office is concerned, the data will usually be in the form of letters, punctu
ation marks and symbols. AND, in the form of numbers and mathematical symbol
s ("2+2" for example). SC (to page 6) Using BASIC to create progra
ms should be a very ordered process. In a sense, writing the program is t
he END RESULT - not the beginning. So let's examine the sort of things you
should be doing BEFORE you start to wrkeep a record of each invoice you pro
cess And remember there is very seldom ONE - RIGHT way of doing things!
This stage is the make or break stage in developing a new program. It pays to
think through the activities step by step. The more detailed your thinking,
the less likely you are to forget things. SC (to page 9) When you'r
e happy you've properly specified the logic of the design, it's time to start
writing code - the actual instructions - in the appropriate dialecite a prog
ram in any language. The first thing you should have crystal clear in your
mind is just what it is you want your new program to achieve. WHAT is i
t you want it to DO. When you know that (and only when you know that),
you can start thinking about HOW to do it. There is no use approaching the p
roblem with only a vague notion of what you want the computer to do. "I'm go
ing to write a program to do my invoicing" is just not detailed enough
to be of any help. t of BASIC (there are many different versions of BASIC).
SC (to page 10) Once you've written the code, then you need to test a
nd re-test to find out the things you've overlooked - and to find the mistakes
you have made. (The "BUGS", either in the logic or in the syntax, or per
haps simply the typing errors). THEN you need to give the program to a range
of people who've never used it before - to see what bugs they bring to light
while they use it under normal operating conditIn any case, What YOU are goi
ng to do is not the point at issue. The important point is what is the COMPUTE
R going to do! So you need to start with a LIST of the things the compu
ter is going to do as it works through your instructions. SC
(to page 7) Staying with our invoicing example you need to be able to compl
ete a statement such as this one. "AS THE RESULT OF THIS PROGRAM THE COMPUTER
WILL" (and you'll find it quite helpful to actually write those words downi
ons. Only then should you think of releasing the program for general use. B
ut you have to expect to be still finding unexpected bugs, perhaps six months
after you've released it. SC (to page 11) Don't let all that put you o
ff. Programming can be very rewarding if you approach it with the right f
rame of mind. You have to remember firstly that computers are amazingly s
tupid. But bear in mind too that other people using your programs aren't going
to know them as well as yo at the top of the page). Then list the things
it'll do (For example) one, accept input from the keyboard (names, addr
esses, dates, quantities, prices and so on). Two, multiply quantity by price to
arrive at the EX VAT price. Three, work out the VAT and display it. Four
, add the VAT to the EX VAT price and display the result as the price includ
ing VAT. Five, work out and display totals. Six, print the invoice in a sp
ecified layout on special invoice paper. And so on, and su do. It is your jo
b, as the programmer, to see that your program will make sense to all its pot
ential users. If it goes wrong that's YOUR fault not theirs no matter how illo
gical their interpretation may seem to you. So I can't stress enough, how impor
tant it is for you to think about what you're going to do (in detail) befor
e you go near the computer. When you've done that, do it again, and again
, until you KNOW you haven't left anything to chance. It won't stop you
making mio on. In other words, draw up a list of the major activities or "su
b-routines" in the program. SC (to page 8) Once you have the list o
f major sub-routines, you can take each item in turn and work out HOW the pro
gram will do it. Will it start by clearing the screen Will it print out
as you enter each item, or will it print them all out at the end Will IT as
sign invoice numbers, or will you Will it work out discounts How will
it handle typing errors Will it RAFBGCHDIEstakes, but it will tend to min
imise them. That's true not only for BASIC. I hope you can see now (that)
that general rule applies to any application program. The more thought
you put into it before you start, the more successful you'll be. I don't
want to put you off using Basic - but I do want you to appreciate that constr
ucting a good program from scratch is a very long process - and for most p
eople, using a computer means using programs that have been written by ot
you've finished, reset once more and then take the disc out of the drive and s
witch off the 6128. Bye for now.. *** End of Sessi
on Two *** t of the drive and switch off the 6128. Bye for now..
ack on the screen. SC If you haven't got the A prompt,
check you've put the disc in the right way round and try again. If you'r
e still stuck, you'll need to re-play the last part of the tape. SC
Before we go on, it will bher people - or teams of people. But it is fascinati
ng - and an absorbing hobby. Try keying in some of the programs listed in t
he manual - you may just find yourself hooked. Now, its important to reali
se that your 6128 is a powerful and versatile computer - and so far you've
seen two quite different ways of using it - either with CP/M - or with BASIC.
Close the book now. Select the letter "Q" to quit then "Y" to confirm and you
don't want to save the bookmarks, so tap "N" for no and finally just hit
return to get out of the electric book and back to CP/M. Let's round off this s
ession by looking at some programs which use Basic. You need to reset the
computer with CONTROL SHIFT AND ESCAPE - do that now - but this time DON'T
go back to CP/M. You need the OTHER master disc - the one labelled CP/M
2.2 with DR LOGO on the revers. It's side 4 of your original discs. Che
ck that the disc is write-protected and put it in the drive. SC On
the dQ
TRANSCRIPT
THREE
We'll start
thisisc is a BASIC program called "ROINTIME.DEM" - short for Roland In Ti
me demonstration. Key in RUN "ROINTIME.DEM" press RETURN. If you get the m
essage "ROINTIME.DEM not found" it means you put the wrong side of the disc
in. Check that you have the disc with side 4 uppermost and try again.
SC If you are using a green screen, answer the next question Y for yes - of N
if you have a colour screen. And you get a continuous demonstration of a
typical computer game, complete third session with the 6128 switched on, wit
h CP/M loaded from your working copy of the CP/M plus disc, and showing the A
prompt. Stop the tape if you need to get ready. SC During this session
we'll be using the TRAINING disc and we'll be preparing another disc to use,
so make sure you have your third blank disc ready. We'll be creating a start-
up disc, complete with the CP/M system and the most important command files,
together with programs from the Reel Time disc. You'll be abwith sound effec
ts. This may be a good time to adjust the volume control on the back pa
nel! Stop the tape while you take a look at the demonstration, and when you've
had enough reset the 6128. SC There's another demonstration on this
disc, which you start by keying in run "disc" and RETURN While you watch
this demonstration, wind the tape on to the end. Take a break before you start
the next session - and go over any of the parts of this session if you want
to. When RAFBGCHDIEle to start up the computer and load the programs
without having to swap discs. We first need to prepare your new disc - and
for that we need the DISCKIT program which you used in the first sessio
n. Your CP/M disc is already in the drive, so key in DISCKIT3 and press RETUR
N. After a few moments you see the familiar Disckit display. This time you
press the F4 key to select the option to FORMAT a disc. Next, you are ask
ed if you want SYSTEM format, DATA format or VENDOR files first. We're s
till in Disckit so press F7 from the menu. This time the disc is already fo
rmatted, so the copy process will be much faster. I want you to stop the t
ape while you follow the prompts once again. Remember what you'll have to do -
and it might help to make a note of what I say here. You will be READING fro
m the SOURCE disc - that's your master of copy the TRAINING Disk - and y
ou will be WRITING to the DESTINATION disc - that's your new disc labelle
d COURSE format. The one we want is SYSTEM, so press F9. I'll explain what
is happening in a moment. Your CP/M disc is a system disc - that's the one
already in the drive, so press the SPACEBAR. When you're prompted, remove t
he disc and press the SPACEBAR again to continue. Now press Y to confirm t
hat you want to format as system insert your blank disc - and press the SPA
CEBAR once more. Formatting will take a little while, so I'll give you s
ome background while it's happening. W START UP. Make sure you put the discs i
n the right way up. Carry on now, and stop the tape until you've finished the
copy. SC You should now have completed copying the TRAINING disk ont
o the START UP disc. We've finished with DISCKIT, so if you need to, press the
spacebar to get back to the menu, then F0 to get back to the A prompt. We
need to do some work on the new disc, so make sure that your new COURSE STA
RT UP disc is in the drive. Let's just check that everything is OK.hat exactly
does FORMATTING mean You see, that brand new disk is really nothing more than
a circular sheet of recording material inside a plastic case. Before you c
an use it on your computer you have to prepare it by laying down a particular p
attern of tracks on its surface. Without the tracks, the 6128 can't find it
s way around the disk, so it could not find any information stored on i
t. The tracks have to conform to a particular FORMAT - and the procedure you
follow to prepare t Key in DIR and RETURN to get a listing - and you should
see a number of files including one called TINYCALC.COM and Another cal
led TINYMAIL.COM - and those are the files we'll be using in the next sessio
n. START UP now contains ALL the files from side 1 of your TRAINING disc - it
's an exact copy. But at the moment we can't start from it because it doesn't
have a copy of the CP/M System on it. Now that doesn't matter, you can a
lways start your 6128 from your CP/M disk and then he disk is known as FORMAT
TING the disk. You CAN re-format old disks if you want to (In fact it's the m
ost efficient way to re-cycle old disks) BUT be careful. The formatting
process destroys all the information that's on a disk, so always doub
le check there's nothing valuable on the disk. Stop the tape until the format
ting process is finished. SC If you haven't already done so, remove the
disc from the drive and press the SPACEBAR to continue. Now you get the choi
ceswap disks to run a program from a different disk. But it is often more
convenient to be able to start up and run programs from the same disk. And
for that we'll need to put a copy of CP/M on this disk. Before we do that I n
eed to give you some background. You see the Amstrad 6128 computers are fitt
ed with a single disk drive - Drive A. And it's set up to hold one hundred
and eighty thousand characters or 180K on each side of the disk. The two s
ides are completely independent - to format another disc. We don't want to d
o that yet, so tap the space bar to get back to the DISCKIT menu. Before you
do anything else, take the disk you've just formatted and write on the label
the words "COURSE START UP". Stop the tape while you do that. SC Th
e newly formatted disc is now ready to accept files, and we could copy the
Reel Time disc onto it. BUT we wouln't be able to START from it because it
doesn't have the CP/M system on it. Lets copy the ReelTime RAFBGCHDIE for
example your master disk has CP/M plus on one side and Programmin
g utilities on the other. Which one you get depends on which way round you pu
t the disk. Take a closer look at one of your new disks and you'll see th
at the disks are labelled side A and side B. So far in this course we've most
ly been using just one side of the disks. The other bit of information go
es back to when you formatted the disc with Disckit. You had a choice
of whether to format the dmands automatically. Well that's fine for this
training session but if you want to make your disk start up like your CP/M
working copy disk you'll need to put some extra files onto it. You'll ne
ed SUBMIT.COM, a PROFILE.SUB file and a copy of any command files referred to
in the profile. You may want to experiment with this after the training ses
sion. Don't forget too that you've only copied Side A, which is only half of
the master Training Disk. All the files for the Electric Bisc as a SYSTEM, VEN
DOR or DATA disc. In essence, a SYSTEM disc is one you can start CP/M from.
It has two reserved tracks for the system. DATA format leaves no space for
the system - which means that you can get a bit more information on the disc -
but at the cost of not being able to use the disc as a start up. The VEN
DOR format is like the SYSTEM format - it has reserved tracks - but in this cas
e there is nothing on them. (It is intended mainly for software publisher
s). If inook are on side B. Lets have a look at that. Put side B of
the master Training disk into drive A, key in DIR and press RETURN. Notice
there's a program file called READ.COM some index files and .EBK files. These
are the Electric Book files we used for the tutorial on BASIC at the end of th
e last session. We'll be using them again in session four so before we go
any further lets copy these files onto your new startup disk. To do that
put the CP/M disk into drive A. You've doubt, use the SYSTEM format all th
e time. Now, our START UP disc is the right format - but we can't start from it
yet. I'll show you why. Key in DIR B and RETURN And now put the C
P/M disc in the drive, press the SPACEBAR to confirm the disc change and y
ou'll see the directory for the disc. We looked at the file C10CPM3.EMS e
arlier. Thats the CP/M system file and that's the file that turns any disk
into a start up disk. If you don't have that file on a disk you won't alread
y worked through these copy procedures so now is a good time to put it into pr
actice and try it on your own. You'll need to get Disckit going, then copy fro
m side 2 of the MASTER TRAINING disc - to disc to read - and WRITE onto side
two of the STARTUP disc. DON'T TRY TO COPY ONTO SIDE A OF THE START UP DISK
- you'll overwrite the files you copied earlier. Stop the tape and start it a
gain when you've transferred all the Electric Book Files onto your Start up di
sk. SC You've be able to start from it. We just need to copy that f
ile from the CP/M disk onto the startup disk and you can do that with PIP. We
know there's a copy of PIP on the CP/M disk in drive B so key in BPIP
and tap RETURN. As PIP loads from that disk you get the familiar asterisk pr
ompt. Key in AB*.EMS that is copy any file called something dot EMS fr
om drive B onto drive A and press RETURN. Stop the tape while you follow the
prompts and swap disks when you're asked. now got all the files you need
for the rest of the training course on your new COURSE START-Up disc. By the
way from here on I won't be reminding you to swap sides so make sure your dis
ks are labelled correctly. SC Now let's go on to look at those TINY
CALC and TINYMAIL programs. TINYCALC and TINYMAIL are two typical programs
(sometimes called applications) which work using the CP/M operating system.
In fact most programs which run on the 6128 use CP/M. The programs are wrDr
ive A is the Start Up disk and Drive B is the CP/M disk. SC We've f
inished with PIP for now, so just press RETURN to get back to the A prompt.
Let's check that file went across OK. key in DIR and RETURN - and swap
to the STARTUP disc when you are prompted. And there you have a directory of
your new disc, complete with a copy of the .EMS file for the CP/M system. This
new disk doesn't have SUBMIT.COM or PROFILE.SUB so the start up sequence
doesn't run any CP/M com R A F B G C H D I Eitten to work on a variety of
different computers - and CP/M translates the instructions into
the specific code for the machine. Basic is an exception to this, by the wa
y. Your version is written specifically for the 6128 - and that's why you ca
n use Basic without loading CP/M. In the next part of this session we'll be
using the SPREADSHEET program "TINYCALC". Most people have seen a Word Pro
cessing program running on a computer, turning the machine into a sort
you at this point in the program. You use this sort of menu by highlight
ing the command you want with the left and right cursor keys and then pressin
g RETURN. Tap the cursor right key a few times, and you'll see what I mean.
Notice how the second line of the menu changes in step, explaining what ea
ch command lets you do. Keep going until DISC is marked once again - and yo
u can see that the "DISC" command is the one you need for saving or loa
ding files. So press RETURN and of glorified typewriter. Indeed many peopl
e use their computers for word processing alone, which is a pity since
a computer is a general puropose tool which can help in a wide variety tak
s. Processing numbers with a spreadsheet program involves many of the same
jobs as processing words - saving and reading files, moving the cursor aroun
d the screen and so on. But in many ways a spreadsheet can be MORE versatile
than a word processor. Most things in business life can be you get a furth
er menu, this time of DISC options. The marked option LOAD is the one we wan
t to LOAD a TinyCalc worksheet, so press RETURN again. You get a directory of
all the .TCW files - standing for TinyCalc Worksheets. By the way "Worksheet"
is a common term for the individual models a Spreadsheet program uses.
We'll load a partially completed worksheet. Use your cursor keys to highl
ight the file marked PRICES.TCW - and press RETURN. Let's define a few terms.
The worksheet isexpressed numerically - budgets, targets, stock move
ments, break-even charts, projected cash flows - even planning the family budge
t. They're all areas that lend themselves to a spreadsheet analysis. Now
although all speadsheets work in much the same way, some are more powerful - a
nd more complex - than others. We've deliberately kept TINYCALC very simple
- the idea is to give you an introduction to the topic, so that you can see
how spreadsheets might help you. Let's load composed of a matrix of ROWS
and COLUMNS. Where each row and column intersects is a box or "CELL" cont
aining one chunk of information. It's usual to refer to a cell by quoting
its column LETTER and row NUMBER - rather like a map reference. The "P
RICES" model calculates prices for a range of different guided tours, acco
rding to the mileage covered and the rate per mile. But the spreadsheet is in
complete - the bottom row shows only zero figures. It needs a value in th
e the program. Check your COURSE STARTUP disc is in drive A and key in
TINYCALC and press RETURN. The opening screen display looks pretty much the
same on any spreadsheet program. The large blank area in the middle - we'l
l call it the "WORK AREA" - is where the information you key in will appe
ar. At the foot of the screen is the "CONTROL AREA" which displays messages f
rom the computer to you, as well as the instructions you give the computer. We
ll the quickest way to underst RATE cell. The cursor is already marking Cell B
2. Key in the number five point five zero. The entry appears in the Control A
rea at the foot of the screen. Press RETURN and you put it on the workshee
t. Notice too the message in the Control Area reminding you this is a NUMERI
C entry rather than TEXT. Now that you've given the spreadsheet a value for
the RATE cell, it's been able to make the calculations across row 6 - the t
otal tour price row. Let's see how that was done. Move aand a spreadsheet
is to have a look at one we've provided on disc. To do that we have to give
TINYCALC a command to load the file from the disc. In the middle of the fir
st line of the CONTROL AREA it says "" for COMMANDS. Tap the backwards fac
ing slash symbol - it's just next to the right hand SHIFT key. You get a list
of the TINYCALC commands with one of them - "DISC" - marked. What you're
looking at of course is a sort of MENU - in other words a list of the option
s available to !R!A!F!B!G!C!H!D!I!Ecross and down to C6. This cell doesn't
simply contain a number like "5.5". Look at the Control Area and you'll s
ee the formula B2 times C5. In other words the value in cell C6 is calculat
ed by multiplying the value in the rate cell, B2 by the value in C5, which
is 12. By specifying the cell REFERENCE in a spreadsheet calculation
rather than a constant number you ensure that as the values in related cells c
hange the new value is automatically used in the calculation. Lee this into
a Word Processed letter. So lets make a disc copy. Type in the filename FIGU
RES, F I G U R E S and tap RETURN, and then the number zero, RETURN and we'll
look at that file FIGURES dot LST later in the programme. Although the cal
culations we've been using so far are very simple, you could build up very
complex formulae (including nested calculations) and most spreadsheet pr
ograms have built-in mathematical FUNCTIONS. TinyCalc functions include Squar
e Root, absolute vat's key in the missing formula for cell F6. Move to F6 and
key-in a plus sign to start the formula. Now the formula itself. F5 ast
erisk B2. In other words the value of cell F5 multiplied by the current val
ue of cell B2. Press RETURN to get the result. If you made a typing err
or, press the ESC key and edit the entry. There are just two more cells to fil
l in, both in the Grand Tour column. Move to G5. The Grand tour is just a
combination of all the other tours, but instelues and so on. Well this sa
mple worksheet may be very clear but it's not really typical, so let's have a l
ook at something else. First let's CLEAR the work area - press backslash, ta
p "C" for clear and then the letter Y to confirm. Now backslash again. D
for disc and L for Load. and this time highlight the file CASH.TCW and pres
s RETURN again. This worksheet is a cash flow forecast for a small bu
siness, showing income and various costs, and how the cash position in the c
oad of entering C5 plus D5 plus E5 plus F5 there's a quicker way. If you
tell TINYCALC the "RANGE" of cells you want added together, it'll do the wo
rk for you. A "range" is a block of consecutive cells in a row or a col
umn for instance "all the cells between and including A2 and A5" or "the bl
ock of cells between C5 and F10" and so on. We want it to sum cells C5 through
to F5. So start (as before) with a plus sign. Then type C5, and to indicat
e a range, type a 'greater thmpany will fluctuate over time. The top lin
e shows the expected bank balance at the start of each period based on
the previous period's performance. The figure for the opening bank balance
is in cell C2. Well this model doesn't show a very healthy bank balance, bu
t WHAT IF the opening bank balance were 20 instead of zero To get the answe
r just type in the number twenty and press RETURN. And as that change ripples
through the worksheet you can see immediately why the ability an' symbol -
that's the shifted full stop key - and then the cell at the end of the rang
e - F5. Now press Return and the result appears in G5. Move your cursor
down one cell and do the same here. Type a plus sign, and this time C6, a
greater than sign then F6 and press RETURN. And you've completed the workshe
et. Normally you'd save a copy of it on disc, so you can retrieve it to updat
e or just to refer to later. But I want you to use the PRINT option to get
a copy on discto ask "What if" questions like this has made spreadshe
et programs so popular in business today. Recalculating a very large or comple
x model could easily take several seconds. Notice the message in TinyCalc's
Control area telling you AutoCalc is switched ON. Switching it off
would enable you to build or edit your model first, then get it to do the cal
culations all in one go. And one more thing to look out for is the ORDER in
which calculations are carried out. It doesn'. There are many reasons you'd w
ant to do that - for example to incorporate the figures into a letter you
produce with your word processing program. Press the backslash key again fo
r the commands. This time instead of moving across to the PRINT option we'll tr
y a shortcut. The quick way of selecting an option from this menu is to tap
its initial letter so tap the letter "P" to print. Here you could just hi
t RETURN to get a printed copy on paper, but we've said we want to incorporat
"R"A"F"B"G"C"H"D"I"Et always matter - but if you have a model where figures a
re carried from one column to the next - you need to calculate column by co
lumn. If you calculate row by row, you'd get a misleading answer. Tin
ycalc tells you which setting its on. Try changing the order and re-calculati
ng after the audio session, and you'll see what I mean. There's one other wor
ksheet on the Reel-Time disc that's worth looking at. Once again press the
backslash key, then D for disc options then L to RSE STARTUP disc. Stop the
tape while you get ready. SC You should be looking at the CP/M A promp
t. Information is a valuable resource and, like any other, it has to be mana
ged properly to get the best from it. So during this session, we'll be loo
king at how a DATABASE system can help YOU manage the information YOU nee
d to keep, your customer names and addresses, 'phone numbers, supplier recor
ds, marketing information and so on. A good database system will let you
sload, and this time pick the file INVOICE.TCW. and press RETURN. I want you
to have a look at this worksheet on your own. You may like to experiment
by changing values or formulae, or maybe adapt it to suit your own needs.
And remember you can print it out on paper if you have a printer, or p
rint it to a disc file for later processing if you like. Stop the tape while
you do that and start it again when you're ready. SC And that's how
to use a Spreadsheet program. tore and sort large amounts of information o
n disc and once stored the program takes only seconds to scan hundreds of re
cords to look up the item you're interested in. Now, a full-feature database m
anagement system is a very powerful program - and takes a long time to master.
We're going to introduce you to a SIMPLE database program called TINYM
AIL which you can use to record and sort names and addresses. Make sure th
e start-up disc is in the drive then key in TINYMAIL aTo end this session
tap backslash for commands once again... and this time tap the letter "Q
" to QUIT and you're back at the CP/M A prompt, ready to use another CP/M co
mmand - or run another CP/M program. Well that's all for this session, so wi
nd the tape on to the end and turn over, ready for session 4.
*** End of Session Three ** on to the end and tu
rn over, ready for session 4. *** End of Session
Three **nd press RETURN. If the 6128 tells you it can't find TINYMAIL you're us
ing the wrong disc. Put your new Course Startup disc in and try again. Tin
yMail uses the same sort of menu you've already seen in TINYCALC, and there a
re 3 initial options here - DISC, OPEN, or QUIT. Don't worry about the other
entries in the information box to the right - we'll talk about those as we c
ome to them. Well, we certainly don't want to QUIT just yet, The DISC option
is there in case you want to switch to a new data disc. When you use TinyMai
l to build your own data you'll want to keep your data files on a separate
disc, especially as they grow bigger, and you'll have to use the DISC option
to swap discs at this point. For this session we'll only be using a ver
y small database of just 7 names and addresses, which is already on this d
isc. So, just tap the letter O to OPEN that file. We're opening an existin
g database, so tap C for Current here. And TinyMail shows you theqQ
TRANSCR
IPT
FOUR
We'll start this session with the 6128 switched on, and s
tarted this time from your COU #R#A#F#B#G#C#H#D#I#E directory of all TINYMA
IL DATA files. Well there is only one, so press Return to open the file SAM
PLE.TMD. Now have a look at that information box. You'll see it now shows t
hat we've opened the datafile SAMPLE and that there are a total of 7 "live" rec
ords in the file - I'll show you the difference between the two sorts of reco
rds later. It also shows that we're using the disc in drive A. And on the
line at the bottom of the screen you get another three menu options - to
wor already set up, We've given names to all the fields, and we've specifie
d so many characters for each field. Of course I don't know how you want
your information stored or displayed ideally, but this general-format de
sign will be fine for at least part of your information. If you
decide you need to get a more sophisticated database management system to
keep track of your data you'll have to start by designing your own record
template as we've done here - so pk on single records, to work on the comple
te set of records, or to close the data file. Lets see a quick list of ALL 7
records in this database. Press the letter A. TinyMail asks whether yo
u want the list sorted alphabetically by KEY, or by record number. We'l
l look at record numbering in a moment, so for now, just press RETURN to ge
t an alphabetically sorted list. We'll see the list on screen first, and ignore
the other options for the time being - just press RETURN again. erhaps you mi
ght prefer to stick with TinyMail's format for the time being. Let's ha
ve a look at one of the records. Notice that one of the fields is marked as
the "KEYFIELD." As I said just now the KEY field is the one on which the
whole database is indexed alphabetically, and in our sample database we
've used the key field to hold the name of a Company or business. Press the l
etter "F" to FIND a record, If you want to find a particular record you could
enter the name And there you are. A list of 7 names, each followed by a c
ompany name, and each one having a unique reference number. Notice that
the list is sorted alphabetically NOT by the people's SURNAME, but by the n
ame of their Company. In other words the KEY piece of information for sorti
ng this database is the COMPANY name. Lets try that again, but this time we'll
sort the list by record number. Tap RETURN, then A again, now the letter R t
o sort the list by record number and RETURN to gethere. Instead just press retur
n and tinymail takes you to the last record in the list. Now that we've sele
cted one record from the file, we can flick from card to card forwards or back
wards. Lets try it. Tap the letter N to go to the next record, and again -
and keep going through the list like this. After a time you'll notice that
you've come back to the record you started with. Try it the other way - p
ress the letter B to go back, and again, and once again. Keep going until you
a screen display. You get the same information, but this time sorted
according to the Reference number. So far, so good. But what is TinyMail ac
tually showing you To answer that we'll have a look at a single record in de
tail. Press RETURN. Now press the letter S. As you can see TinyMail lays ou
t its data like one of those index cards most people use in one form or anoth
er. But there's a difference. To enable the 6128 to keep track of data i
n an ELECTRONIC file, you can't come back to the record for Queen Street Haird
ressers. So the TinyMail "card index" is circular - the cards are stored alph
abetically, but with no beginning or end. Tap the letter Q to quit. One of
the existing records is for a business called Hancock Insurance Limited, but
you don't have to know the whole name to find it. Hit the F key and at the p
rompt "enter key field", type in the name HANCOCK and press RETURN. The
re isn't a card with just the name HANCOCK in the key field, just make up t
he layout of each card as you go along. You have to create a standard "templ
ate" for the information and stick precisely to that template for each card.
In database terminology each element of information on this "CARD" -
things like the surname, the 4 address lines the phone number and so on
- is known as a "FIELD" and a "RECORD" is simply the term for the c
omplete set of fields which make up each index card. The TinyMail template i
s fixed, and $R$A$F$B$G$C$H$D$I$E so TinyMail finds the next best thing - whic
h is the one we were looking for anyway. Let's have a closer look at this ca
rd. The first point to note is that there's no particular significance t
o any of the information on this card - it's just what we made up for this t
raining session. And when YOU use TinyMail you can put anything you like into
the different fields which make up a complete record. The first field on the
card is the Reference number which we've derived from the record'ield type in
the name of Brian Morgan's COMPANY - key in "EVANS TRANSPORT COMPANY" a
nd press RETURN. The first line of Brian Morgan's address is "HIGH S
TREET", and RETURN. Then "BRISTOL" and RETURN once again. We won't bothe
r with the remaining lines of the address - just press RETURN until you're in
the Telephone field. For the phone number, ENTER 54321, Well, you could ent
er data into the other fields, or use the up and down cursor keys to move thr
ough and change s number, followed by the date - 88 - followed by three ext
ra digits. We've put the Company name in the KEY field, because we wanted t
he whole database to be sorted by Company. But if you don't expect to use Co
mpany names, you could use this field for Surnames, or Products, or anything
else which you do want sorted alphabetically. Let's ADD a new record. Fir
st tap the letter Q to clear the card ready. This time Tap the letter A, and
TinyMail moves up to the first field on the card, any of them. For now though,
just press the ESC key, and the whole record is saved, and an empty template
appears ready for you to ADD another record. Notice too that the Information
box has changed to show that there are now 8 live records in the total file.
I said earlier we'd have to go back to enter the missing code number from Bria
n Morgan's record. Tap the letter F to find the record. Now the first few cha
racters of the company mame - type in EVA and RETURN that. As you can see T
inyready for you to start typing in the new record. It's as simple as that. I
said earlier that we constructed the Code number from the record number and
the date. But here's a problem - this is a new record, and doesn't have a
record number yet. The record number is something that TinyMail picks autom
atically, so the answer is to leave this field blank for the time being and ke
y it in later. Hit the ENTER key. Notice two things happen as you go into
the Date field. TinyMail displayMail's allocated this data to record number
8, so let's edit this record to put in the code number. First tap the lett
er E to edit, then key in the code number. Type in 008, then a dash, then
the two year-characters from the date, then another dash and any 3-digit n
umber to complete the code. Now, instead of RETURN, just press ESC to tell
TinyMail you've finished editing this record. Well that seemed a bit long wi
nded, didn't it After all if we had 7 records in the file befos a sort of da
te pattern, showing that it expects the date in the form of 2 characters each f
or the day, month and year - and in that order. Notice too in the informat
ion box that TinyMail has automatically selected Overtype mode. This mean
s that any numbers you key in will overtype those pattern characters. Type in
today's date and, by the way, TinyMail has an error trap to check that the
date you type is realistic. It won't let you type in a date like the 35th of M
arch! OK, press Rre, why didn't we just guess that the next record would be
number 8 The answer is that it won't always be so simple. TinyMail
is quite clever in the way it uses record "Cards". When we started the
re were a total of 7 records in the file, all of which were "live". Now there
are 8, and again, all of them are live. But what happens if we delete a re
cord. Let's delete Brian Morgan's record and see - just tap the letter D, an
d then the letter Y to confirm. The record goETURN. This customer is Mr B
rian Morgan. Type in the Title MISTER, and RETURN. And then the first
name BRIAN, RETURN. Obviously the initial is usually going to be the same a
s the first character of the firstname - but not always. We've separated
it out to help your word processing program address the envelope automati
cally - but again, more of that later. For the initial, type in the letter B,
and RETURN it. Now ENTER the surname MORGAN, and RETURN that. For the Key
f %R%A%F%B%G%C%H%D%I%Ees, leaving a blank card once more. But look at the in
formation box. Now there are just 7 "live" records, but the database sti
ll holds a total of 8 records. In other words the record Card TinyMail
used for Brian Morgan's record has simply been cleared, not physically rem
oved from the file - which in computer processing terms would be a time-con
suming process. By keeping track of all the deleted records, TinyMail is able
to reuse an old card when you add a new record to to, and ALWAYS close th
e program down at the end by going through the prescribed procedure. And
just in case disaster does happen, make sure you always take a backup c
opy of your data files on a separate disc after each session. After al
l, making security copies is one of the prime functions of the CP/M program P
IP we looked at earlier. OK, let's close down TinyMail. First of all tap
C to close the file SAMPLE, and finally, tap Q to quit from TinyMail and
go backthe file. This makes sure the file only grows when there are no mo
re blank records to be reused and it also means that only TinyMail knows wh
at record number to use for the next new record. One of the most powerful fe
atures of a word processor is its ability to send a personalised letter to man
y people from a standard "Mailshot" letter. TinyMail was specifical
ly designed with that in mind. The first job in producing a Mailshot lette
r is to produce a version of your to CP/M. Well we've covered a lot of g
round so far, and I hope you've found it useful. CP/M PLUS can seem p
retty difficult at first, but once you start using it, you'll find it invalu
able. Don't be afraid to experiment on your own. You'll find that CP/M al
lows you to carry out all sorts of useful tricks - as well as your normal day
to day jobs. I want to finish off this part of the programme by lookin
g in a bit more detail at the Electric Book you met in session 2. The database
in a form that the Word Processor can make sense of. Tap the letter Q to go
back to the main menu. Now select the ALL option, and then press RETURN to m
ake sure the new database will be sorted according to the key field. As
you can see from this menu TinyMail can produce 2 sorts of new data files
- one in a format suitable for LocoMail on the Amstrad PCW computer and anoth
er suitable for WordStar. If you use a PCW you'll need the LocoMail option,
but if you get a Electric Book runs under CP/M, so make sure you have th
e CP/M A prompt on screen. SC We've already copied the files we need fr
om side 2 of the TRAINING disc onto side 2 of the STARTUP disc, so put sid
e 2 of the STARTUP disc into the drive. There are 4 electric books on this disc
- BASIC, the book you read earlier during the BASIC tutorial TUTOR, which is
a book of screen based tutorials RECAP - a book containing a complete
transcript of these four audio sessions whic word processor with a ma
ilmerging capability on your 6128 , the chances are it'll use this second f
ormat. So for now, press the letter W to select the WordStar option from
this menu, and wait while TinyMail writes out the new file for WordStar to use.
And that's all there is to using TinyMail, except for closing down. An
d it is important that you go through the right procedure every time you clos
e TinyMail down. TinyMail uses the data file on the disc not just to store th
eh you can use for revision and GUIDE - a quick reference guide to all the c
ommon CP/M commands. Let's have a look at the first of them. Type in Read -
R E A D then a space, then the name of the book you want to read - T U T O
R and RETURN that. And you're now reading an Electric Book. If you've a
lready met an Electric Book in another Reel-Time course I'm sure you know the
principles already, so you might like to wind the tape on to the end no
w, and carry on. If you've ne individual records, but also to keep g
eneral information about the whole file. It keeps track of how many live rec
ords it contains, and where all the deleted record cards are. If you switc
h the computer off without closing Tinymail down properly you could easily
scramble the data in the file and have to re-key it again from scratch. So r
emember, with TinyMail or any other database-type program, ONLY change disc
s at the specific point in the program where you are permitted &R&A&F&B&G&C&H
&D&I&Ever met an Electric Book before, you will at least recognise the menu a
t the bottom - it's the same style we've already seen in TinyCalc and TinyMai
l. Press RETURN to select the FORWARD option - and you'll see the next pag
e in the Electric Book. Press RETURN a couple more times to view the next pag
es. Once you get used to the book, you'll probably find it simpler to selec
t an option by simply tapping its initial letter. Try it now - tap the letter
B for BACK - and you go straight back you to press a key to continue. Press
the spacebar. Press M to select the BOOKMARK option. Just like an ordina
ry book, you can use bookmarks - in this case - Electric Bookmarks! The
menu line is asking you whether you want to SET a BOOKMARK, or FIND one or R
EMOVE one you set earlier. Let us set one for this page. Tap the letter "S"
for set, and now key in the number ONE. As you do so, look at the top of th
e screen. BM 1 shows that you've set bookmark one on this page. Now to the pr
evious page. But if you know the page you want, you can Turn straight to it
by pressing the letter T . Try it. Press T, then type in the number 30 and
RETURN. If you know the topic you want, but don't know the page, you use t
he SEARCH option. Tap the letter S, and the book asks you to key in the word
you want it to look for. We'll get it to look for the word "FILE" - key in F
I L E and press RETURN. Now you get two options - either a QUICK search
through the page head, turn to page TWO. Key in "T2" and RETURN. Let's fin
d that bookmark you set just now. Key in the letter "M", and this time the
letter "F" for FIND, and now the number ONE - "Find bookMark ONE". Your boo
k can use up to FIVE bookmarks. YOU can set numbers ONE to FOUR - but the
BOOK uses boookmark ZERO in a special way. It marks the CURRENT page, befor
e you send it off to another part of the book. Try this and you'll see wh
at I mean. Press M for Mark, F for Find and then ZEings or a THOROUGH sear
ch through the text. Press T for a thorough search. If the book can find the
word you've asked it to look for, it turns to the page and highlights it
for you. You'll have to press the spacebar to continue. If it can't find the
word it will stop at the end of the book, or when you tap the ESC key. The
book assumes that you might want to keep searching so you could press RET
URN now to find the word file Again. If you want a permanent copy of any pa
ge inRO. The book will take you straight back to page TWO, the page you left
last time you used TURNTO. This page is the start of the screen based tutoria
l and that's the next thing to work on. It's a sort of refresher to see how m
uch you have learnt - and understood - of this course. It's important that y
ou UNDERSTAND the CONCEPTS so try not to cheat! the programme will take yo
u through at your optimum pace and if you need some more help with an idea,
the programme will provide it. The the book, you can Print it on your own p
rinter. Tap the letter P for print. The Electric Book asks you to check t
he printer's ready and to either press RETURN to start printing or press any
other key to exit from the print routine. If you don't have a printer set up
at the moment tap the spacebar now. But if you do I want you to stop the tape
in a moment and press the RETURN key to print the page on screen. Start the
tape again when the printer has finished printing. If you're re tutorial
begins by looking at the various bits of machinery that make up your computer
HARDWARE system. So follow the screen prompts and work your own way th
rough the tutorial. But before you do that wind this tape on to the end. An
d I'll wish you goodbye, and good luck with your 6128. **
* End of Session Four *** d. And I'l the tape and start it again
when you've transferred all the Electric Book Files onto your Start up disk.
SC You'veady, stop the tape now and press the RETURN key on your compu
ter. SC Your printer may not be able to print out all the special symb
ols that make up the picture on screen, but you can tell it's the same page.
The Question Mark option is there to remind you how to operate the Electric
Book. Tap it now (don't forget to use the shift key), and you get to the
preface page of the book. You can read it if you want to but stop the tape if
you do. SC If the book is asking 'R'A'F'B'G'C'H'D'I'E e iU+ b31 x
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