Firmware Guide (UK) (Disk 1 face 1) (19xx) [UTILITAIRE].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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000110: 00 00 00 00 02 09 50 E5 00 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 ......P.........
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0001F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
000200: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 31 20 20 D0 31 20 00 00 00 76 .CHAP-1 .1 ...v
000210: 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0A 0B 0C 0D 0E 0F 10 00 ................
000220: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 31 20 20 D0 32 20 00 00 00 64 .CHAP-1 .2 ...d
000230: 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 1A 1B 1C 1D 00 00 00 ................
000240: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 32 20 20 D0 31 20 00 00 00 80 .CHAP-2 .1 ....
000250: 26 27 28 29 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 30 31 32 33 34 35 &'()*+,-./012345
000260: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 32 20 20 D0 31 20 01 00 00 06 .CHAP-2 .1 ....
000270: 36 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 6...............
000280: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 32 20 20 D0 32 20 00 00 00 18 .CHAP-2 .2 ....
000290: 37 38 39 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 789.............
0002A0: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 33 20 20 A0 20 20 00 00 00 7A .CHAP-3 . ...z
0002B0: 3A 3B 3C 3D 3E 3F 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 :;<=>?@ABCDEFGHI
0002C0: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 34 20 20 D0 31 20 00 00 00 80 .CHAP-4 .1 ....
0002D0: 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY
0002E0: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 34 20 20 D0 31 20 01 00 00 01 .CHAP-4 .1 ....
0002F0: 5A 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 Z...............
000300: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 34 20 20 D0 32 20 00 00 00 0C .CHAP-4 .2 ....
000310: 5B 5C 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 [\..............
000320: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 35 20 20 A0 20 20 00 00 00 73 .CHAP-5 . ...s
000330: 5D 5E 5F 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 6A 6B 00 ]^_`abcdefghijk.
000340: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 36 20 20 A0 20 20 00 00 00 6C .CHAP-6 . ...l
000350: 6C 6D 6E 6F 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 00 00 lmnopqrstuvwxy..
000360: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 37 20 20 A0 20 20 00 00 00 72 .CHAP-7 . ...r
000370: 7A 7B 7C 7D 7E 7F 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 00 z{|}~...........
000380: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 38 20 20 D0 31 20 00 00 00 73 .CHAP-8 .1 ...s
000390: 89 8A 8B 8C 8D 8E 8F 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 00 ................
0003A0: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 38 20 20 D0 32 20 00 00 00 69 .CHAP-8 .2 ...i
0003B0: 98 99 9A 9B 9C 9D 9E 9F A0 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 00 00 ...........£....
0003C0: 00 43 4F 4E 54 45 4E 54 53 A0 20 20 00 00 00 2D .CONTENTS. ...-
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0003F0: A6 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
000400: 00 44 55 4D 50 20 20 20 20 C2 C9 4E 00 00 00 09 .DUMP ..N....
000410: A7 A8 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
000420: 00 50 52 45 46 41 43 45 20 A0 20 20 00 00 00 0D .PREFACE . ....
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000440: 00 50 54 49 54 4C 45 20 20 C2 41 53 00 00 00 03 .PTITLE .AS....
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000460: 00 53 54 41 52 54 20 20 20 C2 C1 53 00 00 00 3C .START ..S...<
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000A00: 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 ........ 1
000A10: 20 54 68 65 20 46 69 72 6D 77 61 72 65 0D 0A 20 The Firmware..
000A20: 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 6D 61 6E 75 61 This manua
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000A50: 20 20 41 6D 73 74 72 61 64 20 20 43 50 43 20 20 Amstrad CPC
000A60: 34 36 34 2F 36 36 34 2F 36 31 32 38 0D 0A 20 20 464/664/6128..
000A70: 20 20 20 20 20 6D 69 63 72 6F 63 6F 6D 70 75 74 microcomput
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000B40: 63 65 72 74 61 69 6E 20 20 61 73 70 65 63 74 73 certain aspects
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000C00: 61 6C 73 6F 20 64 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 68 also describes h
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000C80: 31 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 6F 6E 20 43 50 1.. (on CP
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000CD0: 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 73 77 69 74 63 68 69 .. switchi
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000CF0: 20 61 72 65 20 69 64 65 6E 74 69 63 61 6C 20 61 are identical a
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000D20: 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 74 68 72 6F 75 67 68 6F . througho
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000D40: 49 74 20 6D 61 79 20 62 65 20 6E 65 63 65 73 73 It may be necess
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000D70: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 68 69 63 68 20 66 69 72 which fir
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000DA0: 20 61 6E 64 20 74 68 69 73 20 63 61 6E 20 62 65 and this can be
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000E80: 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 66 69 72 6D 77 61 72 65 20 The firmware
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000EC0: 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 63 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 the disc..
000ED0: 20 20 63 6F 6E 74 72 6F 6C 6C 69 6E 67 20 52 4F controlling RO
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000F70: 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 73 20 74 6F 20 75 73 65 2E programs to use.
000F80: 20 54 68 69 73 20 61 76 6F 69 64 73 20 65 76 65 This avoids eve
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000FA0: 65 6E 20 68 61 76 69 6E 67 20 20 74 6F 20 20 70 en having to p
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021000: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
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021060: 20 20 20 53 65 65 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 See Appendix
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02D800: 00 53 54 41 52 54 20 20 20 42 41 53 00 00 00 00 .START BAS....
02D810: 00 00 00 00 00 70 01 00 72 1D 00 00 00 00 00 00 .....p..r.......
02D820: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D830: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D840: 72 1D 00 53 04 C7 20 1E 3A 07 01 9F 20 1E BA 04 r..S.. .:... ...
02D850: 01 C9 00 24 00 3A 07 8C 20 22 69 6E 64 65 78 2D ...$.:.. "index-
02D860: 31 22 2C 22 69 6E 64 65 78 2D 32 22 2C 22 69 6E 1","index-2","in
02D870: 64 65 78 2D 33 22 00 12 00 44 07 C7 20 1E 4E 07 dex-3"...D.. .N.
02D880: 2F 00 0A 00 D8 23 0F 2C 10 2C 19 4F 2C 19 19 2C /....#.,.,.O,..,
02D890: 19 19 01 D8 23 0E 2C 0F 2C 19 50 2C 13 2C 19 17 ....#.,.,.P,.,..
02D8A0: 01 D8 23 10 2C 0F 2C 19 50 2C 13 2C 19 19 00 27 ..#.,.,.P,.,...'
02D8B0: 00 14 00 C7 20 1E 1E 00 01 9F 20 1E 9E 02 01 A9 .... ..... .....
02D8C0: 20 19 22 2C 11 01 BF 22 4D 20 45 20 4E 20 55 20 .",..."M E N U
02D8D0: 20 28 31 29 22 00 88 00 1E 00 8C 20 31 29 20 50 (1)"...... 1) P
02D8E0: 72 65 66 61 63 65 2C 32 29 20 43 6F 6E 74 65 6E reface,2) Conten
02D8F0: 74 73 2C 33 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 4F 6E ts,3) Chapter On
02D900: 65 2C 34 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 54 77 6F e,4) Chapter Two
02D910: 2C 35 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 54 68 72 65 ,5) Chapter Thre
02D920: 65 2C 36 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 46 6F 75 e,6) Chapter Fou
02D930: 72 2C 37 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 46 69 76 r,7) Chapter Fiv
02D940: 65 2C 38 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 53 69 78 e,8) Chapter Six
02D950: 2C 39 29 20 4E 65 78 74 20 4D 65 6E 75 00 2E 00 ,9) Next Menu...
02D960: 28 00 A9 20 19 19 2C 19 11 01 BF 22 5B 49 5D 20 (.. ..,...."[I]
02D970: 49 6E 74 72 6F 64 75 63 74 69 6F 6E 20 26 20 49 Introduction & I
02D980: 6E 73 74 72 75 63 74 69 6F 6E 73 00 0A 00 32 00 nstructions...2.
02D990: 9F 20 1E 94 02 00 0A 00 3C 00 9F 20 1E A8 02 00 . ......<.. ....
02D9A0: 15 00 46 00 A1 20 FF 0A 28 19 23 29 EF 0E 20 EB ..F.. ..(.#).. .
02D9B0: 20 1E 64 00 00 1C 00 50 00 A1 20 0D 00 00 F3 F1 .d....P.. .....
02D9C0: 0F 20 FC 20 0D 00 00 F3 EE 17 20 EB 20 1E 3C 00 . . ...... . .<.
02D9D0: 00 31 00 5A 00 B2 20 0D 00 00 F3 20 A0 20 1E 6E .1.Z.. .... . .n
02D9E0: 00 2C 1E 78 00 2C 1E 82 00 2C 1E 8C 00 2C 1E 96 .,.x.,...,...,..
02D9F0: 00 2C 1E A0 00 2C 1E AA 00 2C 1E B4 00 2C 1E BE .,...,...,...,..
02DA00: 00 00 33 00 64 00 9F 20 1E 02 03 01 03 00 00 66 ..3.d.. .......f
02DA10: 69 6C E5 EF 22 69 6E 64 6F 63 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E il.."indoc.".. .
02DA20: 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 .... ..... .4...
02DA30: 20 1E 66 03 00 35 00 6E 00 9F 20 1E C6 02 01 03 .f..5.n.. .....
02DA40: 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 70 72 65 66 61 63 65 2E ..fil.."preface.
02DA50: 22 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 ".. ..... .....
02DA60: 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 36 00 78 00 9F 20 .4... .f..6.x..
02DA70: 1E C6 02 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 6F 6E .......fil.."con
02DA80: 74 65 6E 74 73 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 tents.".. .....
02DA90: 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 ..... .4... .f..
02DAA0: 22 00 82 00 9F 20 1E C6 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 ".... ..... ....
02DAB0: 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E C0 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 . ..... ..... .f
02DAC0: 03 00 22 00 8C 00 9F 20 1E C6 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 ..".... ..... ..
02DAD0: 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E D4 03 01 A0 20 ... ..... .....
02DAE0: 1E 66 03 00 34 00 96 00 9F 20 1E C6 02 01 9F 20 .f..4.... .....
02DAF0: 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C ..... .......fil
02DB00: E5 EF 22 63 68 61 70 2D 33 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 .."chap-3.".. .4
02DB10: 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 22 00 A0 00 9F 20 1E C6 ... .f..".... ..
02DB20: 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 ... ..... .....
02DB30: 1E E8 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 34 00 AA 00 9F 20 ..... .f..4....
02DB40: 1E C6 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 ..... ..... ....
02DB50: 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 70 2D 35 2E ...fil.."chap-5.
02DB60: 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 34 00 ".. .4... .f..4.
02DB70: B4 00 9F 20 1E C6 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 ... ..... .....
02DB80: 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 .......fil.."cha
02DB90: 70 2D 36 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 p-6.".. .4... .f
02DBA0: 03 00 27 00 BE 00 C7 20 1E C8 00 01 9F 20 1E 9E ..'.... ..... ..
02DBB0: 02 01 A9 20 19 22 2C 11 01 BF 22 4D 20 45 20 4E ... .",..."M E N
02DBC0: 20 55 20 20 28 32 29 22 00 9D 00 C8 00 8C 20 31 U (2)"...... 1
02DBD0: 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 53 65 76 65 6E 2C ) Chapter Seven,
02DBE0: 32 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 45 69 67 68 74 2) Chapter Eight
02DBF0: 2C 33 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 4E 69 6E 65 ,3) Chapter Nine
02DC00: 2C 34 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 54 65 6E 2C ,4) Chapter Ten,
02DC10: 35 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 45 6C 65 76 65 5) Chapter Eleve
02DC20: 6E 2C 36 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 54 77 65 n,6) Chapter Twe
02DC30: 6C 76 65 2C 37 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 54 lve,7) Chapter T
02DC40: 68 69 72 74 65 65 6E 2C 38 29 20 50 72 65 76 69 hirteen,8) Previ
02DC50: 6F 75 73 20 4D 65 6E 75 2C 39 29 20 4E 65 78 74 ous Menu,9) Next
02DC60: 20 4D 65 6E 75 00 0A 00 D2 00 9F 20 1E 94 02 00 Menu...... ....
02DC70: 0A 00 DC 00 9F 20 1E A8 02 00 1C 00 E6 00 A1 20 ..... .........
02DC80: 0D 00 00 F3 F1 0F 20 FC 20 0D 00 00 F3 EE 17 20 ...... . ......
02DC90: EB 20 1E DC 00 00 31 00 F0 00 B2 20 0D 00 00 F3 . ....1.... ....
02DCA0: 20 A0 20 1E FA 00 2C 1E 04 01 2C 1E 0E 01 2C 1E . ...,...,...,.
02DCB0: 18 01 2C 1E 22 01 2C 1E 2C 01 2C 1E 36 01 2C 1E ..,.".,.,.,.6.,.
02DCC0: 14 00 2C 1E 40 01 00 34 00 FA 00 9F 20 1E C6 02 ..,.@..4.... ...
02DCD0: 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 .. ..... .......
02DCE0: 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 70 2D 37 2E 22 01 9F fil.."chap-7."..
02DCF0: 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 22 00 04 01 9F .4... .f.."....
02DD00: 20 1E C6 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 ..... ..... ...
02DD10: 01 9F 20 1E FC 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 22 00 0E .. ..... .f.."..
02DD20: 01 9F 20 1E D0 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E .. ..... ..... .
02DD30: 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 10 04 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 22 .... ..... .f.."
02DD40: 00 18 01 9F 20 1E D0 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F .... ..... .....
02DD50: 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 24 04 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 ..... .$... .f.
02DD60: 00 35 00 22 01 9F 20 1E D0 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 .5.".. ..... ...
02DD70: 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 .. .......fil.."
02DD80: 63 68 61 70 2D 31 31 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 chap-11.".. .4..
02DD90: A0 20 1E 66 03 00 35 00 2C 01 9F 20 1E D0 02 01 . .f..5.,.. ....
02DDA0: 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 66 . ..... .......f
02DDB0: 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 32 2E 22 01 9F il.."chap-12."..
02DDC0: 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 35 00 36 01 9F .4... .f..5.6..
02DDD0: 20 1E D0 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 ..... ..... ...
02DDE0: 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 ....fil.."chap-1
02DDF0: 33 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 3.".. .4... .f..
02DE00: 27 00 40 01 C7 20 1E B8 01 01 9F 20 1E 9E 02 01 '.@.. ..... ....
02DE10: A9 20 19 22 2C 11 01 BF 22 4D 20 45 20 4E 20 55 . .",..."M E N U
02DE20: 20 20 28 33 29 22 00 0A 00 4A 01 9F 20 1E 94 02 (3)"...J.. ...
02DE30: 00 0A 00 54 01 9F 20 1E A8 02 00 1C 00 5E 01 A1 ...T.. ......^..
02DE40: 20 0D 00 00 F3 F1 0F 20 FC 20 0D 00 00 F3 EE 17 ...... . ......
02DE50: 20 EB 20 1E 54 01 00 31 00 68 01 B2 20 0D 00 00 . .T..1.h.. ...
02DE60: F3 20 A0 20 1E 72 01 2C 1E 7C 01 2C 1E 86 01 2C . . .r.,.|.,...,
02DE70: 1E 90 01 2C 1E 9A 01 2C 1E A4 01 2C 1E AE 01 2C ...,...,...,...,
02DE80: 1E BE 00 2C 1E C2 01 00 22 00 72 01 9F 20 1E D0 ...,....".r.. ..
02DE90: 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 ... ..... .....
02DEA0: 1E 38 04 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 22 00 7C 01 9F 20 .8... .f..".|..
02DEB0: 1E D0 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 ..... ..... ....
02DEC0: 9F 20 1E 4C 04 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 22 00 86 01 . .L... .f.."...
02DED0: 9F 20 1E E4 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C . ..... ..... ..
02DEE0: 03 01 9F 20 1E 88 04 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 35 00 ... ..... .f..5.
02DEF0: 90 01 9F 20 1E E4 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 ... ..... .....
02DF00: 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 .......fil.."cha
02DF10: 70 2D 31 37 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E p-17.".. .4... .
02DF20: 66 03 00 22 00 9A 01 9F 20 1E EE 02 01 9F 20 1E f..".... ..... .
02DF30: 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 9C 04 01 A0 .... ..... .....
02DF40: 20 1E 66 03 00 35 00 A4 01 9F 20 1E EE 02 01 9F .f..5.... .....
02DF50: 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 66 69 ..... .......fi
02DF60: 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 39 2E 22 01 9F 20 l.."chap-19."..
02DF70: 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 35 00 AE 01 9F 20 .4... .f..5....
02DF80: 1E EE 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 ..... ..... ....
02DF90: 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 63 68 61 70 2D 32 30 ...fil.."chap-20
02DFA0: 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 AD .".. .4... .f...
02DFB0: 00 B8 01 8C 20 31 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 .... 1) Chapter
02DFC0: 46 6F 75 72 74 65 65 6E 2C 32 29 20 43 68 61 70 Fourteen,2) Chap
02DFD0: 74 65 72 20 46 69 66 74 65 65 6E 2C 33 29 20 43 ter Fifteen,3) C
02DFE0: 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 53 69 78 74 65 65 6E 2C 34 hapter Sixteen,4
02DFF0: 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 53 65 76 65 6E 74 ) Chapter Sevent
02E000: 65 65 6E 2C 35 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 45 een,5) Chapter E
02E010: 69 67 68 74 65 65 6E 2C 36 29 20 43 68 61 70 74 ighteen,6) Chapt
02E020: 65 72 20 4E 69 6E 65 74 65 65 6E 2C 37 29 20 43 er Nineteen,7) C
02E030: 68 61 70 74 65 72 20 54 77 65 6E 74 79 2C 38 29 hapter Twenty,8)
02E040: 20 50 72 65 76 69 6F 75 73 20 4D 65 6E 75 2C 39 Previous Menu,9
02E050: 29 20 4E 65 78 74 20 4D 65 6E 75 00 27 00 C2 01 ) Next Menu.'...
02E060: C7 20 1E 12 02 01 9F 20 1E 9E 02 01 A9 20 19 22 . ..... ..... ."
02E070: 2C 11 01 BF 22 4D 20 45 20 4E 20 55 20 20 28 34 ,..."M E N U (4
02E080: 29 22 00 0A 00 CC 01 9F 20 1E 94 02 00 0A 00 D6 )"...... .......
02E090: 01 9F 20 1E A8 02 00 1C 00 E0 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 .. ......... ...
02E0A0: F3 F1 0F 20 FC 20 0D 00 00 F3 EE 17 20 EB 20 1E ... . ...... . .
02E0B0: D6 01 00 31 00 EA 01 B2 20 0D 00 00 F3 20 A0 20 ...1.... .... .
02E0C0: 1E 6E 05 2C 1E C4 04 2C 1E B4 05 2C 1E F4 01 2C .n.,...,...,...,
02E0D0: 1E FE 01 2C 1E E6 05 2C 1E 08 02 2C 1E 40 01 2C ...,...,...,.@.,
02E0E0: 1E 1C 02 00 30 00 F4 01 9F 20 1E EE 02 01 03 00 ....0.... ......
02E0F0: 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 61 70 34 22 01 9F 20 1E 98 .fil.."ap4".. ..
02E100: 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 ... ..... .4...
02E110: 1E 66 03 00 33 00 FE 01 9F 20 1E EE 02 01 03 00 .f..3.... ......
02E120: 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 61 70 65 6E 2D 35 22 01 9F .fil.."apen-5"..
02E130: 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 ..... ..... .4.
02E140: 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 33 00 08 02 9F 20 1E EE 02 .. .f..3.... ...
02E150: 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 61 70 65 6E 2D 37 ....fil.."apen-7
02E160: 22 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 ".. ..... .....
02E170: 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 9A 00 12 02 8C 20 .4... .f.......
02E180: 31 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 4F 6E 65 2C 1) Appendix One,
02E190: 32 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 54 77 6F 2C 2) Appendix Two,
02E1A0: 33 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 54 68 72 65 3) Appendix Thre
02E1B0: 65 2C 34 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 46 6F e,4) Appendix Fo
02E1C0: 75 72 2C 35 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 46 ur,5) Appendix F
02E1D0: 69 76 65 2C 36 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 ive,6) Appendix
02E1E0: 53 69 78 2C 37 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 Six,7) Appendix
02E1F0: 53 65 76 65 6E 2C 38 29 20 50 72 65 76 69 6F 75 Seven,8) Previou
02E200: 73 20 4D 65 6E 75 2C 39 29 20 4E 65 78 74 20 4D s Menu,9) Next M
02E210: 65 6E 75 00 27 00 1C 02 C7 20 1E 8A 02 01 9F 20 enu.'.... .....
02E220: 1E 9E 02 01 A9 20 19 22 2C 11 01 BF 22 4D 20 45 ..... .",..."M E
02E230: 20 4E 20 55 20 20 28 35 29 22 00 0A 00 26 02 9F N U (5)"...&..
02E240: 20 1E 94 02 00 0A 00 30 02 9F 20 1E A8 02 00 1C ......0.. .....
02E250: 00 3A 02 A1 20 0D 00 00 F3 F1 0F 20 FC 20 0D 00 .:.. ...... . ..
02E260: 00 F3 EE 17 20 EB 20 1E 30 02 00 31 00 44 02 B2 .... . .0..1.D..
02E270: 20 0D 00 00 F3 20 A0 20 1E 7C 06 2C 1E 9A 06 2C .... . .|.,...,
02E280: 1E 4E 02 2C 1E 58 02 2C 1E C2 06 2C 1E 62 02 2C .N.,.X.,...,.b.,
02E290: 1E 6C 02 2C 1E 80 02 2C 1E 14 00 00 34 00 4E 02 .l.,...,....4.N.
02E2A0: 9F 20 1E F8 02 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 61 . .......fil.."a
02E2B0: 70 65 6E 2D 31 30 22 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 pen-10".. .....
02E2C0: 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 ..... .4... .f..
02E2D0: 35 00 58 02 9F 20 1E F8 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 5.X.. ..... ....
02E2E0: 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 61 . .......fil.."a
02E2F0: 70 65 6E 2D 31 31 2E 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 A0 pen-11.".. .4...
02E300: 20 1E 66 03 00 22 00 62 02 9F 20 1E 02 03 01 9F .f..".b.. .....
02E310: 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 9F 20 1E 44 07 ..... ..... .D.
02E320: 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 44 00 6C 02 9F 20 1E 02 03 .. .f..D.l.. ...
02E330: 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 A8 22 74 .. ..... ....."t
02E340: 72 61 6E 73 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 E6 rans",..@.. ....
02E350: EF 0E 20 EB 20 1E 76 02 20 01 97 20 CA 22 61 70 .. . .v. .. ."ap
02E360: 65 6E 2D 31 34 2E 62 61 73 22 00 50 00 76 02 03 en-14.bas".P.v..
02E370: 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 61 70 65 6E 2D 31 34 2E ..fil.."apen-14.
02E380: 70 31 22 01 9F 20 1E 16 03 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 01 p1".. ..... .d..
02E390: AD 20 10 01 9F 20 1E 5A 05 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C . ... .Z.....fil
02E3A0: E5 EF 22 61 70 65 6E 2D 31 34 2E 70 32 22 01 9F .."apen-14.p2"..
02E3B0: 20 1E 16 03 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 22 00 80 02 9F ..... .f.."....
02E3C0: 20 1E 02 03 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 ..... ..... ...
02E3D0: 01 9F 20 1E 30 07 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 9E 00 8A .. .0... .f.....
02E3E0: 02 8C 20 31 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 45 .. 1) Appendix E
02E3F0: 69 67 68 74 2C 32 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 ight,2) Appendix
02E400: 20 4E 69 6E 65 2C 33 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 Nine,3) Appendi
02E410: 78 20 54 65 6E 2C 34 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 x Ten,4) Appendi
02E420: 78 20 45 6C 65 76 65 6E 2C 35 29 20 41 70 70 65 x Eleven,5) Appe
02E430: 6E 64 69 78 20 54 77 65 6C 76 65 2C 36 29 20 41 ndix Twelve,6) A
02E440: 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 54 68 69 72 74 65 65 6E ppendix Thirteen
02E450: 2C 37 29 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 46 6F 75 ,7) Appendix Fou
02E460: 72 74 65 65 6E 2C 38 29 20 49 6E 64 65 78 2C 39 rteen,8) Index,9
02E470: 29 20 4D 65 6E 75 20 6F 6E 65 00 51 00 94 02 A9 ) Menu one.Q....
02E480: 23 0F 2C 19 0A 2C 0F 01 BF 23 0F 2C 22 50 72 65 #.,..,...#.,"Pre
02E490: 73 73 20 74 68 65 20 6B 65 79 20 6E 75 6D 62 65 ss the key numbe
02E4A0: 72 20 6F 66 20 74 68 65 20 46 69 72 6D 77 61 72 r of the Firmwar
02E4B0: 65 20 50 61 72 74 20 79 6F 75 20 77 61 6E 74 20 e Part you want
02E4C0: 28 31 20 74 6F 20 39 29 22 01 C9 00 32 00 9E 02 (1 to 9)"...2...
02E4D0: 8A 01 9E 20 0D 00 00 E1 EF 0F 20 EC 20 17 01 C3 ... ...... . ...
02E4E0: 20 03 00 00 E1 01 A9 20 19 21 2C 0D 00 00 E1 F4 ...... .!,.....
02E4F0: 13 01 BF 20 03 00 00 E1 3B 01 B0 01 C9 00 10 00 ... ....;.......
02E500: A8 02 03 00 00 E1 EF FF 1C 28 FF 43 29 00 2D 00 .........(.C).-.
02E510: B2 02 0D 00 00 F3 EF FF 74 28 22 20 31 32 33 34 ........t(" 1234
02E520: 35 36 37 38 39 22 2C 03 00 00 E1 29 01 0D 00 00 56789",....)....
02E530: F3 EF FF 1D 28 03 00 00 E1 29 00 06 00 BC 02 C9 ....(....)......
02E540: 00 1A 00 C6 02 0D 00 00 64 69 73 E3 EF 0F 01 0D ........dis.....
02E550: 00 00 73 69 64 E5 EF 0F 01 C9 00 1A 00 D0 02 0D ..sid...........
02E560: 00 00 64 69 73 E3 EF 0F 01 0D 00 00 73 69 64 E5 ..dis.......sid.
02E570: EF 10 01 C9 00 1A 00 DA 02 0D 00 00 64 69 73 E3 ............dis.
02E580: EF 10 01 0D 00 00 73 69 64 E5 EF 0F 01 C9 00 1A ......sid.......
02E590: 00 E4 02 0D 00 00 64 69 73 E3 EF 10 01 0D 00 00 ......dis.......
02E5A0: 73 69 64 E5 EF 10 01 C9 00 1A 00 EE 02 0D 00 00 sid.............
02E5B0: 64 69 73 E3 EF 11 01 0D 00 00 73 69 64 E5 EF 0F dis.......sid...
02E5C0: 01 C9 00 1A 00 F8 02 0D 00 00 64 69 73 E3 EF 11 ..........dis...
02E5D0: 01 0D 00 00 73 69 64 E5 EF 10 01 C9 00 1A 00 02 ....sid.........
02E5E0: 03 0D 00 00 64 69 73 E3 EF 12 01 0D 00 00 73 69 ....dis.......si
02E5F0: 64 E5 EF 0F 01 C9 00 64 00 0C 03 8A 23 10 01 83 d......d....#...
02E600: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 01 00 00 Track-Info......
02E610: 27 00 00 00 02 09 50 E5 27 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 '.....P.'.......
02E620: 27 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E630: 27 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E640: 27 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E650: 27 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E660: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E670: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E680: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E690: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E700: 20 1C 03 BB 01 A9 20 19 12 2C 13 01 BF 22 07 50 ..... ..,...".P
02E710: 6C 65 61 73 65 20 69 6E 73 65 72 74 20 44 69 73 lease insert Dis
02E720: 63 20 22 0D 00 00 64 69 73 E3 22 20 73 69 64 65 c "...dis." side
02E730: 20 22 0D 00 00 73 69 64 E5 22 20 61 6E 64 20 70 "...sid." and p
02E740: 72 65 73 73 20 61 6E 79 20 6B 65 79 2E 2E 2E 22 ress any key..."
02E750: 01 83 20 1C 18 BB 01 8A 01 C9 00 4F 00 16 03 0D .. ........O....
02E760: 00 00 E1 EF 0E 01 B6 22 21 22 F4 03 00 00 66 69 ......."!"....fi
02E770: 6C E5 01 D6 20 FE 20 FF 40 01 A6 20 A3 23 17 2C l... . .@.. £#.,
02E780: 03 00 00 E1 01 0D 00 00 E1 EF 0D 00 00 E1 F4 0F ................
02E790: 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 E1 EE 19 11 20 EB 20 9F 20 1E .. ....... . . .
02E7A0: 5C 03 01 0D 00 00 E1 EF 0E 00 15 00 20 03 A1 20 \........... ..
02E7B0: FF 0A 28 19 42 29 EF 0E 20 EB 20 1E 58 07 00 17 ..(.B).. . .X...
02E7C0: 00 2A 03 BF 20 03 00 00 E1 01 D5 01 88 01 9F 20 .*.. ..........
02E7D0: 1E 5C 03 01 C9 00 1A 00 34 03 A1 20 0D 00 00 E6 .\......4.. ....
02E7E0: EF 0E 20 EB 20 1E 16 03 20 01 97 20 1E 3E 03 00 .. . ... .. .>..
02E7F0: 23 00 3E 03 B6 22 21 22 F4 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 #.>.."!"....fil.
02E800: 01 D6 20 FE 20 FF 40 01 A6 20 A3 23 17 2C 03 00 .. . .@.. £#.,..
02E810: 00 E1 00 15 00 48 03 A1 20 FF 0A 28 19 42 29 EF .....H.. ..(.B).
02E820: 0E 20 EB 20 1E 58 07 00 13 00 52 03 BF 23 16 2C . . .X....R..#.,
02E830: 03 00 00 E1 01 D5 01 88 01 C9 00 2D 00 5C 03 A9 ...........-.\..
02E840: 23 0F 2C 19 21 2C 0F 01 BF 23 0F 2C 22 50 72 65 #.,.!,...#.,"Pre
02E850: 73 73 20 61 20 6B 65 79 2E 2E 22 01 83 20 1C 18 ss a key..".. ..
02E860: BB 01 8A 23 0F 01 C9 00 52 00 66 03 8A 23 10 01 ...#....R.f..#..
02E870: A9 20 19 21 2C 13 01 BF 22 46 20 49 20 4E 20 49 . .!,..."F I N I
02E880: 20 53 20 48 20 45 20 44 22 01 A9 20 19 17 2C 19 S H E D".. ..,.
02E890: 0A 01 BF 22 07 50 72 65 73 73 20 5B 43 5D 20 74 ...".Press [C] t
02E8A0: 6F 20 43 6F 6E 74 69 6E 75 65 20 6F 72 20 5B 45 o Continue or [E
02E8B0: 5D 20 74 6F 20 45 6E 64 22 00 15 00 70 03 A1 20 ] to End"...p..
02E8C0: FF 0A 28 19 3E 29 EF 0E 20 EB 20 1E 14 00 00 15 ..(.>).. . .....
02E8D0: 00 7A 03 A1 20 FF 0A 28 19 3A 29 EF 0E 20 EB 20 .z.. ..(.:).. .
02E8E0: 1E 8E 03 00 0A 00 84 03 A0 20 1E 70 03 00 08 00 ......... .p....
02E8F0: 8E 03 83 20 0E 00 2D 00 98 03 8A 23 10 01 A9 20 ... ..-....#...
02E900: 19 1C 2C 13 01 BF 22 07 5B 53 5D 20 53 63 72 65 ..,...".[S] Scre
02E910: 65 6E 20 6F 72 20 5B 50 5D 20 50 72 69 6E 74 65 en or [P] Printe
02E920: 72 22 00 1A 00 A2 03 A1 20 FF 0A 28 19 3C 29 EF r"...... ..(.<).
02E930: 0E 20 EB 20 0D 00 00 E6 EF 0E 01 C9 00 1A 00 AC . . ............
02E940: 03 A1 20 FF 0A 28 19 1B 29 EF 0E 20 EB 20 0D 00 .. ..(..).. . ..
02E950: 00 E6 EF 16 01 C9 00 0A 00 B6 03 A0 20 1E A2 03 ............ ...
02E960: 00 12 00 C0 03 C7 20 1E CA 03 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 ...... ..... ...
02E970: 01 C9 00 1D 00 CA 03 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 2E ........"chap-1.
02E980: 70 31 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 2E 70 32 22 00 p1","chap-1.p2".
02E990: 12 00 D4 03 C7 20 1E DE 03 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 01 ..... ..... ....
02E9A0: C9 00 1D 00 DE 03 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 32 2E 70 ......."chap-2.p
02E9B0: 31 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 32 2E 70 32 22 00 12 1","chap-2.p2"..
02E9C0: 00 E8 03 C7 20 1E F2 03 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 01 C9 .... ..... .....
02E9D0: 00 1D 00 F2 03 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 34 2E 70 31 ......"chap-4.p1
02E9E0: 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 34 2E 70 32 22 00 12 00 ","chap-4.p2"...
02E9F0: FC 03 C7 20 1E FC 03 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 01 C9 00 ... ..... ......
02EA00: 1D 00 06 04 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 38 2E 70 31 22 ....."chap-8.p1"
02EA10: 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 38 2E 70 32 22 00 12 00 10 ,"chap-8.p2"....
02EA20: 04 C7 20 1E 1A 04 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 01 C9 00 1D .. ..... .......
02EA30: 00 1A 04 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 39 2E 70 31 22 2C ...."chap-9.p1",
02EA40: 22 63 68 61 70 2D 39 2E 70 32 22 00 12 00 24 04 "chap-9.p2"...$.
02EA50: C7 20 1E 2E 04 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 01 C9 00 1F 00 . ..... ........
02EA60: 2E 04 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 30 2E 70 31 22 2C ..."chap-10.p1",
02EA70: 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 30 2E 70 32 22 00 12 00 38 "chap-10.p2"...8
02EA80: 04 C7 20 1E 42 04 01 9F 20 1E BA 04 01 C9 00 2C .. .B... ......,
02EA90: 00 42 04 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 34 2E 70 31 22 .B.."chap-14.p1"
02EAA0: 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 34 2E 70 32 22 2C 22 63 ,"chap-14.p2","c
02EAB0: 68 61 70 2D 31 34 2E 70 33 22 00 39 00 4C 04 C7 hap-14.p3".9.L..
02EAC0: 20 1E 56 04 01 9E 20 0D 00 00 66 69 6C 65 F3 EF .V... ...file..
02EAD0: 0F 20 EC 20 11 01 C3 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 01 . . ... ...fil..
02EAE0: 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 B0 01 9F 20 1E DA 02 01 9F 20 . .4..... .....
02EAF0: 1E 0C 03 00 2C 00 56 04 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 ....,.V.."chap-1
02EB00: 35 2E 70 31 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 5.p1","chap-15.p
02EB10: 32 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 33 22 00 2","chap-15.p3".
02EB20: 3A 00 60 04 C7 20 1E 6A 04 01 9E 20 0D 00 00 66 :.`.. .j... ...f
02EB30: 69 6C 65 F3 EF 0F 20 EC 20 19 0B 01 C3 20 03 00 ile... . .... ..
02EB40: 00 66 69 6C E5 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 B0 01 9F 20 .fil... .4.....
02EB50: 1E E4 02 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 00 99 00 6A 04 8C 22 ..... ......j.."
02EB60: 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 34 22 2C 22 63 68 61 chap-15.p4","cha
02EB70: 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 35 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 p-15.p5","chap-1
02EB80: 35 2E 70 36 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 5.p6","chap-15.p
02EB90: 37 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 38 22 2C 7","chap-15.p8",
02EBA0: 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 39 22 2C 22 63 68 "chap-15.p9","ch
02EBB0: 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 31 30 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 ap-15.p10","chap
02EBC0: 2D 31 35 2E 70 31 31 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 -15.p11","chap-1
02EBD0: 35 2E 70 31 32 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 5.p12","chap-15.
02EBE0: 70 31 33 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 31 p13","chap-15.p1
02EBF0: 34 22 00 2F 00 74 04 C7 20 1E 7E 04 01 9E 20 0D 4"./.t.. .~... .
02EC00: 00 00 66 69 6C 65 F3 EF 0F 20 EC 20 16 01 C3 20 ..file... . ...
02EC10: 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 B0 01 ...fil... .4....
02EC20: C9 00 75 00 7E 04 8C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E ..u.~.."chap-15.
02EC30: 70 31 35 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 31 p15","chap-15.p1
02EC40: 36 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 31 37 22 6","chap-15.p17"
02EC50: 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 31 38 22 2C 22 ,"chap-15.p18","
02EC60: 63 68 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 31 39 22 2C 22 63 68 chap-15.p19","ch
02EC70: 61 70 2D 31 35 2E 70 32 30 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 ap-15.p20","chap
02EC80: 2D 31 35 2E 70 32 31 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 2D 31 -15.p21","chap-1
02EC90: 35 2E 70 32 32 22 00 12 00 88 04 C7 20 1E 92 04 5.p22"...... ...
02ECA0: 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 01 C9 00 1F 00 92 04 8C 22 63 .. ..........."c
02ECB0: 68 61 70 2D 31 36 2E 70 31 22 2C 22 63 68 61 70 hap-16.p1","chap
02ECC0: 2D 31 36 2E 70 32 22 00 12 00 9C 04 C7 20 1E A6 -16.p2"...... ..
02ECD0: 04 01 9F 20 1E B0 04 01 C9 00 1F 00 A6 04 8C 22 ... ..........."
02ECE0: 63 68 61 70 2D 31 38 2E 70 31 22 2C 22 63 68 61 chap-18.p1","cha
02ECF0: 70 2D 31 38 2E 70 32 22 00 29 00 B0 04 9E 20 0D p-18.p2".).... .
02ED00: 00 00 66 69 6C 65 F3 EF 0F 20 EC 20 10 01 C3 20 ..file... . ...
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02ED20: C9 00 29 00 BA 04 9E 20 0D 00 00 66 69 6C 65 F3 ..).... ...file.
02ED30: EF 0F 20 EC 20 11 01 C3 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 .. . ... ...fil.
02ED40: 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 01 B0 01 C9 00 47 00 C4 04 03 .. .4......G....
02ED50: 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 61 70 32 22 01 9F 20 1E ..fil.."ap2".. .
02ED60: EE 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 A1 .... ..... .....
02ED70: 20 0D 00 00 E6 EF 0E 20 EB 20 9F 20 1E 34 03 20 ...... . . .4.
02ED80: 01 97 20 CA 22 61 70 70 65 6E 64 32 2E 62 61 73 .. ."append2.bas
02ED90: 22 00 8A 00 CE 04 8A 01 BF 22 4E 6F 72 6D 61 6C "........"Normal
02EDA0: 20 54 72 61 6E 73 6C 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 54 61 62 Translation Tab
02EDB0: 6C 65 2E 22 01 BF 01 BF 22 54 68 65 20 66 6F 6C le."...."The fol
02EDC0: 6C 6F 77 69 6E 67 20 64 69 61 67 72 61 6D 20 64 lowing diagram d
02EDD0: 65 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 72 61 escribes the tra
02EDE0: 6E 73 6C 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 77 68 65 6E 20 6E 65 nslation when ne
02EDF0: 69 74 68 65 72 20 73 68 69 66 74 20 20 6E 6F 72 ither shift nor
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02EE10: 73 65 64 2E 22 01 83 20 1C 18 BB 00 19 00 D8 04 sed.".. ........
02EE20: A8 22 32 2D 34 6D 61 69 6E 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F ."2-4main",..@..
02EE30: 20 1E 64 05 00 18 00 E2 04 A8 22 70 61 64 32 2D .d......."pad2-
02EE40: 34 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 18 00 EC 4",..@.. .d.....
02EE50: 04 A8 22 6A 6F 79 32 2D 34 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F .."joy2-4",..@..
02EE60: 20 1E 64 05 00 35 00 F6 04 AD 20 10 01 9F 20 1E .d..5.... ... .
02EE70: 5A 05 01 A8 22 32 2D 35 6D 61 69 6E 22 01 BF 22 Z..."2-5main".."
02EE80: 53 68 69 66 74 20 54 72 61 6E 73 6C 61 74 69 6F Shift Translatio
02EE90: 6E 20 54 61 62 6C 65 2E 22 00 A2 00 00 05 BF 01 n Table.".......
02EEA0: BF 22 54 68 65 20 66 6F 6C 6C 6F 77 69 6E 67 20 ."The following
02EEB0: 64 69 61 67 72 61 6D 20 64 65 73 72 69 62 65 73 diagram desribes
02EEC0: 20 74 68 65 20 74 72 61 6E 73 6C 61 74 69 6F 6E the translation
02EED0: 20 77 68 65 6E 20 65 69 74 68 65 72 20 73 68 69 when either shi
02EEE0: 66 74 20 6B 65 79 20 69 73 20 70 72 65 73 73 65 ft key is presse
02EEF0: 64 2C 6F 72 20 74 68 65 20 73 68 69 66 74 20 6C d,or the shift l
02EF00: 6F 63 6B 20 69 73 20 6F 6E 2C 20 62 75 74 20 74 ock is on, but t
02EF10: 68 65 20 63 6F 6E 74 72 6F 6C 20 6B 65 79 20 69 he control key i
02EF20: 73 20 6E 6F 74 20 70 72 65 73 73 65 64 2E 22 01 s not pressed.".
02EF30: 83 20 1C 03 BB 01 83 20 1C 18 BB 00 0A 00 0A 05 . ..... ........
02EF40: 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 18 00 14 05 A8 22 70 61 64 32 . .d......."pad2
02EF50: 2D 35 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 22 00 -5",..@.. .d..".
02EF60: 1E 05 A8 22 6A 6F 79 32 2D 35 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 ..."joy2-5",..@.
02EF70: 9F 20 1E 64 05 01 AD 20 10 01 9F 20 1E 5A 05 00 . .d... ... .Z..
02EF80: 86 00 28 05 8A 01 BF 22 43 6F 6E 74 72 6F 6C 20 ..(...."Control
02EF90: 54 72 61 6E 73 6C 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 54 61 62 6C Translation Tabl
02EFA0: 65 2E 22 01 BF 01 BF 22 54 68 65 20 66 6F 6C 6C e."...."The foll
02EFB0: 6F 77 69 6E 67 20 64 69 61 67 72 61 6D 20 64 65 owing diagram de
02EFC0: 73 63 72 69 62 65 73 20 74 68 65 20 74 72 61 6E scribes the tran
02EFD0: 73 6C 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 77 68 65 6E 20 74 68 65 slation when the
02EFE0: 20 63 6F 6E 74 72 6F 6C 20 6B 65 79 20 69 73 20 control key is
02EFF0: 70 72 65 73 73 65 64 2E 22 01 83 20 1C 03 BB 01 pressed.".. ....
02F000: 83 20 1C 18 BB 00 19 00 32 05 A8 22 32 2D 36 6D . ......2.."2-6m
02F010: 61 69 6E 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 18 ain",..@.. .d...
02F020: 00 3C 05 A8 22 70 61 64 32 2D 36 22 2C 1C 00 40 .<.."pad2-6",..@
02F030: 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 18 00 46 05 A8 22 6A 6F 79 .. .d....F.."joy
02F040: 32 2D 36 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 14 2-6",..@.. .d...
02F050: 00 50 05 AD 20 10 01 9F 20 1E 5A 05 01 A0 20 1E .P.. ... .Z... .
02F060: 66 03 00 37 00 5A 05 D8 23 0F 2C 10 2C 19 4F 2C f..7.Z..#.,.,.O,
02F070: 19 19 2C 19 19 01 D8 23 0E 2C 0F 2C 19 50 2C 13 ..,....#.,.,.P,.
02F080: 2C 19 17 01 D8 23 10 2C 0F 2C 19 50 2C 13 2C 19 ,....#.,.,.P,.,.
02F090: 19 01 83 20 1C A3 38 01 C9 00 18 00 64 05 83 20 ... .£8.....d..
02F0A0: 1C 00 40 01 83 20 1C 03 BB 01 83 20 1C 18 BB 01 ..@.. ..... ....
02F0B0: C9 00 4A 00 6E 05 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 41 ..J.n....fil.."A
02F0C0: 50 31 2D 31 22 01 9F 20 1E EE 02 01 9F 20 1E 98 P1-1".. ..... ..
02F0D0: 03 01 9F 20 1E 0C 03 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 E6 EF 0E ... ..... ......
02F0E0: 20 EB 20 9F 20 1E 34 03 20 01 97 20 CA 22 61 70 . . .4. .. ."ap
02F0F0: 70 65 6E 64 2D 31 2E 62 61 73 22 00 19 00 78 05 pend-1.bas"...x.
02F100: A8 22 34 36 34 2D 41 50 31 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F ."464-AP1",..@..
02F110: 20 1E 64 05 00 1A 00 82 05 A8 22 36 31 32 38 2D .d......."6128-
02F120: 61 70 31 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 16 ap1",..@.. .d...
02F130: 00 8C 05 A8 22 70 61 64 73 22 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F ...."pads",..@..
02F140: 20 1E 64 05 00 16 00 96 05 A8 22 6A 6F 79 73 22 .d......."joys"
02F150: 2C 1C 00 40 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 24 00 A0 05 AD ,..@.. .d..$....
02F160: 20 10 01 9F 20 1E 5A 05 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 ... .Z.....fil.
02F170: EF 22 61 70 31 2D 32 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 00 0A ."ap1-2".. .4...
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02F560: 70 32 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 03 00 1A 00 D6 06 A8 22 p2".. .4......."
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02F630: 00 18 00 12 07 A8 22 46 52 45 4E 43 48 22 2C 1C ......"FRENCH",.
02F640: 00 40 01 9F 20 1E 64 05 00 29 00 1C 07 AD 20 10 .@.. .d..).... .
02F650: 01 9F 20 1E 5A 05 01 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 .. .Z.....fil.."
02F660: 61 70 65 6E 2D 31 32 2E 70 36 22 01 9F 20 1E 34 apen-12.p6".. .4
02F670: 03 00 0A 00 26 07 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 12 00 30 07 ....&.. .f....0.
02F680: C7 20 1E 3A 07 01 9F 20 1E BA 04 01 C9 00 24 00 . .:... ......$.
02F690: 3A 07 8C 20 22 69 6E 64 65 78 2D 31 22 2C 22 69 :.. "index-1","i
02F6A0: 6E 64 65 78 2D 32 22 2C 22 69 6E 64 65 78 2D 33 ndex-2","index-3
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02F6C0: 04 01 C9 00 20 00 4E 07 8C 20 22 61 70 65 6E 2D .... .N.. "apen-
02F6D0: 31 33 2E 70 31 22 2C 22 61 70 65 6E 2D 31 33 2E 13.p1","apen-13.
02F6E0: 70 32 22 00 0C 00 58 07 88 01 A0 20 1E 66 03 00 p2"...X.... .f..
02F6F0: 00 00 1A 20 4B 65 72 6E 65 6C 20 20 66 6F 72 20 ... Kernel for
02F700: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F710: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F720: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F730: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F740: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F750: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F760: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F770: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F780: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F790: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F810: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F820: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F830: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=129 CHEA=0 COD=55 MUSI=3 COP=6 GRA=147 WRIT=151 198=0 199=0 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
PRO=129 CHEA=0 COD=55 MUSI=3 COP=6 GRA=147 WRIT=151 198=0 199=0 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
EXTENDED CPC DSK File SAMdisk120417( PCHAP-1 1 v CHAP-1 2 dCHAP-2 1 &'()
*+,-./012345CHAP-2 1 6CHAP-2 2 789CHAP-3 zABCDEFGHICHAP-4 1 JKLMNOPQRSTUVW
XYCHAP-4 1 ZCHAP-4 2 CHAP-5 sabcdefghijkCHAP-6 llmnopqrstuvwxyCHAP-7
rzCHAP-8 1 sCHAP-8 2 i£CONTENTS - !"#$%DISC ASDUMP NPREFACE PTITLE
ASSTART STITLE N 1 The Firmware This manual describes
the firmware of the Amstrad CPC 464/664/6128 microcomputers. It also
describes the disc operating systems (CP/M and AMSDOS). It does not des
cribe either the BASIC language supplied with the system or CP/M. The m
anual does describe certain aspects of the BASIC where these affect o
ther programs and it uses BASIC in certain example programs when descr
ibing some features of the firmware. It also describes how to call t
he firmware from CP/M. Three versions of the firmware are described. V1.
0 (on CPC464), V1.1 (on CPC664) and V1.2 (on CPC6128). Apart from
support for bank switching V1.1 and V1.2 are identical and are ref
erred to as V1.1 throughout this manual. It may be necessary for a p
rogram to deduce which firmware is fitted to the computer, and this ca
n be achieved by inspecting the on-board ROM's version number (as descr
ibed in section 10.2) using KL ROM PROBE. This will return a 0,1 or 2 d
epending on the version of firmware. The firmware is the progr
am that resides in the lower ROM and the disc controlling ROM (see secti
on 2). Its function is to control the hardware of the computer an
d to provide useful facilities for other programs to use. This avoids
every program written having to provide its own facilities.
This manual is expected to be of interest to anyone who would like to
know how the system works. It is indispensable for programmers writing m
achine code programs, particularly system programs (e.g. other la
nguages) and games. The information presented can be extremely detail
ed. It covers the operation of the firmware from the lowest level
(e.g. driving the sound chip) to the highest level (e.g. running a que
ue of sounds). It is not necessary to understand all the information gi
ven to be able to use the firmware, however, a good grasp of how the sys
tem works will aid the programmer in selecting the most appropri
ate method of performing a particular task. Two disc operati
ng systems are provided AMSDOS, which enables BASIC programs to use di
sc files in much the same way as cassette files and CP/M 2.2 the industr
y standard operating system (CP/M Plus in the CPC6128, but we do no
t discuss the diff Perences between the two in this manual). Both AMSDO
S and CP/M use the same file structure and may read and write each other
s file's. CP/M is invoked from BASIC by typing CPM. Part of CP/M (the
CCP and BDOS) is loaded from the disc in drive A. The CP/M BIOS resi
des in the disc ROM. AMSDOS is enabled whenever BASIC is first
used. This intercepts most of the cassette firmware routines and redir
ects them to disc. Thus existing BASIC programs which use cassette f
iles can use disc files with little or no modification. AMSDOS also
provides a number of external commands for erasing and renaming fil
es and redirecting the cassette firmware routines. Provided
with the disc system are a number of utility programs for formatting
and copying discs and for changing various system parameters.
These all run under CP/M. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 1.1 1.1 The Hardware. The
diagram on the following page gives an indication of the different piece
s of hardware in the system and how they connect to each other. For mo
re information on how the hardware works see Appendix XII and the rel
evant manufacturer's data sheets. The System centres around the CPU
(Central Processing Unit) which is a Z80A microprocessor with a 4MHz clo
ck. Next in importance is the gate array which contains miscellaneous
logic to control much of the system. In particular, it controls in
k colours, screen mode and ROM enabling (see section 10 and appendix
XII). In conjunction with the CRTC (Cathode Ray Tube Controller), whi
ch is a 6845 chip, the gate array generate the video signal for the
monitor. The PSG (Programmable Sound Generator) is an AY-3-892. This
chip has three channels of sound generator, a noise generator, envelo
pe control for each channel and an I/O port. The way the sound g
enerating hardware is used is described in section 7. The I/O port is u
sed for input mode to sense the state of the keyboard and joystick swit
ches. The FDC (Floppy Disc Controller) is an NEC uPD765A chip. Only
two disc drives are supported, since the US1 line from the uPD765A is i
gnored. This results in the two disc drives being accessed as drives 0
and 1 and again as 2 and 3. The FDC supports both single and double
sided and single and double density mini-floppy disc drives. Note that
the clock frequency supplied to the uPD765A CLK pin is 4MHz rather t
han the 8MHz used with larger disc drives. Each disc drive t
akes a single 3" floppy disc. Either side of the disc may be used, depen
ding on which way up the disc is inserted into the drive. The disc int
erface contains a 16K expansion ROM, 8K of which contains the disc dr
iving software, the remainder being used by DR LOGO. The
PPI (Parallel Peripheral Interface), which is an 8255 chip, is used
to control the remainder of the system. It has three ports. Port C is
used as in output port to control the cassette recorder motor, to write
data to the cassette, to write data to the cassette, to strobe data in
or out of the PSG and to select rows of the keyboard. Port B is used
as an input port to sense the frame flyback signal, the Centronic
s port busy signal and various option links and to read data from the c
assette. Port A is used to communicate with the PSG and is set into in
put or output mode as required. Accesses to memory are synchronized
with the video logic - they are constrained to occur on microsecond b
oundaries. This has the affect of stretching each Z80 M cycle (machine c
ycle) to be a multiple of 4 T states (clock cycles). In practice this
alters the instruction timing so that the effective clock rate is appr
oximately 3.3MHz. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 1.2
-- Monitor -------
Gate Array P
Speakers CRTC --
---- RAM
CPU
V
PSG ------
-- ----- ROM -
PPI
V Keyboard
and ---- -- Centronics Port FDC Joysticks
V V
Cassette Recorder Disc Drives
1.2 The Division of the Firmware.
The Firmware is split into 'packs' each dealing with a particular part
of the system, usually a hardware device. Each pack has a section of
this manual devoted to it where its operation is explained in detail.
The system components and their associated packs are
Keyboard Key Manager. Screen Text
VDU, Graphics VDU, Screen Pack. Cassette/Disc Cassette Ma
nager/AMSDOS. Sound Sound Manager.
Operating System Kernel, Machine Pack, Jumper. AMSTRAD CPC46
4/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 1.3 a.
Key Manager The Key Manager is more fully described in section 3. It
deals with scanning the keyboard, generating characters, function ke
ys, testing for break and scanning the joysticks. b. Text V
DU The Text VDU is more fully outlined in section 4. It deals with put
ting characters on the screen, the cursor and obeying control codes.
c. Graphics VDU The Graphics VDU is more fully presented in s
ection 5. It deals with plotting points, testing points, drawing lines
and filling areas on the screen. d. Screen Pack
The Screen Pack is more fully detailed in section 6. It interfaces the
Text and Graphics VDUs with the screen hardware and deals with aspects
of the screen that affect both of these packs, such as screen mode or i
nk colours. e. Sound Manager The Sound Manager is more fully
discussed in section 7. It deals with queuing, enveloping, synchronizi
ng and generating sounds. f. Cassette Manager/AMSDOS The Cas
sette Manager is more fully explained in section 8. It deals with rea
ding from tape, writing to tape and cassette motor control. AMSDOS is
explained more fully in section 9. It deals with reading from disc,
writing to disc and the disc motor control. g. Kernel The Ke
rnel is more fully described in sections 2, 10, 11 and 12. It is the hea
rt of the operating system and deals with interrupts, events, selectin
g ROMs and running programs. h. Machine Pack The Machine Pac
k is more fully documented in section 13. It deals with the printer and
the low level driving of the hardware. i. Jumper Jumper, or
rather, the main firmware jumpblock is listed in section 14. The entr
ies in the jumpblock are described in detail in se Pction 15. Jumper
sets up the firmware jumpblock. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 1.4 1.3 Controlling the Fi
rmware. The firmware is controlled by the user calling published
routines rather than by the user setting the values of system variables
. This will allow the firmware's variable layout to be changed in major
ways without the user being affected. The addresses of the r
outines the user is to call need to remain constant if the firmwa
re is altered. This is achieved by using jumpblocks (see below).
The advantage of a routine interface is that it allows a number of
different system variables to be altered by the firmware in a
consistent way in one operation. If the system variables had to be set
by the user then the firmware could be left in an indeterminate state
if some variables had been set but not others. Also, the routine type
of interface ensures that all the required side effects of a change
are taken care of automatically without the user being troubled with
the details. An example of this is changing the screen mode (see
section 6.1) - changing the size of the screen requires a number of
other people to be informed of the change so that illegal screen
positions and inks are not used. 1.4 Jumpblocks. A jumpb
lock is a series of jump instructions placed in memory at well-kno
wn locations. The jumps are to the various routines in the firmware
that the user might want to call. Programs that need to use the facili
ties provided by the routines in the jumpblock should call the appropr
iate jumpblock entries. If the firmware is altered then it is quite
likely that the addresses of some of the routines available to the user
will change. By keeping the address of the jumpblock constant but alte
ring the entries in the jumpblock so that they jump to the new addresse
s of the routines, the change is hidden from the user (providing that
the user is calling routines via the jumpblock and is not acce
ssing the firmware directly). To make the change to the f
irmware completely hidden from the user it is also necessary to keep
the entry and exit conditions of the routines accessed via the jum
pblock constant. The greater part of this manual is taken up with the de
tailed entry and exit requirements of the jumpblock entries.
The jumpblock is placed in RAM so that the user can alter the entries
in it. This allows the user to trap particular entries and substitute
a new routine that will replace the standard firmware routine. P
rovided that the new routine obeys the entry and exit requirements of th
e firmware routine, the substitution will not upset programs unaware of
the change. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 1.5 nual describes the firmware of the Amstrad CPC 464/664/6
128 microcomput in it. This allows the user to trap particular e
ntries and substitute a new routine that will replace the standar
d firmware routine. Provided that the new routine obeys the entry and
exit requirements of the firmwa There are four jumpblo
cks. These are all listed in section 14. The first and largest jump
block is the main firmware jumpblock (see sections 14.1 and 15). T
his allows the user to call most firmware routines. The second jump
block is the indirections jumpblock (see sections 14.2 and 16). The
entries in this jumpblock are used by the firmware at key moments in
order to allow the user to alter the action of the firmware. The last tw
o jumpblocks are rather special. They are to do with the Kernel and all
ow ROMs to be enabled and routines in ROMs to be called. (See sectio
ns 14.3,14.4,17 and 18). Section 1.7 below gives an example of how a
jumpblock entry might be changed to alter the action of the firmware.
1.5 Conventions. a. Notation Processor instruct
ions are generally referred to by their standard Z80 mnemonics. The ex
ceptions that prove Pthe rule are the restart instructions. The
mnemonics RST 0..RST 7 are used rather than the more usual Z80 mnemonic
s RST #00..RST #38. The registers are also referred to by their stan
dard Z80 names. The flag register as a whole is referred to as F but
the individual flags are called by their full name, e.g. carry. The fla
gs are said to be true when they are set and false when they are clea
r. Thus a JP NC instruction would jump if carry was false and not if
carry was true. Hexadecimal numbers are indicated by prefixing the
number with #, thus #7F is the number 127 in hex. All numbers not prefix
ed by # are in decimal. Large numbers are often abbrevia
ted by writing them as a multiple of 1024. For example, 32K bytes mean
s 32 times 1024 (i.e. 32768) bytes. b. Usage Routines, where
possible, take and return values in registers. Where more information
than may be held in registers is to be passed to a routine, the addr
ess of a data area is given. The location in memory of these data area
s is sometimes critical, see section 2.4. Where a routine can succee
d or fail this condition is normally passed back in the carry flag. Car
ry true normally implies success, whilst carry false normally implies
failure. The alternate register set, AF' BC' DE' HL', is reserved
for use by the system. The user should not execute an EX AF,AF'
or an EXX instruction as these will have unfortunate consequences. (Se
e Appendix XI for a full description.) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/61
28 FIRMWARE page 1.6 c. General
The logical values true and false are generally represented by #FF an
d #00 respectively. Often, however, any non-zero value is taken to mean
true. The bits in a byte are numbered 0..7, with bit 0 be
ing the least significant bit and bit 7 being the most significant bit
. Where two byte (word) values are stored (in tables etc) they
are always stored with the less significant byte first and the m
ore significant byte second, unless a specific indication to the contra
ry is given. This is in accordance with the standard way the Z80 store
s words. Tables and the like are always laid out with byte 0
being the first byte of the table. When the address of such a table
is given this is the address of byte 0 of the table unless otherwise i
ndicated. When the computer is turned on (or when it is reset) it
completely initializes itself before running any program. This initial
ization is known as early morning startup, abbreviated to EMS from now
on. 1.6 Routine Documentation. Each routine described in h
is manual has entry and exit conditions associated with it. Where th
ere are other points of interest about the routine these are normally gi
ven in a section after the entry and exit conditions. Such points includ
e whether interrupts are enabled and a fuller description of the param
eters and side effects of the routine. There are two reasons for pro
viding this information. Firstly it tells the use what will happen when
the routine is called. Secondly it tells the user what a replacement rou
tine is expected to do. The entry conditions tell the caller of the
routine what the routine expects to be passed to it. When calling
a routine all values specified must be supplied. Values may only b
e left out where the routine documents that they are optional. When
providing a replacement routine to fit this interface only information t
hat is specified may be used, although not all of it need be used.
The exit conditions tell the caller what values the routine passes
back and which processor registers re preserved. Registers that are
documented as being corrupted may be changed by the routine or may
not. The user should not rely on their contents. When providing a
routine to fit this interface it is extremely important that registers
documented as being preserved are indeed preserved and that the values
return are compatible with the original routine. Corrupting a register P
or omitting a result will usually cause the system to fail, often in
subtle and unexpected ways. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 1.7 Often a routine will have d
ifferent exit conditions depending on some condition or other (usually
whether it worked or not). In these cases the specific differences in t
he exit conditions are given for each case and all conditions that r
emain the same irrespective of the case are given in a separate section
(marked 'always'). There are abundant examples of routine interface
s in section 15 to 18. 1.7 Example of Patching a Jumpblock.
The following is an example of how the jumpblocks may be used. At this
stage many of the concepts introduced may be unfamiliar to the reader.
However, since altering jumpblocks is an important technique for
tailoring the system to a particular purpose the example is given
here. Later sections will explain the actions taken here. Suppose an
assembler program is being written that is intended to use the printer
when it is finished. While this program is being written it would sav
e time and paper if the program could be made to use the screen instea
d of the printer. However, changing the program itself to use the screen
could introduce bugs when it is changed back to using the printer. Wh
at is needed is a way of altering the action of the firmware that dr
ives the printer - and this is what a RAM jumpblock is for.
The technique that will be used to 'connect' the printer to a p
articular text window. This can be achieved by writing a short ro
utine to send the character to the screen and patching the entry in the
jumpblock for sending characters to the printer, MC PRINT CHAR, so that
it jumps to this routine instead of its normal routine. The substit
ute routine will have to obey the entry/exit conditions for MC PRINT CHA
R. These can be found in the full description of this entry in sect
ion 15. Briefly they are as follows MC PRINT CHAR Ent
ry conditions A contains character to print.
Exit conditions If the character was s
ent OK Carry true.
If the printer timed out Carry false.
Always A and
other flags corrupt. All other registers p
reserved. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 1.8 The action of the substitute routine will be to
select the screen stream that the printer output is to appear on, to
print the character on the stream and then to restore the stream th
at was originally selected. To do this the substitute routine will n
eed to call the routines TXT STR SELECT and TXT OUTPUT. Once
again the full descriptions of these jumpblock entries can be found
in section 15. The entry/exit conditions are as follows TX
T STR SELECT Entry conditions A
contains the stream number to select. Exit conditions
A contains previously selected stream number.
HL and flags corrupt. All other regist
ers preserved. TXT OUTPUT Entry conditions
A contains character to print. Exit
conditions All registers and flags preserved.
The code for the substitute routine could be written as follows
(stream 7 has been chosen as the stream on which printer output is to
appear) PUSH HL PUSH BC LD B,A
Save the character to print LD A,7
Printer stream number CALL TXTSTRSELECT Select the print
er stream LD C,A Save the original stream number
LD A,B Get the character again CAL
L TXTOUTPUT P Send it to the screen LD A,C
Get the original stream number CALL TXTSTRSELECT
Reselect the original stream POP BC POP HL SC
F The character was sent OK RET AMS
TRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 1.9
Note the following points 1/ MC PRINT CHAR preserves HL an
d BC. The routine above uses B and C for temporary storage and HL is c
orrupted by TXT STR SELECT. HL and BC are therefore pushed and poppe
d to preserve them through the substitute routine. 2
/ MC PRINT CHAR returns a success/fail indication in the carry flag. Si
nce the routine above can never fail it always sets the carry flag to
indicate success. 3/ The routine above does not change which text
stream is selected. It selects the stream it is going to print on and re
stores the previously selected stream when it has printed the character
. The firmware is written in such a way as to allow routines to res
tore the original state when they finish if required. To
use the substitute routine it is necessary to patch it into memory and
to change the jumpblock entry for MC PRINT CHAR to jump to it. Assu
me that some memory at #AB00 has been reserved for the substitute routi
ne and that the routine has been patched into memory. The MC PRINT
CHAR entry in the jumpblock is at location #BD2B (as can be seen by insp
ecting section 13. 1.8). The three bytes of the entry should be set to t
he instruction JP #AB00 by patching as follows #BD2B
#C3 #BD2C #00 #BD2B #AB
From now on all text sent to the printer will appear on the screen on s
tream 7. Of course, stream 7 should have its window set so that it do
es not interfere with any other stream using the screen. This redi
rection will remain in force until the jumpblock entry is restored.
This can be achieved by patching the jumpblock back again or by calling
JUMP RESTORE or by causing an EMS initialization to take place by res
etting the system. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 1.10 section 14. The first and largest
jumpblock Preface. The computers in the CPC range
contain ROMs which hold the BASIC interpreter and the 'firmware'.
The firmware consists of low level routines responsible for driving
the hardware, handling the screen, handling real-time events and oth
er similar functions. This manual describes the firmware.
This manual is applicable to the full range of CPC machines 464, 664,
6128 and 464+DDI-1. The firmware in these machines is not identical.
All 464s contain V1.0 of the firmware, all 664s contain V1.1 and all
6128s contain V1.2. All firmware calls are upwards compatible, that i
s, any firmware call available in V1.0 is available in V1.1 and V1.2 an
d any firmware call available in V1.1 is available in V1.2. Upwards com
patibility will be maintained in any future versions of the firm
ware. As stated above this manual relates only to the firmware s
ection of the ROMs. Other AMSOFT publications describe the BASIC in
terpreter (though not at a system level) and the various implementat
ions of CP/M. However, the areas in which CP/M and the firmware intera
ct are covered in this manual. Also, areas of the firmware that are af
fected by the addition of a disc interface are covered in this manual.
AMSTRAD CPC464/66
4/6128 FIRMWARE P PREFACE The computers in
the CPC range contain ROMs which hold the BASIC interpreter andeve
l) and the various implementations of CP/M. However, the areas in w
hich CP/M and the firmware interact are covered in this manual. Also,
areas of the firmware that are affected by the addition of a disc inter
face are covered in this manual.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE The
Contents. 1 The Firmware. 1.1 The Hardware.
1.2 The Division of the Firmware. 1.3 Controlling the Firmware.
1.4 The Jumpblocks. 1.5 Conventions. 1.6 Routine Documenta
tion. 1.7 Example of Patching a Jumpblock. 2 ROMs, RAM an
d the Restart Instructions. 2.1 Memory Map. 2.2 ROM Sele
ction. 2.3 The Restart Instructions. 2.4 RAM and the Firmware.
2.5 Bank Switching. 3 The Keyboard. 3.1 Key
board Scanning. 3.2 Key Translation. 3.3 Characters from the K
eyboard. 3.4 Shift and Caps Lock. 3.5 Repeating Keys.
3.6 Breaks. 3.7 Function Keys and Expansion Tokens. 3.8 Joyst
icks. 4 The Text VDU. 4.1 Text VDU Coordinate Systems
. 4.2 Streams. 4.3 Text Pen and Paper Inks. 4.4 Text
Windows. 4.5 The Current Position and the Cursor. 4.6 Characte
rs and Matrices. 4.7 Character Output and Control Codes.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE Contents 1
The Graphics VDU. 5.1 Graphics VDU Coordinate Systems.
5.2 The Current Graphics Position. 5.3 Graphics Pen and Paper
Inks. 5.4 Graphics Write Mode. 5.5 Graphics Window. 5
.6 Writing Characters. 5.7 Drawing Lines. 5.8 Filling Areas.
6 The Screen. 6.1 Screen Modes. 6.2 Inks a
nd Colours. 6.3 Screen Addresses. 6.4 Screen Memory Map.
7 The Sound Manager. 7.1 The Sound Chip. 7.2 To
ne Periods and Amplitudes. 7.3 Enveloping. 7.4 Sound Commands.
7.5 Sound Queues. 7.6 Synchronization. 7.7 Holding S
ounds. 8 The Cassette Manager. 8.1 File Format.
8.2 Record Format. 8.3 Bit Format. 8.4 The Header Record
. 8.5 Read and Write Speeds. 8.6 Cataloguing. 8.7 Rea
ding Files. 8.8 Writing Files. 8.9 Reading and Writing Files S
imultaneously. 8.10 Filenames. 8.11 Cassette Manager Messages.
8.12 Escape Key 8.13 Low Level Cassette Driving. AMST
RAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE Contents 2
9 AMSDOS 9.1 Features 9.2 Filenames 9.3
File Headers 9.4 Disc Organisation 9.5 Boot Sector 9.6
AMSDOS Messages 9.7 BIOS Facilities Available to AMSDOS 9.8
Store requirements 9.9 Extended Disc Parameter Blocks 10
Expansion ROMs, Resident System Extensions and RAM Programs 10.1 R
OM Addressing. 10.2 The Format of an Expansion ROM. 10.3 Foregro
und ROMs and RAM Programs. 10.4 Background ROMs. 10.5 Resident S
ystem Extensions. 10.6 External Commands. 10.7 Examples.
11 Interrupts. 11.1 The Time Interrupt. 11.2 Extern
al Interrupts. 11.3 Nonmaskable Interrupts. 11.4 Interrupts and
Events. 11.5 Interrupt Queues. 12 Events 1
2.1 Event Class. 12.2 Event Count. 12.3 Event Routine. 1
2.4 Disarming and Reinitializing Events. AMSTRAD CPC464/
664/6128 FIRMWARE Contents 3 13 T
he Machine Pack. 13.1 Hardware Interfaces. 13.2 The Printe
r. 13.3 Loading and Running Programs. 14 Firmware Jumpbloc
ks. 14.1 The Main Jumpblock. 14.1.1 Entries to the
Key Manager. 14.1.2 Entries to the Text VDU. 14.1.3 Entries to
the Graphics VDU. 14.1.4 Entries to the Screen Pack. 14.1.5 E
ntries to the Cassette Manager. 14.1.6 Entries to the Sound Manager. P
14.1.7 Entries to the Kernel. 14.1.8 Entries to the Machine P
ack. 14.1.9 Entries to the Jumper. 14.1.10 Further Entries.
14.2 Firmware Indirections. 14.2.1 Text VDU Indirections
. 14.2.2 Graphics VDU Indirections. 14.2.3 Screen Pack Indirec
tions. 14.2.4 Keyboard Manager Indirections. 14.2.5 Machine Pa
ck Indirections. 14.2.6 Further Indirections. 14.3 The High
Kernel Jumpblock. 14.4 The Lower Kernel Jumpblock. 15 The M
ain Firmware Jumpblock. 16 The Firmware Indirections. 17 Ker
nel High Entries. 18 Low Entries to the Kernel. 19 AMSDOS 'B
IOS' Facilities 20 AMSDOS External Commands AMSTRAD CPC464
/664/6128 FIRMWARE Contents 4 App
endices I Key Numbering. II Key Translation
Tables. III Repeating Keys. IV Function Keys
and Expansion Strings. V Inks and Colours. VI
Displayed Character Set. VII Text VDU Control Codes.
VIII Notes and Tone Periods. IX The Programmable Sou
nd Generator. X Kernel Block Layouts. XI Th
e Alternate Register Set. XII Hardware and Hardware Variants
XIII Hints, Tips and Workarounds. XIV Printer Tra
nslation Table. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128
FIRMWARE Contents 5 of the Firmwar VII
Text VDU Control Codes. VIII Notes and Tone Periods.
IX The Programmable Sound Generator. X Kernel Block L
ayouts. XI The Alternate Register Set. XII Ha
rdware and Hardware Variants XIII Hints, Tips and Workarounds.
XIV Printer Translation Table. 2 ROMs, RAM and th
e Restart Instructions The system has 32K of ROM and 64K of RAM in
the Z80's 64K address space. To allow this the ROM can be enabled or
disabled as required. Additional Expansion ROMs can be selected gi
ving up to 4128K of program area. All the Z80 restart in
structions, except for one, have been reserved for system use. RST 1 t
o RST 5 are used to extend the instruction set by implementing special
call and jump instructions that enable and disable ROMs. RST 6 is av
ailable to the user. 2.1 Memory Map. The memory map is com
plicated by the fact that into the Z80's address space of 64K bytes has
been squeezed 64K bytes of RAM, 32K bytes of ROM and provision for R
OM expansion of up to 252*16K (nearly 4M) bytes. The address space
is divided as follows Address RAM
ROM #10000 #10000
Default S
creen Upper ROMs Memory
(bank switched) #C000 #C000
Stack, Firmware
Data & Jumpblock #B100
Foreground Data
#AC00
----------------- Background Data #504 bytes for AM
SDOS ----------------- #
Memory Pool # #4000
Background Data #
Lower ROM Foreground Data
#0040 P
Firmware Area #0000
#0000 AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 2.1 The size of the two background areas depend
on the background ROMs fitted to the machine (see section 9).
The upper foreground data area need not have its lower bound at #AC00
but this is the default setting (as used by BASIC). The lower
foreground data area need only be reserved if it is needed (this area
is not used by BASIC and is set to zero length). The memory pool left
between the background data areas is also for the foreground program t
o use (see section 9). The 32K of on-board ROM is split into two secti
ons which are handled separately. Henceforth these will be discuss
ed as if they were separate ROMs. The firmware resides in the lo
wer ROM. The BASIC resides in the upper ROM. This upper ROM is bank s
witched so that up to 252 expansion ROMs (see section 9) can replace
it in the memory map. 2.2 ROM Selection. There ar
e two mechanisms for switching ROMs in and out of the address space
a. ROM State. The upper and lower ROMs may be enabled and
disabled separately. When the upper ROM is enabled data read from
addresses between #C000 and #FFFF is fetched from the ROM. Simila
rly, when the lower ROM is enabled data read form addresses between
#0000 and #3FFF is fetched from the ROM. When the ROMs are disabled
data is fetched from RAM. Note that the ROM state d
oes not affect writing which always changes the contents of RAM
. b. ROM Select. Expansion ROMs are supported by swi
tching the upper ROM area between ROMs. Expansion ROMs are add
ressed by a separate ROM select address byte implemented in I/O
space. ROM select addresses are in the range 0..251, providing for u
p to 252 expansion ROMs. When the machine is first turned on it
selects ROM zero. This will usually select the on board ROM, but a
n expansion ROM may be fitted at this address, which will pre-em
pt the on-board ROM. See section 9 for a description of the use of
expansion ROMs. 2.3 The Restart Instructions. The kernel
supports the store map in a number of ways. In particular a variety of f
acilities are provided to handle subroutine addresses extented to i
nclude ROM select and/or ROM state information. Some of the restart
instructions are used to augment the existing Z80 instruction set
. The other restarts are reserved. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 2.2 The firmware between #
0000 and #003F is set up so that the restarts operate whatever the cu
rrent ROM state is. The user should not alter the contents of this are
a except as indicated in section 18. The restarts are as follows. A fu
ller description of their operation can be found in section 18.
a. The Extended Instruction Set. LOW JUMP (RST 1) RS
T 1 jumps to a routine in the lower 16K of memory. The two bytes fol
lowing the restart are assumed to be a 'low address' - so RST 1 can
be considered to be a three byte instruction, rather like a JP instr
uction. The top 2 bits of the 'low address' define the ROM enable
/disable state required the bottom 14 bits give the actual address (
in the range #0000 to #3FFF) to jump to once the ROM state is set
up. When the routine returns the ROM state is restored to its orig
inal setting. The firmware jumpblock, through which th
e firmware routines should be called, makes extensive use of LOW
JUMPs. These LOW JUMPs request the lower ROM to be enabled, so th
at the lower ROM may be disabled except when the firmware is active
. SIDE CALL (RST 2) RST 2 calls a routine in an asso
ciated ROM. I P t has a very specialised. A foregroun
d program (see section 9) may require more than 16K of ROM. The side
call mechanism allows for calls between two, three or four associa
ted ROMs without reference to their actual ROM select addresses
, provided that the ROMs are installed next to each other and in or
der. The two bytes following the restart instruction give the
'side address' of the routine to call - so the RST 2 can be consid
ered to be a three byte instruction, rather like a CALL instructi
on. The top 2 bits of the 'side address' specify which of the fo
ur ROMs to select the bottom 14 bits, when added to #C000, give the
actual routine address. The upper ROM is enabled, the lower ROM is
disabled. Both ROM state and the ROM select are restored to their
original settings when the routine returns. FAR CALL (RST 3
) RST 3 calls a routine anywhere in memory, in RAM or in any RO
M. The two bytes following the restart are assumed to be the addres
s of a 'far address'. The 'far address' is a three byte object,
which takes the form Bytes 0..1 Actual address
of routine to call. Byte 2 ROM select/state required.
The ROM select/state byte may take the following values 0.
.251 Select the upper ROM at this ROM select address.
Enable the upper ROM, disable the lower ROM. AMSTRAD CPC
464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 2.3
252..255 No change of ROM select, enable/disable ROMs as
follows 252 Enable upper RO
M, enable lower ROM. 253 Enable upper ROM, disable
lower ROM. 254 Disable upper ROM, enable lower RO
M. 255 Disable upper ROM, disable lower ROM.
Note that the 'far address' is not itself contained in the
'instruction', but is pointed at. This is because the ROM select
address will depend on the particular order in which the user has
chosen to install expansion ROMs and must be established at run
time. Both the ROM state and the ROM select are restored
to their original settings when the routine returns. RA
M LAM (RST 4) RST 4 reads the bytes from RAM at the address give
n by HL. It disables both ROMs before reading and restores
the state afterwards. This 'instruction' avoids the user having
to put a read routine into the central 32K of RAM to access
RAM hidden under a ROM. Writing to a memory location
always changes the contents of RAM whatever the ROM enable state.
FIRM JUMP (RST 5) RST 5 turns on the lower ROM and jump
s to a routine. The two bytes following the restart are assumed to b
e the address to jump to - so RST 5 can be considered to be a thre
e byte instruction, rather like a JP instruction. The lower ROM is
enabled before jumping to the routine and is disabled when the rout
ine returns. The state of the upper ROM is left unchanged throughout
. b. The Other Restarts. RESET (RST 0) RST 0 r
esets the system as if the machine has just been turned on. USER RESTA
RT (RST 6) RST 6 is available for the user. It could be used to
extend the instruction set in the same way that other restarts
have been used, or it could be used for another purpose such as a b
reakpoint instruction in a debugger. Locations #0030 t
o #0037 inclusive in RAM may be patched in order to gain control of
the restart. If the lower ROM is enabled when the restart is exec
uted then the code in ROM at this address causes the ROM state
to be saved in location #002B. Then the lower ROM is disabled and t
he firmware jumps to location #0030 in RAM. If the lower ROM is di
sabled then the restart calls #0030 as normal for this Z80 res
tart instruction. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE P
page 2.4 INTERRUPT (RST 7) RS
T 7 is reserved for interrupts (see section 10), it must not be exe
cuted by a program. 2.4 RAM and the Firmware. The ROM st
ate should be transparent to the user. If the current foreground
program (see section 9) is in ROM then the normal ROM state is to have t
he upper ROM enabled and the lower ROM disabled. If the current foreg
round program is in RAM then the normal state is to have both ROMs disa
bled. These states allow the foreground program free access to the m
emory pool. When a firmware routine is called the lower ROM is enabled a
nd the upper ROM is usually disabled. This allows the firmware free acc
ess to the default screen memory (but not all the memory pool). When
the firmware routine returns the ROM state is automatically resto
red to what it was. The cases where the ROM state is important are
a. Stack The hardware stack should never be below #4000,
otherwise serious confusion will occur when the lower ROM is enabled
and the stack is used - for example, when interrupts occur or the fir
mware is called. Similarly, it is inadvisable to set the stack above
#C000 unless it is certain that the upper ROM is never enabled when the
stack is in use. The system provides a stack area immediatley below
#C000 which is over 256 bytes long. This should be adequate for most pu
rposes. b. Communication with the firmware. Most firmware ro
utines take their parameters in registers. However, some use data are
as in memory to pass information. Most firmware routines that use
data areas in memory read those directly without using RAM LAMs (see
above) or the equivalent. These routines are affected by the ROM
state and the ROM select. They will read data from a ROM if the ROM is e
nabled and the routine is given a suitable address. (Note that th
e jumpblock disables the upper ROM when the firmware is called). Ot
her firmware routines that use data areas in memory always read from
RAM. They are unaffected by the ROM state and the ROM select.
Routines that always access RAM will mention this in the description
of the routine. Other routines may be assumed to be affected by the
ROM state. In particular the various data blocks used by the Kernel
must lie in the central 32K of RAM for the Kernel to be able to use t
hem. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE pag
e 2.5 c. Communication between upper ROMs. Pro
grams in upper ROMs may call routines in other ROMs, using the vari
ous Kernel Facilities. There is no provision in the firmware, howev
er, for a program in one ROM to access constants in another. The
majority of firmware routines are called via the firmware jumpbl
ock, which starts at location #BB00, in the firmware RAM area. T
he Kernel routines associated with the memory map are called via one or
two other jumpblock areas the LOW area between #0000 and #003F, and
the HIGH area starting at #B900. All of these routines and jumpb
locks are copied out of the lower ROM into the firmware RAM area when t
he Kernel is initialized. Thus they work independently of the ROM sta
te. 2.5 Bank Switching. The ULA in the CPC6128 inclu
des circuitry for bank switching 128K RAM into the 64K memory map descr
ibed in section 2.1. The bank switched RAM replaces the RAM in the me
mory map at #0000..#3FFF, #4000..#7FFF, #8000..#BFFF and #C000..#FFFF.
The user can select an organization by calling KL BANK SELECT.
The blocks available in each organization are as follows
Organization Block accessed at memory address
#0000 #4000 #8000 #C000 0
0 1 2 3 1
0 1 2 7 2 4
5 6 7 3 0 3
2 7 P 4 0 4 2
3 5 0 5 2 3
6 0 6 2 3
7 0 7 2 3 Dur
ing EMS the CPC6128 selects organization 0 and this is the orga
nization normally associated with the firmware. Note that blocks 0 and 2
contain firmware variables, firmware jumpblocks and the stack. All th
ese need to be in their correct places for the firmware to run. AMST
RAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 2.6 rt Instruc
tions The system has 32K of ROM and 64K of RAM in the Z80's 64K
a 3 During EMS the CPC6128 selects organization 0 a
nd this is the organization normally associated with the firmware. No
te that blocks 0 and 2 contain firmware variables, firmware jumpblocks a
nd the stack. The documentation for a number of firmware
routines specifies that data blocks passed to them should be in the
central 32K memory. In most cases it does not matter which blocks
are switched into the memory map at these places, however, the Kerne
l accesses data blocks passed to it (e.g. ticker blocks or RSX comman
d tables) at various times (e.g. during interrupts or event process
ing) and it has no control over the bank switching at such times. It
is up to the user to ensure that the Kernel is only passed data
blocks that remain accessable. The simplest solution to this problem i
s to ensure that all Kernel data blocks are located in block 2 (b
etween #8000 and #BFFF). Organizations 4..7 are the firm
ware organization with a new block switched into the memory map at
#4000. These organizations can be used to access programs or data stored
in blocks 4..7. Organizations 1..2 are used by CP/M Plus and are
not really suitable for general use. In particular, if organization 2
is selected it is necessary to patch a progam into RAM at #0038 to ca
tch interrupts and to bank switch back to a more normal organization (
e.g. organization 1) to run the standard interrupt code.
Organization 3 is also used by CP/M Plus but it is of interest since i
t has the RAM usually used for the screen located at #4000 where it ca
n be accessed without disabling the upper ROM. Bank switching has
no effect on the CRTC. Base addresses #0000, #4000, #8000 and #C000 corr
espond to the screen being in blocks 0, 1, 2 and 3 respectively. It is n
ot possible to locate the screen in blocks 4..7. However, the firmware
routines for accessing the screen memory are affected by bank switch
ing. For example, if a base address of #C000 is set in organization 3 th
en the firmware will be unable to access the screen memory since block
1 is not in the memory map. (See section 6.4 for a full description of
the screen memory map). Organizations 4..7 can be used to set up a
complete screen in one go by using SCR SET POSITION to make the firmw
are write to the memory location at #4000 without sending a new base
address to the screen hardware. Then, when the screen has been fin
ished, the contents of this block can be quickly copied into the bloc
k actually being used by the CRTC (using KL DIR perhaps). For example, a
title screen could be set up and bank switched out of the way and then
switched back in and copied at a later date when it is wanted.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page
2.7 AP-2 $$$ ROMs, RAM and the Restart Instructions The system has
32K of ROM and 64K of RAM in the Z80's 64 3 The Keyboard.
The Key Manager is the pack associated with the keyboard. All the
attributes of the keyboard are generated and controlled by the Key
Manager. These attributes include repeat speed, shift and control
keys, function keys and key translation. The joysticks are also
scanned by the Key Manager. The Key Manager has three levels of
operation. The lowest level scans the keyboard, the middle level con
P verts the key pressings into key values and the top level
converts the key values into characters. The user may access the Key M
anager at whichever level is most appropriate for a given program. It is
usually unwise, however, for a program to mix accesses at different l
evels. 3.1 Keyboard Scanning. The keyboard is completel
y software scanned. This scan occurs automatically every fiftieth
of a second (see KM SCAN KEYS). The keyboard hardware is read and
a bit map noting which keys are pressed is constructed. This bit map is
available for testing if specific keys are pressed (see KM TEST KEY). A
s the bit map is constructed keys that are newly pressed are noted and
markers are stored in a buffer until needed. If no newly pressed
keys are found then the last key pressed may be allowed t repeat if
it is still down (see section 3.5). The keyboard is 'debounced' in
that a key must be released for two consecutive scans before it
is marked as released in the bit map. This 'debounced' hides mu
ltiple operations of the key switch as it opens or closes.
At this stage only four keys are treated specifically. The two
shift keys and the control key are not stored in the key buffer
themselves. Instead, when any other marker is stored the states of
the shift and control keys are noted and put into the buffer as w
ell. The escape key generates a marker as normal but may also ha
ve other effects depending on whether the break mechanism is arm
ed (see section 3.6). There is a problem with scanning the keyboard.
If three keys at the corners of a rectangle in the key matrix are al
l pressed at the same time then the key at the fourth corner appears t
o be pressed as well. There is no way to avoid this problem as it is
a feature of the keyboard hardware. All key combinations used by th
e firmware (and the BASIC) have been especially designed to avoid this
effect. 3.2 Key Translation. When the user asks for a key (K
M WAIT KEY or KM READ KEY) the next key pressed marker is read from the
key buffer. The marker is converted to a key number and this is looked u
p in one of the three translation tables. AMSTRAD CPC464/6
64/6128 FIRMWARE page 3.1 Which
table is used depends on whether the shift and control keys were presse
d when the key was pressed. One table is used if the control key was
pressed, another is used if either shift key was pressed but con
trol was not, the third is used if neither shift nor control k
eys were pressed. The contents of these tables can be altered by
the user as required (by calling KM SET CONTROL, KM SET SHIFT and K
M SET TRANSLATE respectively). The value extracted from the table may
be a system token, an expansion token or a character. Expansion tokens a
nd characters are used by the top level of the Key Manager (see 3.3 bel
ow) an are passed up from the middle level when they are found in a tabl
e. There are three system tokens, which are obeyed immediately they a
re found in a table. After obeying the token the next marker is re
ad from the buffer and translated. The default translation
tables are described in Appendix II. The immediately obeyed System to
kens are a. Ignore (#FF) The key pressed is
to be ignored. b. Shift lock (#FE) The shift l
ock is to be toggled (turned on if it is currently off and turn
ed off if it is on). c. Caps lock (#FD) The
caps lock is to be toggled (turned on if it is off and off i
f it is on). 3.3 Characters from the Keyboard. When the user a
sks the top level for a character (KM WAIT CHAR or KM READ CHAR) a key
is fetched from the middle level. If this is a character (#00..#
7F or #A0..#FC) then it is passed to the user. If it is one of the
32 expansion tokens (#80..#9F) then the string associated with the
token is looked up. The characters in this string P are passed to the
user one at a time with each request for a character until the end of t
he string is reached. There is only one character with a special meani
ng at this level. This is character #EF which is produced when press
ing the escape key generates a break event (see section 3.6). It has
no effects, it is merely a marker for the place in the buffer where a
break event was generated. It is intended to be used to allow all
characters before the break to be discarded. This character is not g
enerated by the translation tables and thus cannot be changed by alter
ing them. A single 'put back' character is supported. When the user pu
ts back a character this character will be returned by the next call to
the top level of the Key Manager. This is intended for use by progra
ms that need to test the next character to be read from the keyboard
without losing it (when processing breaks perhaps). In V1.1 fi
rmware it is possible to call KM FLUSH to discard any unused or unwanted
characters so that subsequent calls to KM READ CHAR or KM READ KEY wil
l not return values from a previous input. The same effect can be achiev
ed in V1.0 Firmware by repeatedly calling KM READ CHAR until it retur
ns with carry false to indicate that there are no more characters avai
lable. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE pag
e 3.2 3.4 Shift and Caps Lock. a. Shift lock
When shift lock is engaged then the keys pressed are
translated as if a shift key is pressed. The shi
ft lock is toggled by a stream token (see 3.2 above) which is
normally generated by pressing CTRL and CAPS LOCK. b. Caps lock
When caps lock is engaged then alphabetic characters read
from the keyboard are converted to their upper case
equivalents. This case conversion is applied be expansion
tokens are expanded and so expansions are not capitalised.
The caps lock is toggled by a system token (see 3.2 above)
which is normally generated by pressing CAPS LOCK (without
control). In V1.1 firmware it is possible to set the state of t
he locks as if the SHIFT or CAPS LOCK keys had been pressed by callin
g KM SET LOCKS. 3.5 Repeating keys. There is a table which t
he user can alter as desired, that specifies which keys are allowed to
repeat when held down (see KM SET REPEAT). The default setting for th
is table is described in Appendix III. Briefly, the default is to
allow all keys to repeat except the ESC, TAB CAPS LOCK, SHIFT, ENTER
and CTRL keys and the 12 keys in the numeric keypad (the function
keys). The speed at which keys repeat and the delay before the first
repeat can be set by the user (see KM SET DELAY). The default speed pr
oduces up to 25 characters a second with a 0.6 second start up delay.
A key is allowed to repeat if the following conditions are satisfied
1/ The appropriate time has passed since the key was first
pressed or it last repeated. 2/ The key is sti
ll pressed. 3/ No other key has been pressed since the key
was first pressed. 4/ The key is marked a
s allowed to repeat in the repeat table.
5/ There are no keys stored in the key buffer. Condition 5 above me
ans that the repeat speed and start up delay set the maximum speed at
which a key is allowed to repeat. If a program is slow about removing ke
ys from the buffer then the generation of keys will adjust itself to t
his. Thus it is impossible to get a large number of keys stored in
the buffer simply by holding a key pressed. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128
FIRMWARE page 3.3 3.6 Breaks.
Breaks occur when the keyboard scanner detects that the ESC key is
pressed. When the escape key is found to be pressed the indirection KM
TEST BREAK is called to deal with the break. The default setting for
this routine tests wh Pether the SHIFT, CTRL and ESC keys and no others
are pressed. If so the system is reset (by executing and RST 0),
otherwise the break mechanism is invoked. It the break mecha
nism is disarmed then no action is taken other than the normal insertio
n of the marker for the escape key into the key buffer. If the break
mechanism is armed then two additional operations take place. Firstly,
a special marker is placed into the key buffer that will generate cha
racter #EF when it is found (irrespective of the translation tables). T
his is intended to be used to allow the characters which were in
the buffer before the break occurred to be discarded. Secondly, the
synchronous break event is 'kicked'. The break mechanism can be arme
d or disarmed at any time (by calling KM ARM BREAK or KM DISARM BREAK)
. The default state is disarmed. When a break is detected the mechanis
m is disarmed automatically which prevents multiple breaks from occu
rring. The method BASIC uses to handle breaks should serve as a m
odel for other programs. BASIC's action is as follows
The break mechanism is armed. After each BASIC instruction
the synchronous event queue is polled and if a break event is
found (because it has been kicked as explained above) the b
reak event routine is run. The break event routine stops soun
d generation (SOUND HOLD) and then it discards all characters
typed before the break occurred by reading characters from
the keyboard (KM READ CHAR) until either the buffer is empt
y or the break event marker (character #EF) is found. BASIC
then turns the cursor on (TXT CUR ON) and waits for the next
character to be typed (KM WAIT CHAR). If th
e next character is the escape token (character #FC - the de
fault value generated by the ESC key) then a flag set to make
BASIC abandon execution (or run the user's ON BREAK GOSUB su
broutine) and the break event routine returns. If the next ch
aracter is any character other than escape then the break will
be ignored. If it is any character other than space then this
is 'put back' (KM CHAR RETURN). Before the event routine ret
urns the cursor is turned off (TXT CUR OFF), sound generation i
s restarted (SOUND CONTINUE) and the break mechanism is rearme
d. BASIC then continues as if nothing had happened.
When reading or writing from the cassette the ESC key is handled in a
different manner which is described in section 8.12 AMSTRAD CPC464/66
4/6128 FIRMWARE page 3.4 3.7 Fu
nction Keys and Expansion Tokens. The Key Manager allows for 32 ex
pansion tokens (values #80..#9F) which may be placed in the key translat
ion tables. Each token is associated with a string which is stored in t
he expansion buffer. When the user asks the top level for a charac
ter a key is fetched from the middle level. If this key is a character
it is passed straight back. However, if it is an expansion token then
the string associated with the token is looked up. The characters in t
his string are passed out one at a time with each request for a charact
er until the end of the string is reached. Values #80..#9F and #EF
, #FD..#FF in the expansion string are treated as characters and are
not expanded or obeyed. The user may set the string as
sociated with an expansion token (see KM SET EXPAND) and may cause any k
ey on the keyboard to generate an expansion token. The default set
tings for the expansion tokens and the keys with which they are normally
associated are given in Appendix IV. The user may also set the size and
location of the expansion buffer (see KM EXP BUFFER) the default buf
fer is at least 100 bytes long. 3.8 Joysticks. There
may be two joysticks connected to the system. These are both scanne
d in the same way as keys on the keyboard. Indeed, the second joys P
tick occupies the same locations in the key matrix as certain other
keys and is indistinguishable from then. The state of the joysti
ck can be determined by calling the routine KM GET JOYSTICK. Becau
se the joysticks are scanned like keys the pressing of joystick button
s can be detected like any other key. Firstly, individual directi
on or buttons can be tested in the key bit map (see section 3.1) by
calling KM TEST KEY. Secondly, the joystick buttons generate character
s when they are pressed (providing the translation tables are set suitab
ly) and these characters can be detected. The major problem with this l
atter method is that the rate of generation of characters depends on h
ow fast the keyboard is set to repeat. If the repeat speed in increased
to make the joystick more responsive then then the keyboard may b
ecome impossible to use. See Appendix I for the numbering of the k
eys and joystick buttons and see Appendix II for the default translatio
n tables. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 3.5 the pack associated with the keyboard. All the attribut
characters depends on how fast the keyboard is set to repeat. If the rep
eat speed in increased to make the joystick more responsive then t
hen the keyboard may become impossible to use. See Append
ix I for the nu 4 The Text VDU. The Text VDU is a ch
aracter based screen driver. It controls 8 different streams each
of which can have an area of screen allocated to it (a window). The Te
xt VDU allows characters to be written to the screen and read from the
screen. It also treats certain 'characters' as 'control codes' which c
an have various effects, from moving the cursor to setting the colou
r of an ink. 4.1 Text VDU Coordinate System. The Text VD
U uses two coordinate systems - logical and physical. Generally th
e user specifies positions to the Text VDU in logical coordinates.
Physical coordinates are used internally and occasionally by the user to
specify positions to the Text VDU. Both systems use signed 8 bit nu
mbers and work in character positions. Each character position is 8 pi
xels (dots) wide and 8 pixels high. This means that the position of a
coordinate on the screen depends upon the screen mode.
Physical coordinates have columns running from left to right and rows r
unning top to bottom. The character position at the top left corner of
the screen is row 0, column 0. Logical coordinates are similar to p
hysical coordinates except that the character position at the top lef
t corner of the text window is row 1, column 1. 4.2 Strea
ms. The Text VDU has facilities for handling up to 8 streams at once
. Each stream has an independent state (although some facilities are s
hared and thus affect all streams when altered). The features that
are stream dependent are VDU enable.
Cursor enable (enable or disable, on or off). Cursor position
. Window size. Pen and paper inks.
Character write mode (opaque or transparent). Graphics ch
aracter write mode. The features that affect all streams are
Character matrices. Control code buffer.
Text VDU indirections. Screen mode. AMSTRAD CPC4
64/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 4.1 A
ll these features are explained in detail in the sections below. At an
y time, the stream which is currently selected may be changed withou
t adverse eff Pects provided that the control code buffer is not in u
se (see section 4.7 for further explanation). A stream will remain selec
ted until another stream is selected. This means that a program need n
ot know which stream it is using. The default stream, selected at EMS,
is stream 0. BASIC extends the stream concept to include the
printer and cassette/disc files. This extension is not part of the fi
rmware. 4.3 Text Pen and Paper Inks. Each stream has a pen a
nd a paper ink associated with it. The text pen ink is used to set the f
oreground pixels in characters (see section 4.6). The text paper ink
is used to set the background pixels in characters and to clear th
e text window. The pens and papers can be set to any ink that is valid
in the current screen mode (see section 6.1). The default setting for
a stream has the paper set to ink 0 and the pen set to ink 1. Changin
g a pen or paper ink does not change the screen it merely alters how
characters will be written in the future. 4.4 Text Windows.
Each stream has a text window associated with it. This window
specifies the area of the screen where the stream is permitted to
write characters. This allows different streams to use different
portions of the screen without interfering with each other. Window
s are trimmed so that they fit within the current screen (whose size va
ries with the screen mode, see section 6.1). The smallest size a window
allowed is 1 character wide and 1 character high. Before writing to t
he screen the position to write is forced to lie inside the window (s
ee section 4.5 below). This may cause the window to roll. Other operat
ions, such as obeying certain control codes also cause the write positi
on to be forced inside the window. A text window which does not cover
the whole screen is rolled by the firmware copying areas of screen mem
ory around. There is no alternate method available. This makes rolling
large windows a fairly consuming process. A text window which
covers the whole screen is rolled by using the hardware rather than
copying areas of memory. The offset of the start of the screen in the
screen memory can be set (see section 6.4). By changing this offset b
y +80 or -80 the whole screen can be rolled up or down by a line of ch
aracters. It is obviously a good idea to prevent windows that are b
eing used from overlapping. If they are allowed to overlap then the po
rtion in multiple use will merely contain whatever was written to i
t last. There is no precedence of windows one over another. A window oc
cupying the whole screen will overlap the other window and so if this
window is rolled it will move the contents of the other windows.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 4.2
The default windows, set up at EMS and after changing screen m
ode, cover the whole screen. All eight windows overlap. 4.5 Th
e Current position and the Cursor. Each stream has a current position
associated with it. This is where the next character to be printed on
the screen is expected to be placed. However, if, when a character
is to be printed, the current position is found to lie outside the
text window then it is forced inside. The following steps are appli
ed in turn to force the current position inside the window
1/ If the current position is left of the edge of the window
then it is moved to the right edge of the window and up one
line. 2/ If the current position is right of the right
edge of the window then it is moved to the left edge of the
window and down one line. 3/ If the current
position is now above the top line of the window then it is
moved to the top line of the window and the contents of the win
dow are rolled down one line. 4/ If the current position is n
ow below the bottom line of the window then it is moved to t
he bottom line of the window and the content Ps of the window
are rolled up one line. When the cursor is enabled, the current posi
tion is marked by the cursor blob. However, before placing the curso
r blob on the screen, the current position is forced to lie inside th
e current window just as it is before a character is placed on the scr
een. This may cause the current position to move. If the cu
rsor is disabled then the current position may lie outside the window
and it will not be forced inside the window until, for example, a
character is printed. The current position can be changed directly
(by calling TXT SET CURSOR, TXT SET ROW or TXT SET COLUMN) or by send
ing control codes to the Text VDU. The location the current position is
moved to is not forced inside the window immediately, but only when
the window is to be written to, as described above. This allows the c
urrent position to be changed by moving via a position outside the windo
w, if required. There are two ways to disable the cursor and prevent t
he cursor blob from appearing on the screen. The first, cursor on/off
, is intended for use by systems programs. This is used in BASIC, for
example, to hide the cursor unless input is expected. The sec
ond, cursor enable/disable, is intended for use by the user. The curso
r blob will only be placed on the screen if it is both on and enabled.
In V1.1 firmware it is possible to interrogate the curre
nt enable/disable states of the VDU and cursor for the current strea
m using TXT ASK STATE. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 4.3 The cursor blob is normally
an inverse patch. The character at the cursor position is displayed
with the text pen and paper ink reversed. This makes it easy to restore
the original form of the character position if the cursor is moved
. It is possible for the user to alter the form of the cursor blob, if
required, by changing the indirections TXT DRAW CURSOR and TXT UNDRAW CU
RSOR. 4.6 Characters and Matrices. A character is displayed on
the screen in an area 8 pixels (dots on the monitor) wide and 8 pix
els high. Thus the maximum number of characters on the screen depe
nds upon the screen mode, (see section 6. 1). Each character has a matr
ix which is an 8 byte vector that specifies the shape of the char
acter. The first byte of the vector refers to the top line of the ch
aracter and the last byte to the bottom line of the character. The
most significant bit of a byte in the vector refers to the leftmost
pixel on a line of the character and the least significant bit refers to
the rightmost pixel on a line of the character. If a bit in the matri
x is set then the pixel is in the foreground. If a bit is clear then th
e pixel is in the background. A foreground pixel in the character is a
lways set to the pen ink. The treatment of a background pixel depends o
n the character write mode of the VDU. In the default mode, opaque mode,
background pixels are set to the paper ink. There is another mode, tr
ansparent mode, in which the background pixels are not altered. Thus
in transparent mode, the character is written over the top of the c
urrent contents of the screen. This is useful for annotating pictures
or generating composite characters. The Text VDU is capable o
f printing 256 different characters, although special effort is required
to print the first 32 characters which are usually interpreted as cont
rol codes. The matrices for the characters are normally stored in the R
OM but the user may arrange for any number of the characters to have mat
rices stored in RAM where they may then be altered. The default settin
g, at EMS, is to have all the matrices in ROM. (BASIC takes special ac
tion during its own initialization to create 16 'user defined' matric
es.) The default character set is described in Appendix V1.
When the user sets up a table of user defined matrices, by calling TXT
SET M TABLE, it is initialized with the current settings of the
matrices from ROM or RAM. This m Peans that extending that table does
not alter the current matrices. Contracting the table will make
the characters lost revert to their default matrice in ROM. When cha
racters are read from the screen (by calling (TXT RD CHAR) the pixels on
the screen are converted to the form of a matrix. This is compared w
ith the current character matrices to find which character it is. This
means that changing the character matrices or altering the screen may m
ake a character unrecognisable, in particular, changing the pen or pa
per ink can cause confusion. Usually these problems result in the
character appearing to be a space (character #20) and so special precaut
ions are taken to avoid generating spaces - after some ink changes real
spaces may be read as block graphics characters #80 or #8F.
To allow the user to change how characters are written to and read
from the screen, the indirections TXT WRITE CHAR and TXT UNWRITE are p
rovided. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 4.4 4.7 Character Output and Control Codes.
The main character output routine for the Text VDU is TXT OUTPUT. This o
beys control codes (character 0..31) and prints all other characters. Ch
aracters sent to TXT OUTPUT pass through various levels of ind
irection and can be delt with by various output routines. TXT OUTPUT u
ses the TXT OUT ACTION indirection to sort out whether the character is
a printing character, is a control code to be obeyed or is the paramet
er of a control code. TXT OUT ACTION normally calls TXT WRITE CHAR to
print characters on the screen. However, if the graphics character wr
ite mode is selected then characters are printed using the Graphics V
DU character write routine (see 5.6 below.) This mode can be selected
on a character by character basis using a control code or on all char
acters sent (see TXT SET GRAPHIC). When graphic character write m
ode is selected control codes are not obeyed but are printed by the g
raphics routine instead. TXT OUT ACTION deals with a c
ontrol code in the following manner 1/ T
he code is stored at the start of the control code buffe
r. 2/ The code is looked up in the control code table to fin
d out how many parameters it requires. 3/ If
no parameters are required go directly to step 5. 4/ If one
or more parameters are required the TXT OUT ACTION returns but
the next characters sent to it are added to the control code
buffer rather than being printed or obeyed. This continues unt
il sufficient parameter characters have been received.
5/ The code is looked up in the control code table to get the
address of the routine to call to perform the control code
and this routine is then executed. 6/ The cont
rol code buffer is discarded and the next character sent
may be printed or may be the start of a new control code se
quence. The user can change the operation of a control code y changin
g the entry for it in the control code table (see TXT GET CONTROLS).
This contains a 3 byte entry for each code and entries are stored
in ascending order (i.e. the entry for #00 first, #01 next and so on).
Bits 0..3 of the first byte of each entry specifies the number o
f parameters required. This must lie in the range 0..9 as the control
code buffer is only capable of storing up to 9 parameters. In
V1.1 firmware bit 7 specifies whether the code is affected when the VDU
is disabled. If bit 7 is set then the code is to be ignored when the
VDU is disabled otherwise it is to be obeyed. The second and third bytes
are the address of the routine to call to obey the code. This routine
should lie in the central 32K of RAM or in the lower ROM (which will b
e enabled). It should conform to the following entry/exit conditio
ns AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page
4. P5 AP-4 $$$ Text VDU. The Text VDU is a character based sc
reen driver. It controls 8 different CHAP-2 P1 &'()*+,-./012345CHAP
-2 P1 6CHAP-2 P2 789CHAP-3 zABCDEFGHICHAP-4 $$$JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY
Entry A contains the last character added to the b
uffer. B contains the number of characters in the buffer (
including the control code). C contains th
e same as A. HL contains the address of the control code bu
ffer (points at the control code). Exit
AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preser
ved. The control code buffer is shared between all streams. A contro
l code sequence should be completed before a stream is changed oth
erwise unexpected effects may occur. The default control c
ode actions, set at EMS and when TXT RESET is called, are described
in Appendix VII. It is possible to disable the text stream by call
ing TXT VDU DISABLE. When disabled the stream will not write any charac
ters to the screen and in V1.1 firmware control codes may not be obe
yed (as described above). Normal operation can be restored by call TXT
VDU ENABLE. Note, however, that calling these routines will empty t
he control code buffer. This effect may be used to avoid problems when
the state of the control buffer is unknown (when printing an
error message perhaps). AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 4.6 differe
nt 5 The Graphics VDU. The Graphics VDU allows indivi
dual pixels (dots) to be set or tested and lines to be drawn. The plot
ting takes place on an ideal screen that is always 640 points wide a
nd 400 points high. This means that more than one point on the ideal
screen will map onto a particular pixel on the real screen. The widt
h of the ideal screen (640 points) is chosen to be the horizontal numb
er of pixels on the screen in the highest resolution mode (mode 2). Th
e height of the ideal screen (400 points) is chosen to be twice the ver
tical number of pixels on the screen in all modes. This ensures that
the aspect ratio of the screen is approximately unity, i.e. a cir
cle looks circular and not elliptical. 5.1 Graphics VDU
Coordinate Systems. The Graphics VDU uses 4 coordinate systems.
The user specifies positions in user coordinates or relative coordina
tes or occasionally in standard coordinates. Internally the Graphi
cs VDU uses base coordinates (or occasionally standard coordinates).
User coordinates, relative coordinates, and standard coordinates are
all very similar. They all use 16 bit numbers and work on points with
X-coordinates running left to right and Y-coordinates running bottom
to top. The screen is always 400 points high and 640 points wide
whatever the Pscreen mode. This means that a pixel (dot on the screen)
is mapped onto by 8 points in mode 0, 4 points in mode 1 and 2 points
in mode 2. The origin (coordinate (0,0)) of these systems vary
In standard coordinates the origin is the point at the bottom
left corner of the screen. The origin of user coord
inates can be set by the user. The default origin is at the
bottom left corner of the screen. This make the default us
er coordinates the same as the standard coordinates.
The origin of relative coordinates is the current position
(see 5.2 below). This allows plotting to be carried out
independently of the position on the screen and is useful if
a particular shape is to be repeated on the screen a number
of times or if it is inconvenient to keep track of the
current location. Base coordinates are a physical coordinat
e system which deals with pixels. X-coordinates run left to right an
d Y-coordinates run bottom to top. Pixel (0,0) is the pixel at the bo
ttom left corner of the screen. Because this coordinate system works
in pixels the coordinates of positions on the screen depend upon
the screen mode. Base coordinates are unsigned 16 bit numbers and
only coordinates that refer to a pixel on the screen are valid.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 5.1
Graphics routines convert from relative coordinates t
o user coordinates, if necessary, and then from user coordinates t
o base coordinates before accessing the physical screen. During the
latter conversion there is a loss of accuracy because of the mappin
g of multiple points onto a single pixel. This could make shapes drawn
on the screen appear asymmetrical (particularly circles) but the Graph
ics VDU avoids this by rounding the coordinates towards the user origi
n. Thus symmetrical shapes should be drawn symmetrically about the u
ser origin to take advantage of the rounding. If the shape is not centr
ed on the user origin then the asymmetry may reappear. In V1.1
firmware it is possible to call GRA FROM USER to convert from user to
base coordinates - this will make using routines in the lower level scr
een pack easier (e.g. SCR DOT POSITION, SCR HORIZONTAL, SCR VERTICAL).
5.2 The Current Graphics Position. The Graphics VDU stor
es a current position. This is the user coordinate of the last po
int specified to the Graphics VDU (or the origin after clearing the
graphics window). The origin of relative coordinates is specified
to be at this point, thus relative coordinates are an offset fr
om the current position. When drawing a line one end is at the positi
on specified while the other end is at the current graphics pos
ition. When drawing a character on the screen using the graphics char
acter write routine the character is placed with the current graphics
position being the top left corner of the character. After
plotting or testing a point or drawing a line the current positi
on is moved to the position specified. After writing a character the cur
rent graphics position is moved right by the width of the characte
r ready for the next character to be written. 5.3 Graphics Pen and Pap
er Inks. The Graphics VDU has a pen (foreground) ink and a paper (
background) ink. The graphics pen ink is used to plot pixels and to set
foreground pixels when writing characters (see 5.6 below) and drawing li
nes (see 5.7 below). The graphics paper ink is used to clear the
graphics window and to set background pixels when writing characters or
drawing lines. The pen and paper can be set to any ink valid i
n the current screen mode (see section 6.2). The default has the pape
r set to ink 0 and the pen set to ink 1. Changing the pen or paper ink d
oes not change the screen it merely alters how the pixels will be wri
tten in the future. 5.4 Graphics Write Mode. Pi Pxels plo
tted by the Graphics VDU are plotted using the current graphics wr
ite mode. This specifies how the ink to be plotted interacts wi
th the ink a pixel is currently set to. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRM
WARE page 5.2 There are four wr
ite modes 0FORCE NEW INK 1EXCLUS
IVE-OR NEW INK xor OLD 2AND NEW INK and OLD
3OR NEW INK or OLD NEW is the
ink that the pixels will be set to. OLD is the ink that the pi
xel is currently set to. INK is the ink that is to be plotted.
The default Graphics write mode is FORCE mode. The Text VDU always
sets pixels as if it is operating in this mode. Also the graphics
window is cleared by writing in FORCE mode irrespective of the actual
write mode. Provided that suitable ink settings are chosen, AND
mode and OR mode allow particular bits in pixel to be cleared or set.
This allows the Graphics VDU to write in 'bit planes' and by choosing
the colours of the inks carefully overlapping shapes can be drawn an
d automatically hidden behind one another. If the inks are ch
osen suitably, EXCLUSIVE-OR mode can be used to plot over the current co
ntents of the screen. It is also useful because a shape can be remo
ved from the screen by redrawing it since exclusive-oring with
the same ink twice restores the original setting of the pixel.
The graphics write mode may be set by calling SCR ACCESS or by using a
control code (see Appendix VII). 5.5 Graphics Window. The G
raphics VDU allows a single window to be specified. This allows the us
er to mix text and graphics on the screen without them interfe
ring with each other. If the text windows are allowed to overlap
the graphics window then the contents of the graphics window will be m
oved when the text windows are rolled. The graphics window cannot be
rolled. When plotting point, drawing lines or writing characters n
o pixel outside the graphics window is ever written. Unlike the text
windows no action is taken to force a point inside the window - a
ctions outside the window will be lost. Conversely, when testing po
ints, points outside the window are all deemed to be set to the cur
rent graphics paper ink. Points inside the window are written and read
as expected. The graphics window is related to a specific are
a of the screen and not to the user coordinate system. Thus, changing
the origin of the user coordinate system will not move the location
of the window on the screen although it does change the user coordinates
of points in the window. The default graphics window, set a
t EMS and after changing screen mode, covers the whole screen.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 5.3
5.6 Writing Characters. The Graphics VDU write ch
aracter routine draws a character with the current graphics position
at the top left corner of the character. The current position is moved r
ight by width of a character in the current screen mode. The distance mo
ved varies in mode 0 it is 32 points in mode 1, 16 points and in mode 2
, 8 points. Control codes, characters 0..31, are printed and are not ob
eyed. In V1.0 firmware the character is always written opaquely irresp
ective of what mode the Text VDU is using to write characters, i.e.
The character background is set to the graphics paper ink and
the foreground is set to the graphics pen ink. However, the curr
ent graphics write mode is used to plot the pixels in the character (s
ee 5.4 above). In the V1.1 firmware the foreground to the char
acter is always written in the graphics pen ink using the current graphi
cs write mode. How the background to the character is written depends on
the background write mode set by calling GRA SET BACK. If the backgrou
nd mode is opaque then the background to the character is written in
the graphics paper P ink using the current graphics write mode. If the
background mode is transparent then the background pixels are not pl
otted at all, the current settings of these pixels are left unchanged
. 5.7 Drawing Lines (Only applicable to V1.1 firmware) The
Graphics VDU has a number of options that affect the way that line
s are drawn on the screen. These include the background write mode,
the first point mode, the line mask and the graphics write mode. Th
e line mask is an 8 bit, bit significant value that specifies whe
ther pixels on the line are foreground or background. If the bit of the
mask corresponding to a pixel is one then the pixel is foreground. If th
e bit is zero then the pixel is background. The mask is used repeat
edly along the length of the line. i.e. Bit 7 of the mask corresp
onds to pixels 1, 9, 17, ... of the line, bit 6 to pixels 2, 10, 18,
... etc. Foreground pixels of a line are plotted in the graphics pe
n and ink using the graphics write mode. How background pixels ar
e plotted depends upon the background write mode. If the background
mode is opaque then the background pixels are plotted in the graphic
s paper ink using the graphics write mode. If the background m
ode is transparent then the pixels are not plotted at all, the c
urrent settings of the pixels are left unchanged. The first
point mode specifies whether the pixel at the current graphics po
sition is to be include in the line or not. Not plotting the first pi
xel of a line is particularly useful for drawing lines when the grap
hics write mode is XOR. For instance, the corner pixels of a box will
be plotted twice if the first pixels of lines are plotted and thi
s will result in these pixels not being set in XOR mode.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 5.4
5.8 Filling Areas (Only applicable to V1.1 firmware) Th
e Graphics VDU provides a generalised area fill routine. The user dra
ws the outline of the area to be filled using the standard line draw
ing and pixel plotting routines and then moves the current posit
ion to any pixel inside the area and calls the fill routine, GRA FILL.
This will set all pixels inside the area to the fill ink irrespe
ctive of what the current graphics write mode is set to. (i.e. GRA FILL
always works as if FORCE mode was selected). The fill routine rec
ognises pixels making up the edge of the area by the ink that they are
set to. All pixels set to either the current graphics pen ink or th
e ink that is being used to fill the area with are treated as edge pix
els. (These two inks may be the same). Edge pixels need only lie dia
gonally adjacent to each other, it is not necessary for them to be
orthogonally adjacent. Of course, the edge of the graphics window are al
so treated as edges of the area to fill and so pixels outside the graph
ics window will be affected. GRA FILL uses a buffer supplied
by the user for storing the information. The more complicated the
area the longer the buffer will need be. If the supplied buffer is too
short then parts of the area will be ignored and will not be filled.
By supplying a long enough buffer any arbitrary complicated shape ma
y be filled. A
MSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 5.5 e Graphic
s VDU allows individual pixels (dots) to be set or tested and linforma
tion. The more complicated the area the longer the buffer will need be.
If the supplied buffer is too short then P 6 The Screen Pack.
The Screen Pack is used by the Text and Graphics VDUs to access the
hardware of the screen. It also controls the features of the screen
that affect both the Text VDU and Graphics VDU, such as what mode the
screen is in. 6.1 Screen Modes. The screen has three
modes of operation, numbered 0, 1 and 2. The modes have different
resolutions and display different numbers of inks on the screen.
All modes have a vertical resolution of 200 pixels (picture elements
or dots on the screen). The horizontal resolution varies from 160
pixels to 640 pixels. As each character is 8 pixels by 8 pixels the
number of characters across the screen varies with the mode - from 20
characters to 80 characters. The screen is always 25 characters high.
The number of inks that can be displayed on the screen varies with the
screen resolution. When the screen is 640 pixels wide only 2 inks can
be displayed, when the screen is 320 pixels wide 4 inks can be
displayed and when the screen is 160 pixels wide 16 inks can be d
isplayed. In summary, the modes are Mode Pix
el size Character size Inks 0 160 x 200
20 x 25 16 1 320 x 200 4
0 x 25 4 2 640 x 200 80 x 25
2 The default screen mode, set at EMS, is mode 1.
The screen mode is set by calling SCR SET MODE which also has other e
ffects. Firstly, the screen is cleared to ink 0. If text and graphic
s paper inks are not set to ink 0 then this will become apparent on the
screen when characters are written or windows are cleared. If the user
wishes to alter this screen clearing operation for some reason then it m
ay be intercepted at the SCR MODE CLEAR indirection. Secondly,
the Text and Graphics VDUs are set into standard states. The windows ar
e all set to cover the whole screen. If the pen and paper inks are ou
t of range for the new mode then they are masked (with #01 or #03) to b
ring them into range. The current text positions are moved to the top le
ft corner of the screen and the text cursors are turned off (see TXT C
UR OFF). The current graphics position and the user origin are move
d to the bottom left corner of the screen. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 F
IRMWARE page 6.1 6.2 Inks and C
olours. The various screen modes allow pixels (dots on the screen) to
be set to different numbers of inks as follows Mode
0 16 inks, 0..15 Mode 1 4 inks, 0..3
Mode 2 2 inks, 0..1 How the ink for a pi
xel is encoded into a byte of screen memory is described in section
6.4. The ink that a pixel is set to determines what colour the pixel
is displayed in. However, the colour associated with an ink is not fixe
d, it can be changed. There are 27 colours available. Each ink may be
set to any of these colours. The border to the screen acts much like
an ink and can have its colour specified as well. The display hardwar
e fetches the ink value from the screen memory for each pixel as it i
s displayed. This ink value is used to access a small area of RAM insi
de the gate array called the 'palette'. The palette contains the actual
colour which is to be displayed by the monitor for that particular
ink. Changing entries in the palette thus causes all pixels set to
that ink to change colour when they are next displayed (i.e. within
1/50th of a second or so). In fact the Screen Pack allows t
wo colours to be associated with an ink (or the border). These are lo
aded into the palette alternately under software control. If the two
colours associated with an ink are different then the ink will flash,
if the colours are the same then the ink will be steady. The user can
change the rate of alternation, from the default of 5 cycles per seco
nd, if required (see SCR SET FLASHING). When specifying
colours P the Screen Pack uses an ordering that corresponds to
a grey scale on a monochrome monitor. This runs from the darkest colo
ur (black), colour 0, to the brightest colour (bright white), colour 26
. The colours do not appear to have any particular ordering when view
ed on a colour monitor. The palette uses a different (and apparently
nonsensical) numbering scheme for the colours. The Screen Pack automat
ically translates the grey scale number to the hardware number
and vice versa when appropriate. Unless the user is driving the ha
rdware directly the hardware numbers will never be encountered.
The default settings for the colour of each ink and a list of the 27
colours available are given in Appendix V. 6.3 Screen Addresses.
The Screen Pack does not use a coordinate system itself. It uses
screen addresses. However, it does work with the physical and base
coordinate system of the Text and Graphics VDUs described in section
4.1 and 5.1 respectively. In particular, routines are provided to
convert positions given in physical or base coordinates to screen
addresses. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 6.2 A screen address is, prosaically enough, th
e address of a byte within the screen memory. To specify a particular p
ixel a screen address is often passed to a routine along with a mask
that indicates exactly which pixel is required. Routines are provided
for stepping a screen address up, down, right and left one byte. (The
screen map makes this a non-trivial operation.) 6.4 Screen M
emory Map. The screen is a memory mapped pixel screen. The screen memo
ry fills 16K of RAM in all modes. The default location for the screen
, set at EMS, is the 16K of RAM starting at #C000. This lies undern
eath the upper ROM, when it is enabled, which keeps the screen out of
the way of the rest of the system. However, his also means that the upp
er ROM has to be disabled whenever the screen is read. The firmware jum
pblock uses LOW JUMP restarts which turn the upper ROM off to ensure tha
t the screen memory is accessible if required. It is possible
to change the location of the screen memory to any of the 4 16K memory
blocks on 16K boundaries (see SCR SET BASE). However, only #C000 and #4
000 are useful #0000 and #8000 both overlap the firmware jumpblocks
or other system areas. The descriptions below all assume the default s
creen location at #C000. In V1.1 firmware is it possible to set the lo
cation of the screen that is used by the screen pack routines indepen
dently of setting the hardware value. This will then enable text and
graphics to be produced in the 'screen' that isn't currently in view - s
witching to the other possible location (#4000 to #C000) will cause t
he already prepared graphics etc. to instantly appear - thus avoiding
flicker and enabling smooth animation effects. The screen memo
ry map is not simple. Fortunately it is not necessary to understand it
because the Text and Graphics VDUs provide idealised models of the scr
een. However, to achieve maximum speed for certain applications (such
as animated games) it may be necessary to access the screen memory d
irectly. The screen memory is divided into 8 blocks, each 2K bytes lon
g. Block 0 runs from #C000 to #C7FF, block 1 runs from #C800 to #CFFF,
and so on. Each line of pixels on the screen uses 80 consecutive bytes
from a block. The top line of the screen comes from block 0, the second
from block 1 and so on until the eighth line which comes from block 7.
The sequence starts with block 0 again on the ninth line and repeats
in this fashion all the way down the screen. The successive lines in
a block are stored consecutively so there are 48 unused bytes at the e
nd of each block. There is further complication in this scre
en map. The description above assumes that the first byte displayed
from the block is the first byte of the block. In practice the offse
t in a block of the first byte to be display Pcan be set to any e
ven value (see SCR SET OFFSET). The same offset applies to all eight
blocks. A block wraps around from its last byte to its first byte,
thus #C7FE, #C7FF and #C000 are consecutive bytes in block 0 and coul
d all be on the same line of the screen. Altering the offset by + or
- 80 MOD 2048 (the length of a line) rolls the screen up or down by
one character line (8 pixels lines). This effect is used by the Text VDU
when rolling the entire screen. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FI
RMWARE page 6.3 The meaning of
the bytes accessed as described above varies with the screen mode. Eac
h byte stores the inks for 2, 4 or 8 pixels. The bits used to encode ea
ch pixel are not arranged in an obvious manner. The following table sp
ecifies which bits of screen memory are used to encode which pixel
in the various modes. The bit numbers given in the table are the bits o
f the screen byte. They are given in the order of bits in the pixel - t
he first bit given is most significant bit of a pixel and the last bit
is the least significant bit. Mode 0
Mode 1 Mode 2 ---------------------------------------
--------------- Leftmost pixel Bits 1,5,3,7 Bits 3,7 B
it 7 . Bit 6
. Bits 2,6 Bit 5
. Bit 4 .
Bits 0,4,2,6 Bits 1,5 Bit 3 .
Bit 2 Rightmost pixel
Bits 0,4 Bit 1
Bit 0 The following diagram illustrate the mapping from pixels on th
e screen to addresses in screen memory for the simple case of a base add
ress of #C000 and an offset of 0. ------------------ 8
0 BYTES ----------------------
#C000 #C001 ................
........... #C04E #C04F #C800 #C801 ..........................
. #C84E #C84F 1ST #D000 #D001 ........................... #D04E
#D04F CHAR #D800 #D801 ........................... #D84E #D84F
ROW
#F000 #F001 ........................... #F04E #F04F #
F800 #F801 ........................... #F84E #F84F V #C050 #C05
1 ........................... #C09E #C09F #C850 #C851 ..........
................. #C89E #C89F
200 ...............................................
....... PIXEL
LINES
#FF30 #FF31 ........................... #FF7E #FF7F #C780 #C781
........................... #C7CE #C7CF #CF80 #CF81 .........
.................. #CFCE #CFCF
25th ........................................
.............. CHAR
ROW #F780 #F781 ........................... #F7CE #F7CF
#FF80 #FF81 ........................... #FFCE #FFCF
V V #C7D0..#C7FF, #CFD0..#CFFF, ... , #FFD0..#FFFF are unused.
On the CPC6128 the base address sets which block will be used for the
screen memory. Base addresses of #0000, #4000, #8000 and #C000
correspond to blocks 0, 1, 2, and 3. It is not possible for the screen
memory to be located in blocks 4...7. Where the block being used for
screen memory actually appears in the memory map depends on the bank
switching (see section 2.5). AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 6.4 cs VDUs to access the hardwar P
7 The Sound Manager. The Sound Manager deals with the
sound chip. It allows various envelopes and sounds to be set up and
played under control of the user. Most of the control is achieved
using software rather than the sound chip hardware. 7.1 The
Sound Chip. The sound chip used is the General Instruments AY-3-89
12. This has three channels and a pseudo-random noise generator
that can be connected to any of the channels. The chip has a limited
number of amplitude envelopes available ( see Appendix IX ) but th
e software enveloping, described below, can achieve all that the ha
rdware is capable of, and more. Tone enveloping is all done by the
software there is no hardware support. The sound generated
by the chip uses square waveforms. There is no way to generate any other
waveform. It is possible to access the sound chip directly should t
he need arise However, the routine MC SOUND REGISTER should be used t
o write to registers of the sound chip. This is because the keyboard i
s attached to the I/O port of the sound chip and the keyboard scannin
g routine expects to find the sound chip in a standard state ( i.e. not
in use) Also, there are timing constraints on accesses to the chipus
ing MC SOUND REGISTER will avoid consideration of these details.
The sound chip has three independent sound channels. The outputs from
these are mixed together to form two stereo channels - sound channels
A and B are mixed to form one stereo channel and sound channels B and
C are mixed to form the other stereo channel. The stereo sound is
available on the output jack on the back of the machine. However,
there is only a single internal speaker and so the two stereo channels
are mixed together to drive this. The volume of sound from the i
nternal speaker can be controlled by the volume knob on the side of th
e machine near the on/off switch. This control overrides the other vol
ume methods described below. 7.2 Tone Periods and Amplitudes.
The sound chip allows 16 different amplitudes in the range 0..15.
Amplitude 0 is no sound at all, amplitude 15 is maximum volume.
The pitch of a note to be generated is specified by the period of the
note rather than by the frequency. This period is given in microsecond u
nits. Thus, the tone period specified and the frequency of the tone ge
nerated are related by the formula AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 7.1 Tone period
125000/Frequency See Appendix VIII for a list of the suggested peri
ods for generating musical notes. 7.3 Enveloping.
Real sounds rarely have a constant volume. Enveloping allows an
approximation to the variation in volume of real sound to be made. The
sound is split into a number of sections each of which can increase
the volume, decrease the volume, or keep it constant. The length of
these sections can be varied, as can the rate of increase or decrease i
n volume. For example, a note generated by a musical instrument may be
considered to have 3 sections as follows Attack The volume of the
note rises rapidly to its peak. Sustain The volume of the note remai
ns constant while the note is played. Decay Th
e volume falls away slowly to zero as the note finishes.
/ /
/
/ / P
/ /
/
Attack Sustain Decay
The Sound Manager allows two types of envelopes amplitude envelopes
to control a sound's volume and tone envelopes its pitch ( the pitch
is varied in much the same way as the volume ). The user can set up to 1
5 different envelopes of each type. The exact formats of the data bl
ock specifying envelopes are given in SOUND AMPL ENVELOPE and SOUND TON
E ENVELOPE. a. Amplitude envelopes. An amplitude envelop
e is used to control the volume and length of sound. It can have up
to five sections. Each section can be either hardware or a software
section. Software sections are either absolute or relative.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 7.2
Hardware sections write values into the sound chip registers 11,1
2 an 13 to set up a hardware envelope. ( See Appendix IX for a descrip
tion of the sound chip registers). Generally a hardware section will
be followed by a software section that does nothing except wait for
a time long enough for the hardware envelope to operate. An a
bsolute software section specifies a volume to set and a time to wait
before obeying the next solution. A relative software section specifie
s an step size, a number of steps and a time to wait. For each step req
uested, the current volume is changed by the given step size and the
n the Sound manager waits for the given time after each step before o
beying the next. Amplitude envelopes are set by calling SOUND AMPL ENV
ELOPE. b. Tone envelopes. A tone envelope controls the pitch
of the sound. It can have up to five sections. Each section can be
either an absolute or a relative section. The sections of a tone enve
lope are not necessarily related to those of an amplitude envelope.
An absolute section specifies a tone period to set and a time to wait
before obeying the next section. A relative section specifies a
n step size, a number of steps and a time to wait. For each step req
uested, the current tone period is changed by the given step size a
nd then the Sound Manager waits for the given time after each step be
fore obeying the next step. If the tone envelope is completed before
the sound duration expires (see section 7.4f) then the final
pitch is held constant. Alternatively, tone envelopes can be
set to repeat themselves automatically. This allows tremulo effects
to be created. Tone envelopes are set by calling SOUND TONE ENVELOPE
7.4 Sound Commands When a sound is given to the Sound Man
ager to be played, by calling SOUND QUEUE, a lot of information need
s to be specified. This is described briefly below. The detailed la
yout of a sound command data block is described in SOUND QUEUE.
a. Initial tone period. The sound is issued with an initial to
ne period. The pitch of the sound can be varied from this initial v
alue using a tone envelope. If no envelope is specified the pitch remai
ns constant. An initial tone period of zero means no tone is to be gen
erated, presumable the sound is to be pure noise ( see(e)below.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 7.3
b. Initial volume The sound is issued with an initial
volume. The volume of the sound can be varied from this initial value
using an amplitude envelope. If no amplitude envelope is specified the
n the volume remains constant. c. Tone envelope. This specif
ies which tone envelope to use. If no envelope is specified then the pit
ch of the sound remains constant. d. Amplitude envelope. Thi
s specifies which amplitude to use. If no envelope is specified then
default system envelope is used. This keeps the volume of the sound
constant and lasts for 2 seconds. e. Noise period. If the n
oise period Pis zero then no noise is to be added to the sound. Any ot
her value sets the period for the pseudo-random noise generator and add
s noise to the tone generated. Note that there is only one noise ge
nerator and so if two sounds are to use it at the same time they will
need to agree on the period. f. Duration. The length of a s
ound can be specified in two ways, either as an absolute time ( du
ration ) or as a number of operations of the amplitude envelope.
In the latter case the envelope is run one or more times and the sound
finishes when the envelope has been executed the specified number of t
imes. In the former case, if the duration is longer than the envelo
pe then the sound is cut short. If the duration is longer than the enve
lope then the final amplitude is held until the duration expires.
g. Channels and Synchronisation Bits. The sound can be issued to
one or more channels. If a sound is issued to more than one channel th
en these channels automatically rendezvous with each other. Rendezvous
requirements can be set explicitly as well. Also the sound can be h
eld or the sound queue can be flushed (see section 7.6).
7.5 Sound Queues. Each channel has a queue associated with it. Each
queue has space to store at least three sounds. The sound at the head
of each queue may be running and making music on its channel or it may
be waiting for various synchronisation requirements ( see 7.6 below
). When a sound command is issued the sound is placed into the queues
for the channels specified by the command. When the sound reaches the
head of the queue, and providing its synchronisation requirements ar
e met, it is executed. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 7.4 If a sound that has th
e flush bit is put into a queue then all sounds queued for that channel
are discarded and any executing sound is stopped immediately. Thu
s a sound with the flush bit set will move to the head of the queue imm
ediately and may commence execution. A routine (SOUND CHECK ) is pro
vided to test the status of the sound at the head of a queue and to de
termine how much free space is in a queue. It is also possible to set
up a sound event for each queue ( by calling SOUND ARM EVENT ). This sy
nchronous event is ' kicked ' when the queue has a free space in it. T
he sound event mechanism allows the generation of sound to be carried on
as a background task whilst some other action is being carried out.
7.6 Synchronisation. There are two mechanisms to allow sou
nds on different channels to be synchronised. These are holding sounds
and rendezvous. The purpose of synchronisation is to ensure that soun
ds start simultaneously. For example, a simulation of an instrument
might use one channel to generate the fundamental note and anothe
r channel to generate the harmonics of the note. The synchronisati
on mechanism, particularly rendezvous, my be used to ensure that the f
undamental and the harmonic sounds start exactly together. A
sound can be specified to be held when it is issued. This means that wh
en it reaches the head of the sound queue it is not executed imm
ediately. Instead it waits until it is explicitly released ( by call
ing SOUND RELEASE ) before it starts execution. A sound can have rende
zvous requirements set on it when it is issued. If a sound is issued to
more than one channel then these channels all set rendezvous with each
other automatically. When a sound with a rendezvous set reaches th
e head of the sound queue it is not executed immediately. Instead it wa
its until sounds with matching rendezvous requirements reach the head
of their sound queues. Only when all rendezvous sounds are found
to be present and ready to run do they start. For instance
, sound on channel A marked to rendezvous with a sound on channel B wil
l not start - and vice versa! If a sound is ready to start on chann
el B that is not marked to rendezvous with channel A P then it star
ts but the sound on channel A continues to wait for its rendezvous.
7.7 Holding Sounds. It is possible to stop a sound while i
t is executing by calling SOUND HOLD. This will stop a channel making a
ny sound and will save the state of the sound. The sound can be res
tarted from where it was held by calling SOUND CONTINUE. However, if a
hardware envelope was running when the sound was held then it is impossi
ble to predict the effect of restarting the sound. The hardware envelope
may or may not continue from where it was held. AMSTRAD CP
C464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 7.5
Calling SOUND HOLD is different from setting the hold bit when issuing
a sound as described in section 7.6 above. SOUND HOLD stops all sounds b
eing generated at any time whilst the hold bit is a method for sy
nchronising sounds and prevents a particular sound starting when it rea
ches the head of the queue.
AMSTRAD CPC464/6
64/6128 FIRMWARE page 7.6 enveloprom setting the
hold bit when issuing a sound as described in section 7.6 above. SOUND
HOLD stops all sounds being generated at any time whilst the hold bit
is a method for synchronising sounds and prevents a particular soun
d 8 The Cassette Manager. The Cassette Manager deals wit
h reading files from and writing files to tape. These operations can e
ither be performed on a character by character basis or on a whole fi
le at once. There is no hardware support for the cassette, even th
e timing for reading and writing bits is performed by software.
The format of data on the tape is described in great detail. This will
only be of academic interest to must users. More general information
can be found in sections 8.4 onwards. In the case of V1.1 machines or t
he CPC464 with a DDI-1 fitted, a TAPE command will have to be used to
access the Tape Operating System. 8.1 File Format. A fil
e on tape is split into blocks each with a header record and a data r
ecord containing up to 2K (2048) bytes of data. The cassette motor w
hich is under software control is turned off between each file block to
allow time to process the data read or to generate the data to be wri
tten. The motor start-up gap also serves to separate the blocks fro
m each other. The general format of a block is as follows
Motor File header File data Start-up record
record However, the first and last block
s of a file have an extra pause before and after them respectively
, to separate files on the tape. Their formats are thus
First block
Motor Pre-file File header File data
start-up gap record record
Last block
Motor File header File data Post-file
start-up record record gap
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/612 P8 FIRMWARE p
age 8.1 There is a strong distinction between the file heade
r record and the file data record. The header record is writ
ten using one synchronisation character (#2C) and the data recor
d with another (#16). This means that when the Cassette Manager is se
arching for a file header it is impossible for it to find a file da
ta record by mistake, and vice versa. See 8.2 below for the u
se of the synchronisation characters. 8.2 Record Format.
A record can contain any number of data bytes from 1 to 65536. The
data is split into segments each of which is 256 bytes long. The last
segment is padded out to 256 bytes with zeros when writing if
necessary. When reading a record any extra bytes are ignored although
they are accumulated into the CRC. The layout of a record is as f
ollows
Leader Segment 1 ........... Segment N Trailer
There are N segments where 256*N is the length of data (plus paddin
g) to be written. A file header record always contains one seg
ment a file data record contains from one to eight segments (usually 8
segments). a. Leader. At the start of all records a lea
der is written which has the following layout
Pre-rec
ord Zero Sync gap 2048 one
bits bit bit The leading gap is there to en
sure the failure of any attempt to synchronise on end of a precedi
ng record or on data that was on the tape and that has been over-reco
rded. The long sequence of one bits is used to calculate the speed at
which the data was written and hence to calculate the threshold value
used to distinguish one bits from zero bits. The single zero
bit is used to mark the impending end of the leader and is also used
to determine whether the recording has been inverted (see section 8.3).
The synchronisation byte is there to help prevent spuriou
s synchronisation on sequences of bits such as might be found in a
record. If an incorrect value for the sync byte is found then an
attempt has been made to synchronise on the middle of a record or on
the wrong type of record. This byte is used to distinguish header
records from data records in a file block (header records use #2C
while data records use #16). AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 8.2 b. Segments Eac
h segment contains 256 data bytes and has the following format
Byte
1 Byte 2 .......... Byte 256 CRC 1 CRC 2 'CRC 1' is
the more significant byte and 'CRC 2' the less significant byte of t
he logical NOT of the CRC calculated for the 256 bytes in the segment. (
The CRC polynominal used is 'X(15)+X(12)+X(5)+1' with an initial spe
ed of #FFFF). (Numbers in brackets means squared). c. Trailer
The trailer is simply an extra 32 one bits written to the end of the
record. 8.3 Bit Format. A bit is written to the tape as a p
eriod of low level followed by an equal period of high level. A one is
written to the tape with these periods twice as long as those of zer
o. The length of the period for a zero can be set by the user (see CAS S
ET SPEED). The tape circuitry has a tendency to move the positions
of edges (transitions from high to low or low to high) so as to balan
ce out the difference between ones and zeros written to tape. Precompens
atio P n is used - which adds to the period of one bit and
subtracts from the period of a zero bit to make the waveform closer t
o the ideal when it is read. When reading, the speed at which
the recording was made is determined by timing the one bits in the r
ecord leader. As this is a long sequence of the same bit the
edges are not shifted and no precompensation is applied. Sin
ce the speed is established independently for each record this a
utomatically takes into account most tape speed variations.
Data is written low-high but may but may be inverted when read (i.e.
high-low). It is important for the firmware to determine whether the w
aveform being read is inverted or not. If this is not achieved then th
e bits will not be read properly as the following example shows
Inversion detected
0 0 1 1
Inversions not detected 0
1
The zero bit in the record leader is used to determine whether the
recording has been inverted. Bytes written to the tape are wr
itten with the most significant bit first and the least significant b
it last. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 8.3 8.4 The Header Record. The header reco
rd in a file block contains information about the file and about the da
ta in the following data record. Some of the entries in the header are
used by the system for various purposes. The remaining entries
are available for the user to set when writing a file, and to read w
hen reading a file. These entries are the file type (byte 18) and all th
e user fields (bytes 24..36) including the logical length (bytes 24..25)
and the entry address (bytes 26..27). The user fields will all be set
to zero if they are not used. The header is laid out as follows
System fields Bytes 0..15 Filename Padded
to 16 bytes with nulls. Byte 16 Block number The first bl
ock is normally block 1 and block num
bers increase by 1 on successive blo
cks. Byte 17 Last block A non-zero value means that thi
s is the last block of a file.
Byte 18 File type A value recording the type of the
file (see below). Bytes 19..
20 Data length The number of data bytes in a
record. Bytes 21..22 Data location Where th
e data was written originally.
Byte 23 First block A non-zero value means that this is
the first block of a file.
User fields Bytes 24..25 Logical length This is the total le
ngth of the file in bytes.
Bytes 26..27 Entry address The execution address for machine
code programs. Bytes 28..63 Unal
located These are unallocated and may be
used as required. The file type (byte 18) is split into
a number of fields Bit 0 Protection If this bit is
set the file is protected in some w
ay. Bits 1..3 File contents 0 Internal BASIC.
1 Binary.
2 Screen image. 3 ASCII
4..7 are unallocated. Bits 4..7
Version ASCII files should be version 1, all
other files should be version 0. AM !P!!!!!!!!!STRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 8.4
8.5 Read and Write Speeds. The Cassette Manager is capable of read
ing and writing date at speeds ranging from 700 baud to 2500 baud. Ther
e are two speeds commonly used in this range, 1000 baud (the default spe
ed selected at EMS) and 2000 baud. The default speed is chosen to e nea
r the slowest speed to give maximum reliability. The reliability at 2
000 baud is still good, however, particularly when playing back on t
he same machine that was used to record a tape. Bits are w
ritten to the tape as a single cycle of a tone. The tone for a one alway
s has half the frequency of the tone for a zero. Thus ones are twice as
long as zeros on the tape. This means that the baud rates given above a
re only averages and vary according to the actual data written.
Even with the built in cassette mechanism the Cassette Manager has to
precompensate the waveform written to the tape to achieve the speeds
quoted. This means that the lengths of bits written are altered (ones
lengthened, zeros shortened) to try to make a waveform read closer to
the ideal after the edges of the waveform have been shifted by the
cassette circuitry. It is only necessary to set the Cassette Manager's
write speed. When recording a record from tape the record leader is
used to calculate the speed at which it was written. This also allows
the tape speed variations between different machines. 8.6
Cataloguing. To generate a catalogue from the tape the Cassette Mana
ger reads a sequence of file blocks and prints information from them
. The file blocks may come from any file, in any order. Cataloguing
continues until the user hits the escape key. The informatio
n is reported as follows FILENAME block N L
Ok FILENAME is either the name of the file of 'Unnamed file' if
the filename starts with a null. The block number, N, indica
tes which block of the file it is. Normally block 1 is the first block o
f the file. L is the character representing the file type and protec
tion status of the file. It is formed by adding #24 (character '$') to t
he file type from the header masked with #0F. This gives the following
characters $ an unprotected BASIC program.
% a protected BASIC program. & a binar
y file. ' a protected binary file *
an ASCII file. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 8.5 and writing files to file. It is formed by a
dding #24 (character '$') to the file type from the header masked with
#0F. This gives the foll Other characters are possible but the
above are the standard file types that are written by the on board
ROM. The above information is printed when the header record is
read correctly. Ok is printed after the data record has been
read correctly. 8.7 Reading Files. Before a file can be rea
d from it must be opened (by calling CAS IN OPEN). This sets up the f
ilename (see 8.10 below) and reads the first block of the file so that
the header can be inspected. The file may either be opened for charact
er input or for direct input, but not both. The mode of input is set by
the first access to the file and not when it is opened. As soon as one m
ode is selected it becomes impossible to use the other mode to access t
he file. Character input (calling CAS IN CHAR) allows the user to read
the file sequentially one character at a time. Blocks of the file are r
ead from "P""""""""" tape into the buffer as needed. This is intended
for reading text files and similar applications. Direct in
put (calling CAS IN DIRECT) reads the whole file into memory in one go.
This is intended for loading machine code programs or screen dump
s and similar applications. Interrupts are disabled whilst reading fr
om tape because this has serious timing constraints. Disabling int
errupts will prevent the various timer interrupts (as described in se
ction 10.1) from occurring. In particular this might leave the sound chi
p making a noise for a long period of time and so the Sound Manager
is shut down (see SOUND RESET). In V1.1 firmware the casset
te manager routines for reading files return error codes to ind
icate the cause of the errors (for compatability with AMSDOS)
#00 The user hit escape #0E The strea
m is already/not in use #0F Have reached the end of the fi
le 8.8 Writing Files. Before a file can be written it must b
e opened (by calling CAS OUT OPEN). This sets up the filename (see 8
.10 below) and the rest of the header that will be written in each file
block. The file may either be opened for character output or for
direct output, but not both. The mode of output is set by the first wr
ite to the file and not when it is opened. As soon as one mode is selec
ted it becomes impossible to use the other mode to write to the file.
Character output (calling CAS OUT CHAR) allows the user to write to
the file one character at a time. The characters are buffered until a
complete block (2048 characters) is ready to be written whereupon a
file block is written to the tape. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWA
RE page 8.6 Direct output (call
ing CAS OUT DIRECT) writes the whole of the file from memory in one g
o. The data written is still packaged into 2048 byte blocks.
Whichever output mode is used, it is important to close the output
file properly (using CAS OUT CLOSE) otherwise the last block of the
file will not be written. Interrupts are disabled whilst writing to
tape because this his serious timing constraints. Disabling interru
pts will prevent the various timer interrupts (as described in
section 10.1) from occurring. In particular this might leave the s
ound chip making a noise for a long period of time and so the Sound M
anager is shut down (see SOUND RESET). In V1.1 firmware the
cassette manager routines for writing files return error codes t
o indicate the cause of the error (for compatibility with AMSDO
S) #00 The user has hit escape #0E T
he stream is already/not in use 8.9 Read and Writing Simultaneously.
The Cassette Manager allows two files to be open simultaneously. One
must be open for reading and the other for writing. Thus it is
possible to read from one file and write to another file at the same
time. When the Cassette Manager is about to read a block it asks the
user to press PLAY and this implies that the tape with the file for
reading should be loaded. Similarly, when it is about to write a block i
t asks for the user to press REC and PLAY and this implies that the tap
e to which the file is to be written should be loaded. The Cassette Man
ager assumes that the tape is not changed and that the appropriate casse
tte controls remain pressed as requested until the prompt is issued.
It also assumes that pressing a key means that the prompt has bee
n obeyed. It is unwise to attempt to read and write simulta
neously with the Cassette Manager messages turned off. The only notifi
cation given of which tape should be loaded is in the prompt messages.
8.10 Filenames. When the user opens a file for reading or wri
ting the name of the file to be read or written is specified. The filena
me is a string of any 16 characters (#00..#FF). If the file name specifi
ed is longer than 16 characters then it is trunc #P#########ated
and if it is shorter than 16 characters it is padded to 16 charac
ters with nulls (character #00). When opening a file for reading a zer
o length filename or one that starts with a null has a special meani
ng - read the next file on the tape. The Cassette Manager searches the
tape until it finds the first block of a file and it reads this file.
Once the first block of a file has been found the Cassette Manager will
only read rom that file and no other. BASIC uses a slight
ly extended form of filename. If the first character of a BA
SIC filename is an exclamation mark (character #21) the BASIC turns the
prompt messages off (see 8.11 below) and removes the exclamation m
ark from the name. This facility is not provided at the Cassette M
anager level. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 8.7 8.11 Cassette Manager Messages. The
Cassette Manager issues a number of messages to prompt and inform the
user and to warn when errors have occurred. The messages that promp
t or inform the user may be turned off or on as desired (see CAS NOISY)
. Messages that inform the user of errors cannot be turned off by this
mechanism. a. Prompt messages. Press PLAY then any key
This message is issued when the Cassette Manager is about to rea
d the first block of a file from tape or when it is about to read a
block after having written to tape (see section 8.9). It
indicates that the tape containing the file to be read should be
loaded and that the PLAY button on the recorder should be
pressed. The Cassette Manager does not issue this message at
other times since it assumes that the correct tape is still
loaded and that the PLAY button is still pressed. Press
REC and PLAY then any key This message is issued when the Casset
te Manager is about to write the first block of a file to tape
or when it is about to write a block after having read from tape
. It indicates that the tape on which the file is to be written sh
ould be loaded and that the REC and PLAY buttons on the recorder sh
ould be pressed. The Cassette Manager does not issue this message
at other times since it assumes that the correct tape is still loa
ded and that the REC and PLAY buttons are still pressed.
b. Information messages. Found FILENAME block N Th
is message is printed when reading from the tape if a header rec
ord is found that for any reason does not match the record that
was expected. This may indicate that the tape is positioned incor
rectly (too early or too late) or that the wrong tape is being
played. Loading FILENAME block N A block of the fi
le has been found and is being read from tape. Saving FILENAME bl
ock N A block of the file is being written to tape. FIL
ENAME in the above messages is the name of the file or 'Unnamed file
' if the filename starts with a null. The block number, N, indicates
which block of the file is being read or written. The first block of
a file is normally block 1, the second block 2 etc. AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 8.8
c. Error messages. Rewind tape While searching for a
block of the file being read, a higher numbered block than that requir
ed has been found. The required block has been missed. This message is
often produced after a read error in the required block when the
next block is found. Read error X An error of some
kind occurred whilst reading from tape. The tape should be rewound
and the block played again. The X is a single letter indicating
what kind of read error occurred 'a' Bit too long
An impossibly long one or zero
has been measured. This often
indicates reading past the end $P$$$$$$$$$
of the record. 'b' CRC error Data
was read from tape incor
rectly. 'd' Block too long The data record contai
ns more than the expected 2048 b
ytes of data. Writ
e error a An error occurred whilst writing to the tape. There is
only on possible write error. This indicates that the Cassette
Manager was unable to write a bit as fast as was requested. Thi
s error will never occur unless the user has set the write speed
beyond the maximum possible. 8.12 Escape Key.
The escape key on the keyboard may be used to abandon cassette o
perations at certain times. When the Cassette Manager issues one of th
e prompt messages it calls KM READ CHAR repeatedly to empty the key bu
ffer out. Then it calls KM WAIT KEY to wait until the user presses is #
FC, which is the value normally generated by the escape key, then th
e Cassette Manager will abandon the read or write and will return an e
rror condition to the caller. When reading from or writing
to the cassette interrupts are disabled and the normal key scanning me
chanism is not active. While reading or writing the record leader the
Cassette Manager itself scans the keyboard to test whether key 66,
the escape key, is pressed. If the key is found to be pressed then t
he Cassette Manager abandons the read or write and returns to the c
aller (with an appropriate error condition). While reading and writi
ng the data in the record there is no way to interrupt the Cassette Man
ager, thus pressing ESC may not be detected for several seconds.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 8.9
8.13 Low Level Cassette Driving. To allow the us
er to produce a new filing system the record read and write routines,
CAS READ and CAS WRITE, are in the firmware jumpblock. There is a third
routine at this level, CAS CHECK, whose facilities are not used by th
e higher levels of the Cassette Manager. It allows the data that has b
een written to tape to be compared with the data in store. This could be
used to perform a read write check if so desired. Also available in
the firmware jumpblock are routines to turn the cassette motor on
and off (CAS START MOTOR and CAS STOP MOTOR). It is not necessary to tu
rn the motor on and off around a call of CAS READ, CAS WRITE or CAS CHE
CK as these routines automatically turn the motor on and off.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 8.10 eals
with reading files from and writing files ck are routines to turn
the cassette motor on and off (CAS START MOTOR and CAS STOP MOTOR). It
is not necessary to turn the motor on and off around a call of CAS REA
D, CAS WRITE or CAS CHECK as these routines automatically turn the moto
r on and off.
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