Firmware Guide (UK) (Disk 1 face 2) (19xx) [UTILITAIRE].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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0139E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02AE40: 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 49 49 20 66 6F 72 20 Appendix II for
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02B070: 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 ... If the
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02B140: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 63 6F 6E 74 A cont
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02B1D0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4E 6F 74 65 73 3A 0D 0A 0D Notes:...
02B1E0: 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 ... If the
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02B280: 49 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 52 I....... R
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02B300: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
02B310: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 70 61 67 65 20 31 35 page 15
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02B340: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
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02B3A0: 00 43 48 41 50 2D 31 35 20 50 31 20 00 00 00 7F .CHAP-15 P1 ....
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02B3F0: A3 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 £...............
02B400: 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4E 6F 74 65 73 3A 0D 0A . Notes:..
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02B4A0: 65 64 20 69 6E 20 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 49 ed in Appendix I
02B4B0: 49 49 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 II.......
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02B760: 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ..
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02B780: 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 ... If the
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02B7B0: 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 ....
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02B900: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 64 65 66 61 75 The defau
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02B930: 41 70 70 65 6E 64 69 78 20 49 49 49 2E 0D 0A 0D Appendix III....
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02EE10: 20 28 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 73 20 20 23 30 (characters #0
02EE20: 30 2E 2E 23 31 46 29 20 20 61 72 65 0D 0A 20 20 0..#1F) are..
02EE30: 20 20 20 20 20 70 72 69 6E 74 65 72 20 61 6E 64 printer and
02EE40: 20 6E 6F 74 20 6F 62 65 79 65 64 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A not obeyed.....
02EE50: 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 6E 74 72 79 20 63 .. Entry c
02EE60: 6F 6E 64 69 74 69 6F 6E 73 3A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A onditions:......
02EE70: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 41 20 63 6F 6E 74 61 69 6E A contain
02EE80: 73 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 s the character
02EE90: 74 6F 20 70 72 69 6E 74 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 to print.......
02EEA0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 45 78 69 74 20 63 6F 6E 64 69 Exit condi
02EEB0: 74 69 6F 6E 73 3A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 tions:......
02EEC0: 20 20 20 41 46 2C 42 43 2C 44 45 20 61 6E 64 20 AF,BC,DE and
02EED0: 48 4C 20 63 6F 72 72 75 70 74 2E 0D 0A 20 20 20 HL corrupt...
02EEE0: 20 20 20 20 41 6C 6C 20 6F 74 68 65 72 20 72 65 All other re
02EEF0: 67 69 73 74 65 72 73 20 70 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 gisters preserve
02EF00: 64 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 4E d....... N
02EF10: 6F 74 65 73 3A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 otes:......
02EF20: 20 20 49 66 20 74 68 65 20 56 44 55 20 69 73 20 If the VDU is
02EF30: 64 69 73 61 62 6C 65 64 20 74 68 65 6E 20 6E 6F disabled then no
02EF40: 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 character will
02EF50: 62 65 20 70 72 69 6E 74 65 64 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D be printed......
02EF60: 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 65 66 6F 72 65 20 70 . Before p
02EF70: 72 69 6E 74 69 6E 67 20 74 68 65 20 63 68 61 72 rinting the char
02EF80: 61 63 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 73 6F 72 acter the cursor
02EF90: 20 70 6F 73 69 74 69 6F 6E 20 20 69 73 20 20 66 position is f
02EFA0: 6F 72 63 65 64 20 20 74 6F 20 20 6C 69 65 0D 0A orced to lie..
02EFB0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 69 6E 20 20 74 within t
02EFC0: 68 65 20 20 74 65 78 74 20 20 77 69 6E 64 6F 77 he text window
02EFD0: 20 20 28 73 65 65 20 20 54 58 54 20 20 56 41 4C (see TXT VAL
02EFE0: 49 44 41 54 45 29 2E 20 20 41 66 74 65 72 20 20 IDATE). After
02EFF0: 70 72 69 6E 74 69 6E 67 20 20 74 68 65 0D 0A 20 printing the..
02F000: 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 character
02F010: 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 73 6F 72 20 69 73 20 6D 6F the cursor is mo
02F020: 76 65 64 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 6F 6E 65 20 63 68 ved right one ch
02F030: 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 aracter.......
02F040: 20 20 20 20 20 54 6F 20 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 To put the
02F050: 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 6F 6E 20 74 68 65 character on the
02F060: 20 73 63 72 65 65 6E 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 6F 75 screen this rou
02F070: 74 69 6E 65 20 63 61 6C 6C 73 20 20 74 68 65 20 tine calls the
02F080: 20 54 58 54 20 20 57 52 49 54 45 0D 0A 20 20 20 TXT WRITE..
02F090: 20 20 20 20 43 48 41 52 20 69 6E 64 69 72 65 63 CHAR indirec
02F0A0: 74 69 6F 6E 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 tion.........
02F0B0: 20 20 20 20 52 65 6C 61 74 65 64 20 65 6E 74 72 Related entr
02F0C0: 69 65 73 3A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 ies:......
02F0D0: 20 47 52 41 20 57 52 20 43 48 41 52 0D 0A 20 20 GRA WR CHAR..
02F0E0: 20 20 20 20 20 54 58 54 20 4F 55 54 50 55 54 0D TXT OUTPUT.
02F0F0: 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 58 54 20 52 44 20 43 . TXT RD C
02F100: 48 41 52 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 58 54 20 HAR.. TXT
02F110: 57 52 49 54 45 20 43 48 41 52 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A WRITE CHAR......
02F120: 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 ..............
02F130: 20 20 20 20 20 41 4D 53 54 52 41 44 20 43 50 43 AMSTRAD CPC
02F140: 34 36 34 2F 36 36 34 2F 36 31 32 38 20 46 49 52 464/664/6128 FIR
02F150: 4D 57 41 52 45 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 MWARE
02F160: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
02F170: 20 70 61 67 65 20 31 35 2E 33 33 0D 0A 1A 74 6F page 15.33...to
02F180: 61 63 74 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 73 6F 72 acter the cursor
02F190: 20 70 6F 73 69 74 69 6F 6E 20 20 69 73 20 20 66 position is f
02F1A0: 6F 72 63 65 64 20 20 74 6F 20 20 6C 69 65 0D 0A orced to lie..
02F1B0: 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 77 69 74 68 69 6E 20 20 74 within t
02F1C0: 68 65 20 20 74 65 78 74 20 20 77 69 6E 64 6F 77 he text window
02F1D0: 20 20 28 73 65 65 20 20 54 58 54 20 20 56 41 4C (see TXT VAL
02F1E0: 49 44 41 54 45 29 2E 20 20 41 66 74 65 72 20 20 IDATE). After
02F1F0: 70 72 69 6E 74 69 6E 67 20 20 74 68 65 0D 0A 20 printing the..
02F200: 20 20 20 20 20 20 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 character
02F210: 74 68 65 20 63 75 72 73 6F 72 20 69 73 20 6D 6F the cursor is mo
02F220: 76 65 64 20 72 69 67 68 74 20 6F 6E 65 20 63 68 ved right one ch
02F230: 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 aracter.......
02F240: 20 20 20 20 20 54 6F 20 70 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 To put the
02F250: 63 68 61 72 61 63 74 65 72 20 6F 6E 20 74 68 65 character on the
02F260: 20 73 63 72 65 65 6E 20 74 68 69 73 20 72 6F 75 screen this rou
02F270: 74 69 6E 65 20 63 61 6C 6C 73 20 20 74 68 65 20 tine calls the
02F280: 20 54 58 54 20 20 57 52 49 54 45 0D 0A 20 20 20 TXT WRITE..
02F290: 20 20 20 20 43 48 41 52 20 69 6E 64 69 72 65 63 CHAR indirec
02F2A0: 74 69 6F 6E 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 tion.........
02F2B0: 20 20 20 20 52 65 6C 61 74 65 64 20 65 6E 74 72 Related entr
02F2C0: 69 65 73 3A 0D 0A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 ies:......
02F2D0: 20 47 52 41 20 57 52 20 43 48 41 52 0D 0A 20 20 GRA WR CHAR..
02F2E0: 20 20 20 20 20 54 58 54 20 4F 55 54 50 55 54 0D TXT OUTPUT.
02F2F0: 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 58 54 20 52 44 20 43 . TXT RD C
02F300: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F310: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F320: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F330: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F340: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F350: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F360: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F370: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F380: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F390: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F400: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F410: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F420: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F430: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F440: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F450: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F460: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F470: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F480: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F490: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F500: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F510: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F520: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F530: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F540: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F550: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F560: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F570: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F580: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F590: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F600: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F610: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F620: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F630: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F640: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F650: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F660: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F670: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F680: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F690: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F700: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F710: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F720: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F730: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F740: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F750: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F760: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F770: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F780: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F790: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F810: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F820: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F830: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=220 CHEA=0 COD=51 MUSI=0 COP=7 GRA=184 WRIT=53 198=1 199=1 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
PRO=220 CHEA=0 COD=51 MUSI=0 COP=7 GRA=184 WRIT=53 198=1 199=1 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
EXTENDED CPC DSK File SAMdisk120417( PCHAP-10 1 !"#$%&'()*+,CHAP-10 1 -CHAP
-10 2 ./0123456789CHAP-10 2 CHAP-11 TABCDEFGHICHAP-12 QJKLMNOPQRSTCHAP-13
GUVWXYZCHAP-14 1 abcdefghijklmCHAP-14 2 nopqrstuvwxyzCHAP-14 3 'CHAP-15 1 CHAP-1
5 2 CHAP-15 2 £CHAP-15 3 qCHAP-9 1 CHAP-9 1 CHAP-9 2 N 9
AMSDOS AMSDOS is a disc operating system used with all the CPC ra
nge of computer, of course, in the case of the 464 the DDI-1 has
to be fitted. AMSDOS enables programs to be access disc files in a si
milar manner to cassette files, indeed existing programs which currently
use the cassette should be able to use disc files with little or
no modification. The main source of incompatability will be filename
s, AMSDOS filenames must conform to CP/M standards but cassette filename
s are far less restricted. AMSDOS has been designed to compl
ement CP/M, not to compete with it. They share the same file structure
and can read and write each other's files. AMSDOS resides in
the same ROM as the CP/M BIOS. 9.1 Features. AMSDOS prov
ides the following facilities Switching the cassette input an
d output streams to and from disc. So that all the facilities
available on the cassette become available on disc.
Displaying the disc directory. Erasing disc files
. Renaming disc files. Selecting the defau
lt drive and user. Whenever AMSDOS creates a new file it is always
given a name with a type part of .$$$ regardless of the given name
. When the file is closed any previous version of the file is rename
d with a .BAK type part and the new version is renamed from .$$$ to i
ts proper name. Any existing .BAK version is deleted. This gives an au
tomatic one level file back-up. For example, if the disc con
tains the files FRED.BAS and FRED.BAK and the user opens a file called
FRED.BAS the AMSDOS will create a new file called FRED.$$$. When the
file is closed the existing FRED.BAK is deleted, FRED.BAS is renamed to
FRED.BAK and FRED.$$$ is then renamed to FRED.BAS. All AMSDO
S facilities are implemented either by intercepting the cassette f
irmware calls or by external commands. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMW
ARE page 9.1 The intercepted fi
rmware calls are CAS IN OPEN CAS IN CHAR
CAS IN DIRECT CAS RETURN CAS T
EST EOF CAS IN CLOSE CA PS IN ABANDON
CAS OUT OPEN CAS OUT CHAR CAS OUT
DIRECT CAS OUT CLOSE CAS OUT ABANDON
CAS OUT CATALOG The remaining cassette firmware calls are no
t intercepted and remain unaffected. Full descriptions of
both the tape and disc versions of these routines are given in section 1
5. The AMSDOS external commands are A S
elects default drive A B Selects default drive B
CPM Cold boot CP/M DIR Display disc dire
ctory DISC Redirect cassette routines to disc
DISC.IN Redirect cassette input routines to disc DISC.OU
T Redirect cassette output routines to disc DRIVE Select d
efault drive ERA Erase files REN R
ename files TAPE Redirect cassette routines to cassette
TAPE.IN Redirect cassette input routines to cassette
TAPE.OUT Redirect cassette output routines to cassette
USER Select default user From BASIC all these commands must
be preceded by a ''. Some of these commands require parameters.
Full descriptions of these external commands are given in section 20.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE pag
e 9.2 9.2 Filenames AMSDOS filenames are upwards
compatible with CP/M filenames. But is addition the user number may
also be specified and non-significant spaces are permitted before a
nd after the name and any embedded punctuation. Exampl
es ANAME Default user, drive, and type
10WOMBAT.TXT Default drive, and user number 10 2AWOMBAT.TXT
User 2, on Drive A *.* Default drive, user, and
all files 5B POSSUM . $$$ A name with non-significant spaces
aaardark Lowercase, AMSDOS will convert to uppercase
If given, the user number must be in the range 0..15, the drive letter
must be A or B. If either the user or the drive is given they must be
followed by a colon. The following characters may be used in the na
me and type parts a-z A-Z 0-9 ! " # $ & ' + - '
Any other characters will cause the commands to fail with the message
BAD COMMAND The characters '' and '*' are wildcards,
that is, when placed within a filename or type it will be interpreted
as 'any valid character'. For example if the filename 'GE.B*' was use
d in the DIR command then the files 'GAME1.BAS' 'GAME1.BAK' 'GAME29.BA
S' and 'GREET.BAS', and any matching combinations, would be displayed
in the directory. When passing a filename, AMSDOS shifts lower
case letters into uppercase and removes bit 7. If the user
or drive is omitted then the current default values are assumed. Thes
e defaults may be set by the user. If the type part is omitted then a
default type is assumed. This depends on the context in which the
name is being used, but usually a default type part of three spaces is
assumed. 9.3 File Headers Cassette files are subdivided in
to 2K blocks, each of which is preceded by header. CP/M files do n
ot have headers. AMSDOS files may, or may not have a header depending o
n the contents of the file. This will not cause problems for programs
written in BASIC but it is an important difference between cassette
and disc files. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 9.3 Unprotected ASCII files do no have header
. All other AMSDOS files have a single header in the first 128 bytes of
the file, the header record. These headers are detected by checksumming
the first 67 bytes of the record. If the checksum is as expected then
a header is present, if not then there is no header. Thus it is pos
sible, though unlikely, that a file without a header could be mistaken
for one with a header. The format of the header record is as follow
s P Bytes 0..63 Cassette/Disc header (see below)
64..66 Length of the file in bytes, excluding the
header record. 24 bit number, least
significant byte in lowest address
67..68 Sixteen bit checksum, sum of bytes 0..66
69..127 Undefined The use that the cassette manager make
s of the header is described in section 8.4. AMSDOS uses the header as
follows Bytes Filename 0
User number, #00..#FF 1...8 Name part, padd
ed with spaces 9...11 Type part, padded with space
s 12...15 #00 Block number 16
Not used, set to 0 Last block 17 Not used, set to
0 File type 18 As per cassette Data length
19...20 As per cassette Data location 21...22 As per c
assette First block 23 Set to #FF, only used for output
files Logical length 24...25 As per cassette Entry add
ress 26...27 As per cassette Unallocated 28...63 As pe
r cassette AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 9.4 When a file without a header is opened for
input a fake header is constructed in store as follows
Bytes Filename 0 User number, #0
0..#FF 1..8 Name part, padded with spaces
9..11 Type part, padded with spaces
12..15 #00 File type 18 #16, unprotected
ASCII version 1 Data location 19..20 Address of 2K buffer
First block 23 #FF All other fields are set to zero.
9.4 Disc Organisation AMSDOS and the CP/M 2.2 BIOS supp
ort three different disc formats SYSTEM format, DATA ONLY format, an
d IBM format. The CP/M Plus BIOS supports the SYSTEM and DATA formats
but not IBM format. The BIOS automatically detects the format of a
disc. Under CP/M this occurs for drive A at a warm boot and for drive
B the first time it is accessed. Under AMSDOS this occurs each time a di
sc with no open files is accessed. To permit this automatic detection ea
ch format has unique sector numbers as detailed below. 3 inc
h discs are double sided, but only one side may be accessed at a time d
epending on which way round the user inserts the disc. There my be diff
erent formats on the two sides. Common To All Formats Si
ngle sided (the two sides of a 3 inch disc are treated separately).
512 byte physical sector size. 40 track numbered 0 to 39.
1024 byte CP/M block size. 64 directory entries. AMSTR
AD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 9.5
System Format 9 sectors per track numbered #41 to #49.
2 reserved tracks. 2 to 1 sector interleave. The system for
mat is the main format supported, CP/M can only be loaded (Cold Bo
ot) from a system format disc. CP/M 2.2 also requires a system format di
sc to warm boot. The reserved tracks are used as follows
Track 0 sector #41 boot sector. Track 0 s
ector #42 configuration sector. Track 0 sectors #43
..#47 unused Track 0 sectors #48..#49 and
Track 1 sectors #41..#49 CCP and BIOS CP/M Plus only uses Tr
ack 0 sector #41 as a boot sector Track 0 sector #42...#49 and Track 1 a
re unused. Note Another format called 'VENDOR' format is a special v
ersion of system format which does not contain any software on the two
reserved tracks. It is intended for use in software distribution.
Data Only Format 9 sectors per track numbered #C1 to #C9.
0 reserved tracks. 2 to 1 sector interleave. This format
is not recommended for use with CP/M 2.2 since it is not possible to '
warm boot' from it. However, because there Pis a little more disc s
pace available it is useful for AMSDOS or CP/M Plus. IBM Format
8 sectors per track numbered 1 to 8 1 reserved track no
sector interleave This format is logically the same as the single-si
ded format used by CP/M on the IBM PC. It is intended for specialist
use and is not otherwise recommended as it is not possible to 'warm
boot' from it. AMSTRAD 464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 9.6 9.5 Boot Sector In or
der that non-CP/M systems may be implemented at a later date the BIOS i
nitialization is performed, in part, by a boot program which is read fr
om the disc before attempting to load CP/M. In the non-CP/M case the
boot program would not jump to the warm boot routine but go on its ow
n way, using the BIOS and firmware routines as desired. The boot pro
gram is in the boot sector which is the first sector (sector #41)
on track 0. During a cold boot the BIOS is initialized into a minimum
state before loading and executing the boot program. This state is as fo
llows. All routines in the ROM copy of the BIOS jumpblock
all the routines in the extended jumpblock are available.
Alternate and IY register saving is enabled.
Interrupts are indirected via the BIOS and run on the BIOS's s
tack. Disc messages are enabled. The initi
al command buffer is empty. The IOBYTE at #0003 is initi
alized to #81 (LSTLPT, PUNTTY, RDRTTY, CONCRT).
The current drive at #0004 is initialized to #00. The
serial interface is not initialized. The CCP and BDOS are not
in store. The CP/M jumps at #0000 and #0005 are not initiali
zed. The boot sector is read and loaded into store at #0100 the
stack pointer is initialized to a value immediately below the BIOS's
data (#AD33 is normal) area and the boot program is entered at #0100.
The boot program may use store from #0100 upwards until it reaches
the stack. To run CP/M the boot program must, at least, jump
to the warm boot entry in the ROM jumpblock. The boot pro
gram for CP/M 2.2 loads and obeys the configuration sector and then warm
boots CP/M. The boot program for CP/M Plus searches for, loads and ex
ecutes a file with the type part .EMS. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/
6128 FIRMWARE page 9.7 The boot
program has the following interface Entry SPhighes
t address available+1 (a good place for the stack) BCaddress of
ROM copy of BIOS jumpblock (BOOT) Exit To run CP
/M the program should jump the the WBOOT entry in the above
jumpblock The ROM copy of the BIOS jumpblock should not be used at
any time (indeed, only the boot program knows where it is).
9.6 AMSDOS Messages AMSDOS uses the CP/M 2.2 BIOS in order the access
the disc. Thus the BIOS messages will be displayed in the event of a
disc error. This section explains the meaning of the AMSDOS messages.
In the following drive means A or B, filename means an AMSDOS
filename. Bad command There is a syntax error
in a command or filename. filename already exists
The user is trying to rename a file to a name which is already in use.
filename not found The user is trying to open for input, era
se or rename a file that does not exist. Drive drive
directory full There is no more free directory entries (64 director
y entries per disc). Drive drive disc full
There is no more free disc blocks. Drive drive disc changed
, closing filename The user has changed the disc while files were stil
l open on it. filename is read only The user is tr
ying to erase or rename a file which is marked read-only. May a
lso be caused by closing a file when existing version P of the file is
read-only. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 9.8 ter, of 9.7 BIOS Facilities Available to AM
SDOS AMSDOS uses the CP/M BIOS 2.2 to access the disc. In order th
at a program running under AMSDOS may access the disc directly nine of
the BIOS extended jumpblock routines are available. The routines
are accessed as external commands. An example of using these commands
is given in section 10.6. Note The BIOS extended jumpblock its
elf is not available, indeed it does not exist in the AMSDOS environ
ment. The BIOS routines available and their command names are as follo
ws SET MESSAGE Ctrl (#01)
SETUP DISC Ctrl (#02) SELECT FORMAT
Ctrl (#03) READ SECTOR Ctrl (#04)
WRITE SECTOR Ctrl (#05) FORMAT T
RACK Ctrl (#06) MOVE TRACK
Ctrl (#07) GET DR STATUS Ctrl (#08)
SET RETRY COUNT Ctrl (#09) These routines are desc
ribed in section 19. The word at #BE40 contains the address of the di
sc parameter header vector. Disc parameter headers and extended disc p
arameter blocks may be patched as required (see section 9.8).
Only the BIOS facilities mentioned here may be used from a program
running under AMSDOS. 9.8 Store requirements When init
ialized AMSDOS reserves #500 bytes of memory from the memory pool and t
he kernel reserves another 4 for its external command chaining in
formation. When loading a machine code program from disc into stor
e using the AMSDOS routine CAS IN DIRECT it is important that AMSDOS'
s variables are not overwritten. This presents a problem since in gene
ral it is not possible to discover where these variables are! This i
s because variables for expansion ROMs are allocated dynamically. Note
that this problem does not arise when loading from the cassette si
nce the cassette manager's variables are in the firmware variable area.
AMSDOS reserves store from the top of memory pool so the simpl
est solution is to always load machine code programs into the bottom
of store. The program can then relocate itself to a higher address i
f required. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 9.9 Alternatively the machine code prog
ram could be loaded in two stages first load and run a small loader in
the bottom of store. The action of MC BOOT PROGRAM will have shut down
all RSXs and extension ROMs. The loader program should now initializ
e AMSDOS using KL INIT BACK thus forcing AMSDOS variables to be wher
ever you so wish. The loader can now load the machine code program usi
ng the AMSDOS routines CAS IN OPEN, CAS IN DIRECT, and CAS IN CLOSE toge
ther with MC START PROGRAM. In order to initialize AMSDOS using KL INI
T BACK, AMSDOS's ROM number is required. To determine AMSDOS's ROM num
ber look at any of the intercepted cassette jumpblock entries w
ith the DISC routines selected. Each entry is a far call, the addre
ss part of which points at a three byte far address, the third part of
the fa Pr address is the ROM number. Obviously this should be done be
fore AMSDOS is shut done. Existing machine code programs, developed on
cassette systems without any expansion ROMs, frequently only use sto
re to #ABFF in order to avoid BASICs variables. These can easily be
modified to use AMSDOS. Write some machine code to initialize AMSDO
S using KL INIT BACK. AMSDOS will reserve RAM down to #ABFC, almost
the same as used by BASIC. 9.9 Extended Disc Parameter Bl
ocks In order to facilitate reading and writing 'foreign' disc
s of differing formats, all the parameters concerning a drive are kept
in RAM in an extended CP/M disc parameter block (XPB). The knowledga
ble user may patch an XPB. There are two XPBs, one per drive
. XPB structure bytes 0...14 standard CP/M 2.2 DPB
(see below). byte 15 first sector number. 16
number of sectors per track. 17 gap length (rea
d/write). 18 gap length (format). 19
filler byte for formatting. 20 log(2)(sector size)-
7,'N' for uPD765A. 21 sector size/128 22
reserved current track (set by BIOS). 23 reserv
ed #00--not aligned, #FF--aligned (set by BIOS)
24 #00--auto-select format, #FF--don't auto-select
format. The XPB for a drive may be found by a
ccessing the Disc Parameter Header (DPH) vector. The first word of th
e DPH is the address of the XPB for drive A, the second word is the ad
dress of the XPB for drive B. The address of the DPH is stored at loca
tion #BE40. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 9.10 The values stored in the standard CP/M 2.2
DPB (Disc Parameter Block) are often derived from the data block alloca
tion size, BLS, which is the number of bytes in a block and which may
be 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192 or 16384. The value of BLS is not stored in th
e DPB but it may be deduced from the values stored there. CP/M
plus has a slightly different DPB. The CP/M 2.2 DPB is laid out as f
ollows bytes 0..1 (SPT) Total number of 128 byte records on each
track. 2 (BSH) log(2)BLS-7. 3 (BLM)
BLS/128-1. 4 (EXM) If DSM256 then BLS/1024-1 else BLS/2048
-1. 5..6 (DSM) Total size of disc blocks excluding any
reserved tracks. 7..8 (DRM) Total nu
mber of directory entries -1. 9..10 (AL0/1) Bit significant repr
esentation of number of directory blocks (#0080--
1, #00C0--2 etc). 11..12 (CKS) Length of checksum vector. Norma
lly DRM/4+1 but if checksumming is not required t
hen 0. 13..14 (OFF) Number of reserved tracks. This is also the
track on which the directory starts. T
he XPBs for the different formats are initialized as follows System fo
rmat 36 records per track 3 b
lock shift 7 block mask 0 exte
nt mask 170 number of blocks-1 63
number of directory entries-1 #00C0 2 directory blocks
16 size of checksum vector 2 reser
ved tracks #41 first sector number 9
sectors per track 42 gap length (read/write)
82 gap length (format) #E5 filler byte
2 log(2)(sector size)-7 4 reco
rds per track 0 current track 0
not aligned 0 do auto select format Data on
ly format 36 records per track 3
block shift 7 block mask 0
extent mask 179 number of blocks-1 63
number of directory Pentries-1 #00C0 2 directory bl
ocks 16 size of checksum vector 0
reserved tracks #C1 first sector number
9 sectors per track AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 9.12 (part 1) 42 gap lengt
h (read/write) 82 gap length (format) #
E5 filler byte 2 log(2)(sector size)-7
4 records per track 0 current track
0 not aligned 0 do auto-select for
mat IBM Format 32 records per track
3 block shift 7 block mask
0 extent mask 155 number of blocks-1
63 number of directory entries-1 #00C0
2 directory blocks 16 size of checksum vector
1 reserved tracks #01 first sector num
ber 8 sectors per track 42 gap
length (read/write) 80 gap length (format)
#E5 filler byte 2 log(2)(sector size)-7
4 records per track 0 current track
0 not aligned 0 do auto selec
t AMSTRAD CPC464/664
/6128 FIRMWARE page 9.12 (part 2) OS is a disc operating sys
tem used with all the CPC range of computer, o 80 ga
p length (format) #E5 filler byte 2
log(2)(sector size)-7 4 records per track
0 current track 0 not aligned
10 Expansion ROMs, Resident System Extensions and RAM Programs.
The system can address up to 252 expansion ROMs, mapped over the top
16K of memory, starting at #C000. The Kernel supports two varieties of
expansion ROM, foreground and background. A resident system extension
(RSX) is similar in use to a background ROM, but must be loaded into
RAM before it can be used. A foreground ROM contains one or more
programs, only one of which may be running at one time. The on-board BA
SIC is the default foreground program. Other possible foreground progr
ams are - other systems, such as FORTH or CP/M.
- applications, such as a Word Processor or Spread Sheet.
- tools, such as an Assembler or Debugger. A RAM program, once load
ed, takes over the machine in much the same way as a foreground ROM p
rogram. Games will generally be RAM programs. There may be up to 16
background ROMs, each of which provides some sort of service indepen
dent of the foreground program. It is expected that expansion periphera
ls will each have an associated background ROM containing suitable sup
port routines. Other background ROMs may augment the existing mach
ine software for example, by providing further graphics functions.
A resident system extension (RSX), once loaded, provides some sort
of service in the same way as a background ROM. An RSX might, fo
r example, provide special support for a given printer - where it is
more economical to provide the software on cassette rather than in ROM
(or PROM). 10.1 ROM Addressing. Expansion ROMs h
ave ROM address in the range 0..251. To select a given ROM the Kernel se
ts its ROM address by writing to I/O address #DF00. If a ROM is fitted
at the address selected, then all further read accesses to the top
16K of memory will return data from the expansion ROM. If no ROM is fi
tted at the currently selected ROM address the contents of the on-bo
ard ROM are returned. When the machine is first turned on ROM
0 is selected as the foreground program. If no expansion ROM is fitt
ed at ROM address 0, the on-board ROM is used, and BASIC is entered.
If an expansion ROM is fitted at ROM address 0 it takes precedence P ov
er the on-board ROM. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 10.1 In V1.0 firmware background ROMs m
ust be fitted at ROM addresses in the range 1...7. Foreground ROMs mu
st be fitted so that there are contiguous ROMs from address 1. When
searching for a foreground ROM the kernel starts at address 0 and
works upwards until the first address greater than 0 if found.
In V1.1 firmware background ROMs may be fitted at ROM addresses in the
range 0...15. Foreground ROMs must be fitted contiguously from address
16 or at any background ROM address. When searching for a foreground
ROM the kernel starts at address 0 and works upwards until the first
unused address greater than 15 is found. In either case if an expansi
on ROM 0 is fitted the on-board ROM can still be accessed at the firs
t unused ROM address. The Kernel supports a 'far address' which
my be used to call subroutines in expansion ROMs. The 'far address
' is a three byte object, the last byte of which is a ROM select
number. Since the arrangement of ROMs in an expansion card is quite
arbitrary the ROM select part of the 'far address' must be established
at run time. The 'sideways' ROM addressing facility allows a foregr
ound program to occupy up to four contiguous ROM select addresses
, and supports subroutine calls between the ROMs without requiring t
he program to know the actual ROM address of any of them. 10
.2 The Format of an Expansion ROM. An expansion ROM may be up to 16K b
ytes long, the first byte being at address #C000. The first few bytes o
f the ROM are the 'ROM Prefix' and must take the form
Byte 0 ROM type. Byte 1 ROM Mark Number.
Byte 2 ROM Version Number. Byte 3 ROM Modification Level.
Byte 4 External Command Table. The ROM type specifie
s what sort of ROM this is and must take the following values
0 Foreground ROM. 1 Background ROM.
2 Extension ROM. The on-board ROM must be unique in having bit
7 of the type byte set (thus its type byte is #80). This marker is us
ed to detect the end of foreground ROMs. If a foreground program will n
ot fit into a single ROM then the extra ROMs required should be marke
d as extension ROMs. The mark number, version number and modification
level may be set to any values required. The external comman
d table comprises a list of command names and a jumpblock. Each comm
and name is implicitly associated with the same numbered entry in the
jumpblock. The table takes the form Bytes 0..1 Address of com
mand name table Bytes 2..4 Jumpblock entry 0
Bytes 5..7 Jumpblock entry 1 ...etc ...etc AMSTRAD C
PC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 10.2
The command name table is a list of names, each of which may be up to
16 characters long. The last character of each name must have bit 7
set but no other character may. The table is terminated by a null (
character 0) after the last character of the last name. Apart from th
e fact that all characters must be in the range 0..127 and that the fir
st character may not be a null, there are no restrictions on the char
acters in command names. However, if unsuitable characters are chose
n it may prove impossible for programs such as BASIC to access the co
mmands. BASIC expects alphabetic characters in the commandnames to be i
n upper case and will not allow characters such as a space or comma in t
he command name. The ROM prefix for the on-board ROM is
ORG #C000 Start of the ROM DEFB #80+0
On board ROM, Foreground DEFB 1 Mark
1 DEFB 0 Version 0 DEFB 0
Modification 0 DEFW NAMETABLE Address o
f name table. JP STARTBASIC The only entry in the ju
mpblock NA PMETABLE DEFB 'BASI','C'+#80 The only command name
DEFB 0 End of table marker The ROM prefi
x for a serial I/O card might be ORG #C000 Star
t of ROM DEFB 1 Background ROM
DEFB 0 Mark 0 DEFB 5 Vers
ion 5 DEFB 0 Modification 0
DEFW NAMETABLE Address of name table JP EMSENTRY
0 Background ROM power-up entry JP RESET
1 JP SETBAUDRATE 2 JP GETCHARACTER
3 JP PUTCHARACTER 4 ...etc
NAMETABLE DEFB 'SIO DRIVE','R'+#80 0 D
EFB 'SIO.RESE','T'+#80 1 DEFB 'SIO.SET.BAU','D'
+#80 2 DEFB 'SIO.GET.CHA','R'+#80 3
DEFB 'SIO.PUT.CHA','R'+#80 4
...etc DEFB 0 End of table ma
rker AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 10.3 Note that the command name table entry for the
power-up entry includes a space. This is still a legal name but the BAS
IC will never be able to generate it because of the way it uses spaces
. Because BASIC cannot generate the name it is impossible for a BASIC
user to call the power-up entry by mistake (see section 10.4)
10.3 Foreground ROMs and RAM Programs. Each of the entries to the
foreground ROM is expected to represent a separate program, whose nam
e is given by the corresponding entry in the name table. The first en
try of ROM 0 is the default power-up entry point at the end of EMS.
Once a RAM program has been loaded it is treated much like a
foreground ROM, except that it does not have a ROM prefix, and the
required entry point is determined separately. Just before a foreg
round program is entered the machine is reset to its EMS state i.e.
all the hardware and all the firmware are initialized. The envir
onment and entry conditions are as follows Memory Section
2 describes the memory layout of the system. Three areas of memory a
re available to the program. 1. The Static Variable Area.
The area from #AC00 to #B0FF inclusive is reserved for use by the
foreground program - although it may use more or less as it
requires. It is also possible to reserve a foreground data area
starting at #0040 if this is required. 2. The Stack.
The hardware stack is set to an area immediately below #C000 which i
s at least 256 bytes long. 3. The Main Memory Pool. Mo
st of the rest of memory will be available to the foreground pro
gram, depending on what memory is taken by any background ROMs whic
h the foreground program chooses to initialize. Registers
The base and limit of the free memory area are passed to the
program in registers. BC Address of the highest usable byte
in memory. (#B0FF) DE Address of the lowest usable byte in the memor
y pool. (#0040) HL Address of the highest byte in the memory pool. (
#ABFF) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 10.4 Note that the program is free to use any memor
y between the address given in DE and the address in BC inclusive (i.
e. #0040 to #B0FF). The contents of HL reflect the standard allocation f
or static variables the program is free to use more, or less, as the m
ood takes it. Also a foreground data area may be reserved at the bottom
of store as well. The program should set HL and DE to reflect the area
it is using for variables before initializing any background ROMs (se
e below). SP is set to the machine provided area #C000. The program c
an depend on at least 256 bytes of stack. The contents of the
other registers is indeterminate. Note that the alternate register s
et (AF' BC' DE' HL') is not a Pvailable to the program. (But see
Appendix XI). ROM select state For ROM programs
The foreground ROM is selected. The
upper ROM is enabled. The lower ROM i
s disabled. For RAM programs No ROM is selected.
The upper ROM is disabled
The lower ROM is disabled. General
Interrupts are enabled. All hardware and firmware is
in its initial state. In particular any expansion devices
fitted have been reset, but not yet initialized. It
is the foreground program's responsibility to initialize any bac
kground ROMs required and to load and initialize any RSXs. The Kern
el entry 'KL ROM WALK' looks for background ROMs and initializes any t
hat it finds. The Kernel entry 'KL INIT BACK' will initialize a partic
ular background ROM. These entries must be passed the addresses of the
lowest and highest bytes in the memory pool which is why the foregrou
nd program must reserve its fixed data area before winding up the backg
round ROMs. The background ROMs may allocate memory for their own use by
moving either or both boundaries. If, therefore, the foreground
program does allow background ROMs to function it must cope with a memor
y pool whilst bounds are not fixed until after all background RO
Ms have been initialized. Note that the location of the foreground pro
gram's data areas are fixed whilst a background program must deal with
variable data areas. If background ROMs are not initialized then the
memory map is very simple, but since discs, light pens, etc are likel
y to use background ROMs for support software it is rather limit
ing not to allow background ROMs even for an apparently 'dedicated' g
ame. The on-board BASIC initializes all background ROMs at EMS. The
user chooses whether to load any RSXs from tape. AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 10.5
10.4 Background ROMs. Background ROMs lie dormant until initializ
ed by the foreground program. During initialization the background s
oftware may allocate itself some memory and initialize any data stru
ctures an hardware. Providing the initialization is successful the Ker
nel places the ROM on the list of possible takers for external command
s. The first entry in a background ROM's jumpblock is it initializat
ion routine. This routine must only be called by the firmware when the R
OM is initialized it is not meant for the user to call. Tricks such a
s including a space in the name makes it impossible for BASIC to
generate the correct name and hence impossible for a BASIC user to
call the entry. The entry and exit conditions for the initialization
routine are Entry DE contains the address of the l
owest byte in the memory pool. HL contains the address of the highest
byte in the memory pool. Exit If the initialization was
successful Carry true. DE contains the new address of th
e lowest byte in the memory pool. HL contains the new address of the
highest byte in the memory pool. If the initialization failed
Carry false. DE and HL preserved. Always
A, BC and other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The upper ROM is enabled and selected. The lowe
r ROM is disabled. The routine may not use the alternate register set.
The ROM may allocate itself memory either at the top or the bottom o
f the memory pool (or both), simply by changing the appropriate register
and returning the new value. For example, to reserve 256 bytes given
an address of #AB7F as the top of the pool the program would subtract
256 from HL giving a new top of pool address of #AA7F. The area
preserved would be from #AA80 to #AB7F inclusive. The carry fals
e return is only recognized in V1.1 firmware. In V1.0 firmware P
this will be treated as if carry was returned true. AMSTR
AD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 10.6 e 10.8 OMs,
Resident System Extensions and RAM Programs. The system can address
up to 252 expansio When the initialization routine returns, th
e Kernel stores the address of the base of the upper area which the ROM
has allocated itself (i.e. HL+1). Whenever an entry in the ROM is called
this address is passed in the IY index register. This allows the ROM
routine to access its upper variable area easily enough even tho
ugh it was allocated dynamically. Access to any lower variable area
should be done via pointers in the upper area. Since background ROMs
do not use absolute areas of memory, problems of background ROMs clash
ing with each other or with the foreground program will never ar
ise. Note that a background ROM is very likely to expect that its upp
er data area lies above #0040 so that it is accessible irrespective of
whether the lower ROM is enabled or not. If the initializa
tion is successful then the Kernel also places the ROM on its list of
possible handlers of external commands (see below). Note that when the
list is scanned for external commands the latest addition is tried fi
rst. The entry KL ROM WALK processes the ROMs in reverse address order
(15, 14, ...0), ignoring any gaps of foreground ROMs, thus the ROMs wi
ll be searched in the order 0, 1, ...15. 10.5 Resident System Exte
nsions. An RSX is similar to a background ROM. Responsibility for
loading an RSX and providing it with memory lies with the foreground p
rogram. To fit in with the dynamic allocation of memory to background R
OMs it is recommended that RSXs should be position independent or reloc
ated when loaded. An RSX could be relocated by writing a short BASIC
'loader' program which reads the RSX in a format which may be relocated
easily and POKEs into store. Once an RSX is load it may b
e placed on the list of possible handlers of external commands (see fol
lowing page) by calling KL LOG EXT, passing it the address of the
RSXs external command table and a four byte block of memory (in the ce
ntral 32K of RAM) for the Kernel's use. The format of the table is exact
ly the same as for a background ROM (see section 10.2). The only diff
erence is in the interpretation of the table - the first entry
in the jumpblock is not called automatically by the Kernel and
thus need not be the RSX's initialization routine.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 10.7 For example, the way to add an external command t
able for a graphics extension for BASIC might be INITIALIZE
LD HL,WORKSPACE RSX power-up Routine L
D BC,RSXTABLE JP KLLOGEXT WORKSPACE
DEFS 4 Area for Kernel to use RSXTABLE DEFW
NAMETABLE JP DRAWCIRCLE 0
JP DRAWTRIANGLE 1 JP FILLAREA
2 NAMETABLE DEFB 'CIRCL','E'+#80 0
DEFB 'TRIANGL','E'+#80 1 DEFB 'FIL','L
'+#80 2 DEFB #00 Note that when the l
ist is scanned for external commands the latest Paddition is tried
first. Since RSX's will, in general, be loaded after background ROMs h
ave been initialized, RSX commands will take precedence over th
ose in background ROMs. The entry and exit conditions for exter
nal commands are discussed in the following section (section 10.6)
. 10.6 External Commands. Once the foreground program has
decided that it has an external command on its hands it should call
the Kernel entry KL FIND COMMAND, passing to it a string giving the co
mmand name. This routine first attempts to find an RSX or a backgrou
nd ROM whose external command table contains the command. Only those
RSXs and ROMs which have been suitably initialized are taken into con
sideration. If the command is found then the 'far address' of the corr
esponding jumpblock entry is returned (see section 2.3). If the comman
d is not found the routine starts at ROM 0 and searches for a fore
ground ROM whose external command table contains the command. If a fo
reground ROM is found,then the system resets and enters the appropriate
foreground program. If no match for the command can be found a failure
indication is returned. Note that the external command mechanism allow
s both for finding of background and RSX routines, and for switching
of foreground programs. Note also that the first command name in a backg
round ROM corresponds to the implicit initialization entry, and should
not be used as a command. The first time a background or
RSX routine is used the external command mechanism should be used
to establish its jumpblock address. This may then be stored and used
directly for subsequent calls of the routine. It is foolish to assume t
hat a particular background ROM is always plugged into the same socket
or that a relocatable RSX is always located at the same address.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE p
age 10.8 The first time a background or RSX routine is
used the external command mechanism should be used to establish its j
umpblock address. This may then be stored and used directly for subsequ
ent calls of the routine. It is foolish to assume that a particular bac
kground ROM is always plugged into the same socket or that a reloc
atable RSX is always located at the same address. It is the
foreground program's responsibility to invoke the external command onc
e its address has been found, and to pass its parameters in a suitable f
orm. BASIC in the on-board ROM functions as follows, and should serve
as a model for other foreground programs if only to allow common use of
commands by other systems An external command is identified by a v
ertical bar ('') followed by the command name, optionally followed b
y a list of parameters. The bar does not form part of the command n
ame. The command name must consist of alphabetic characters (whi
ch are converted to upper case), numeric characters or dots.
Parameters are passed by value, that is each parameter may be a
numeric expression, the calculated value of which is passed, or an
address. The number and type of parameters must be agreed between
the BASIC program and the command because BASIC performs no
checking. Each parameter passed is a two byte number, whose
interpretation depends on its type Integer expressio
n two's complement value of the Integer
result. Real expression the Real result forced to
Unsigned Integer. Variable r
eference address of the value of a variable (for a
string this is the address of the
descriptor). A string descriptor is three bytes long.
Byte 0 contains the length of the string. Bytes 1 and 2 contain
the address where the string is stored. If the string length is 0 t
hen the address of the string is meaningless. String variabl
es may be changed P providing that the string descriptor is not
altered in any way. Entry A contains the number of paramet
ers. IX contains the address of the parameters. IY conta
ins the address of the ROM's upper data area if the command w
as found in a background ROM. If the command was found in an RSX's e
xternal command table then IY is undefined. Exit AF,BC,DE,HL
,IX and IY corrupt. Alternate register set untouched. Notes
Index register IX contains the address of the parameters. If there
are no parameters then the ith parameter is at offset (n-i)x2 from
the index register address - so the 1st parameter is at the
largest offset, and the last parameter is pointed to by IX.
The IY register is set by the Kernel and not by BASIC. The A and
IX registers and the parameter area are set by BASIC. AMSTRAD CPC464
/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 10.9 10.
7 Examples. a) A simple external command. This example u
ses the BIOS routine SET MESSAGE that is available as an external comman
d under AMSDOS. SET MESSAGE turns on or off the disc error messages a
nd has the following interface SET MESSAGE
Command nameControl A Entry conditions A
#00 Turn disc error messages on. A #FF Turn disc error me
ssages off. Exit conditions A Previos stat
e. HL and flags corrupt. Before it is possible to u
se the external command it is necessary to establish the store and far
address of the routine. This may be performed as follows
LD HL,CMDNAME Pointer to command name
CALL KLFINDCOMMAND Ask Kernel where it is JR NC,ER
RORROUTINE Command not found error LD (CMDFA
RADDRESS+0),HL Store address LD A,C LD (CM
DFARADDRESS+2),A Store ROM number CMDNAME DEFB #01+#80
Control A #01 CMDFARADDRESS DEFS 3 Area for stori
ng far address Having found the far address of the routine it can no
w be called. For example LD A,0
Enable messages RST 3 Far CALL
DEFW CMDFARADDRESS Pointer to far address
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 10.10
b) A complex external command This example uses th
e INCHAR external command provided by the serial interface. INCHAR rea
ds a character from the Serial Interface and has the following interfac
e INCHAR Command nameINCHAR
Entry conditions A Number of parameters (should be 2).
IX Address of parameter block. IX+2 Addre
ss to store status/ IX+0 Address to store character read.
Exit conditions AF,BC,DE,HL,IX and IY corrupt.
Before it is possible to use the external command it is necessary to
establish and store the far address of the routine. This may be
performed as follows LD HL,CMDTABLE Poi
nter to command name CALL KLFINDCOMMAND Ask Kernel whe
re it is JR NC,ERRORROUTINE Command not found error
LD (CMDFARADDRESS+0),HL Store address
LD A,C LD (CMDFARADDRESS+2),A Store ROM number
CMDNAME DEFB 'INCHA','R'+#80 CMDFARADDRESS DEFS 3
Area for storing far address Having found the far address of the
routine it can now be called. For example LD A,2
2 parameters LD IX,PARAMBLOCK A
ddress of parameter block RST 3 FAR CAL
L DEFW CMDFARADDRESS Pointer to far address
LD HL,(STATUS) HLSerial Interface status P
LD A,(CHAR) ACharacter read (if any) PA
RAMBLOCK DEFW STATUS First parameter is status
DEFW CHAR Second parameter is character STAT
US DEFW #0000 CHAR DEFW #0000 AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 10.11
c) Passing different types of parameter This exmple uses an inven
ted external command which takes a string of characters, looks these up
in an index and returns a reference number. The external command is ass
umed to be designed to be called from BASIC as follows
REFNUM,CHARTRING$,INDEXNUM,REFNUM i.e. The first parameter is a
string (whose address is passed) which is to be looked up. The second
parameter is a number specifying which index to use, and the third para
meter is a variable (whose address is passed) which is to be set to the
required reference number. The far address of the routine can be es
tablished in the same way as was described in the previous two example
s. To call this routine from a machine code program it is necessary to
set up the parameter block and a string descriptor. The following subr
outine does this GETREFNUM Entry HLAddress
of string. A Length of st
ring. DEIndex number.
Exit HLReference number.
AF,BC,DE,IX,IY corrupt.
LD (STRDESCRIPTOR+0),A Store length of string. LD
(STRDESCRIPTOR+1),HL Store address of string LD (PARAMBLOC
K+2),DE Store index number LD A,3
3 parameters LD IX,PARAMBLOCK Address of
parameter block RST 3 FAR CALL
DEFW CMDFARADDRESS Pointer to far address
LD HL,REFNUM HLReference number RET
PARAMBLOCK DEFW STRDESCRIPTOR First paramater is address of
string desriptor
DEFW #0000 Second parameter is index
number DEFW REFNUM Third p
arameter is address of store for
reference number STRDESCRIPTOR DEFB #00 Length
DEFW #0000 Address REFNUM
DEFW #0000 AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 10.12 The external command routine
that is being called has to pick the parameters out of the pramete
r block and it might work as follows LD L,(IX+0)
LD H,(IX+1) HLAddress of string
descriptor LD A,(HL)
INC HL ALength of the string
LD E,(HL) INC HL LD D,(HL) E
X HL,DE HLAddress of string. LD E
,(IX+2) LD D,(IX+3) DEIndex number
... Look up string LD (IX+
4),L LD (IX+5),H Store resulting reference
RET number
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 10.13 $$$hen the initialization routine return
s, the Kernel stores the address of the base of the upper area whic DE
Index number ... Look up string
LD (IX+4),L LD (IX+5),H Store
resulting reference RET number
AMSTRAD C
PC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE pag P 11 Inter
rupts. There is only one source of interrupts in an unexpanded m
achine, namely a regular time interrupt. Expansion boards may ge
nerate interrupts, but suitable software must be provided to deal with
the extra interrupts. The system runs with interrupts enabl
ed most of the time. It is inadvisable to disable interrupts for a
prolonged period if this is avoidable because the time interrupts wi
ll be missed. A number of firmware routines enable interrupts and th
is is remarked upon in their descriptions. In particular the kernel ro
utines dealing with ROMs and the restart instructions ( eg. LOW J
UMP ) enable interrupts. 11.1 The Time Interrupt.
The time interrupt occurs roughly once every 1/300th of a second. On
machines with PAL monitors (as in the UK ) or SECAM monitors ( as in
France ) the timer is synchronised with frame flyback every sixth
tick. On machines using NTSC monitors ( as in the US ) the timer is
synchronised with frame flyback every fifth tick. The time interrupt
is processed by the Kernel and presented to the rest of the system in
a number of ways a. Fast Ticker Interrupts. Period
1/300th of a second. For a high resolution or very short period timi
ng ( not intended for general use ). b. Sound Generation I
nterrupt. Period 1/1OOth of a second. This interrupt drive
s the sound generation firmware, but is otherwise not visible to the sy
stem. c. Frame Flyback Interrupt. Period 1/50th or 60th
of a second.
For actions which must take place during frame flyback. Ink flashing
is performed during a frame flyback interrupt, for example. d. Ti
cker Interrupt. Period 1/50th of a second. This is
the general purpose ticker interrupt. The keyboard is scanned at the st
art of each ticker interrupt. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 11.1 e. System Clock.
There is a timer that counts fast ticks ie. 1/300ths of a second. This c
an be used to measure elapsed time without setting up a relatively ex
pensive fast tick event. The timer is read by calling KL TIME PLEASE and
may be set by calling KL TIME SET. 11.2 External Interrupts.
The Z80 is run in interrupt mode 1. Which is to say that all
interrupts cause an RST7 to be executed by the processor. The
interrupt handling code in the Kernel can distinguish between the time i
nterrupt and an external interrupt. It does this by re-enabling in
terrupts inside the interrupt routine. If the interrupt repeats then it
is assumed to be an external interrupt, otherwise it is taken to be a ti
me interrupt. Note that this requires that the source of external inter
rupts should not clear the interrupt condition until the software resets
it. Unless special action is taken in hardware, Z80 peripheral chips w
ill not obey this requirement. In such cases the recommended course o
f action is described in Appendix XIII. Before an external interrupt i
s enabled its interrupt handler must be ' installed '. This is done by
copying the 5 bytes at address #003B to a new location and replacing
them by suitable code ( probably including a jump ). When the Kern
el detects an external interrupt it calls address #003B in RAM to proc
ess the interrupt. Entry No conditions
. Exit AF, BC,DE and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes
Interrupts are disabled and must remain disabled. Th
e lower ROM is disabled. The upper ROM select and state are
indeterminate. The alternate register set must not be touche
d. The interrupt routine must establish whether it can deal with
the interrupt, and if so it must at least clear it. If the interrupt
is not the responsibility of the routine then it should jump to the cop
y of the Pbytes taken from location #003B which may be competent to d
eal with the interrupt. This requires the code patched at location #00
3B to be position independent in case a second external interrupt handle
r is installed. The code put at #003B at EMS is position independent -
it merely returns. Note that interrupt handling code must be
in RAM somewhere between #0040 and #BFFF. Interrupt handlers should
be as short as possible. If an interrupt requires a lot of processing
beyond that required to clear it, then the interrupt should kick an
event to do the work outside the interrupt path. AMST
RAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 11.2
11.3 Nonmaskable Interrupts. There is no provision for handling
a nonmaskable interrupt (NMI) in the firmware (despite the fact that
NMI is available on the external bus connector). Various firmware ro
utines (notably those connected with driving the Centronics port, the
PPI to access the sound chip and keyboard, and the cassette) will have
timing constraints violated if NMIs occur whilst they are active. It i
s recommended that NMI should not be used. 11.4 Interrupts a
nd Events. As a general rule hardware interrupts should be transform
ed into their software equivalents, 'events', as soon as possible. The
handling of events is more flexible than the handling of hardware inter
rupts - for example there are no restrictions on where event routines ma
y reside, or on interrupt enabling. Events are described by a
n event block. This block contains the event class, the event count and
an event routine address. When an event occurs the event block is '
kicked' and the Kernel arranges for the event routine to be called o
nce for each kick (the number of kicks outstanding is kept in the ev
ent block). The event routine is not necessarily called immediately
. When the event routine is actually run depends on the event class as f
ollows a. Express Asynchronous Events. This is an un
usual class of event. The even routine is called immediately du
ring interrupt processing. The routine must be accessible by t
he interrupt code, it may not enable interrupts, corrupt the IX a
nd IY registers or use the alternate register set. The routine shoul
d be as short as possible. b. Normal Asynchronous Events.
This is the most flexible sort of event. When the event is kicked
the event routine is not called, but the event block is placed on
the interrupt event pending queue. Once the current interrupt
has been processed, just before the Kernel returns from the
interrupt path, any events on the interrupt event pending queue
are processed. While the events are being processed the system is
running with interrupts enabled and may be regarded as no longer be
ing in the interrupt path. It is using its own stack rather tha
n the main system stack. This private stack is 128 bytes long.
The asynchronous event routine is, therefore, called shortly after
the event is kicked and is not restricted in what it may do or
where it may be located. The event routine may take as long to run
as is needed. Any further kicks received during the time that the
event routine is running will be added to the event count and will
be processed before returning to the interrupt program.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 11.3
c. Synchronous Events. Synchronous events are qu
eued on the synchronous event pending queue. They are not proces
sed until the foreground program allows the queue to be process
ed. This can be used to control interactions between differe
nt parts of programs. 11.5 Interrupt Queues. The various
time interrupts provide three sources of 'kicks' for events. The
events to be kicked when each of the interrupts occur are stored on que
ues, one queue for each source of kicks. The user p Provides an
area to store for the Kernel's use. The size of the area depends on w
hich queue it is for. The last 7 bytes of the area are always an eve
nt block which the user should initialize appropriately. Appendix X
describes the layout of these blocks in greater detail. a. Fast
Ticker Events. Events on the fast ticker queue are 'kicked' on
each fast ticker interrupt, i.e. every 1/300th of a second. A fast
ticker block is 9 bytes long. b. Ticker Events.
Each event on the ticker queue is associated with a timer. The
timer may be a 'one shot', which goes off once, or a repeater,
which goes off periodically. The timer counts ticker interrupts,
i.e. 1/50ths of a second, and when sufficient have occurred it
goes off. Each time the timer associated with an event goes off
the event is kicked. A ticker block is 13 bytes long. c
. Frame Flyback Events. Events on the frame flyback queue are ki
cked on each frame flyback interrupt, i.e. 1/50th of a second on PAL
or SECAM machines and every 1/60th of a second on NTSC machines.
A frame flyback block is 9 bytes long.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 11.4 here i
s only one source of interrupts in an unexpanded machine, namely
a re 12 Events. The even mechanism is primarily provi
ded by the Kernel to support the handling of interrupts and other
external events. However, the mechanism may also be used to handle in
ternal events in complicated programs (such as a simulation, for
example). An event is characterised by the following
a. Event Class (see section 12.1) Events may be synchronou
s or asynchronous, express or normal. b. Event Priority (see sec
tion 12.1) Synchronous events have an associated priority.
c. Event Count (see section 12.2) Each time an event
occurs the count is incremented. Each time an event is processed the
count is decremented. The event may be disarmed by setting the coun
t negative. d. Event Routine. (see section 12.3) The
address of the routine which is called to process the event. An eve
nt appears to the Kernel as a data block containing the above values
(see Appendix X for the exact layout of an event block). The block mu
st be in the central 32K bytes of memory, so that the Kernel can acces
s it without worrying about the ROM enable state. When an event occurs
the associated event block is kicked by calling KL EVENT. If the even
t count is negative, the 'kick' is ignored, otherwise the event co
unt is incremented (up to a maximum of 127) and the event routine will
be called at some time in the future - depending on the event c
lass. When the event routine returns the event count is decremented, unl
ess it has been set to zero or negative in the meantime. 12
.1 Event Class. Events are either synchronous or asynchronous. Asynchr
onous events are intended for the processing of external events which
require almost immediate service. The processing of asynchronous events
pre-empts the main program. The processing of synchronous events i
s under the complete control of the main program, which will, in ge
neral, deal with them when it is convenient to do so. AMSTR
AD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 12.1
a. Asynchronous Events. An asynchronous event is processed immedia
tely the event is kicked - or almost immediately if the kick occurs in
the P interrupt path - see section 11 on interrupts. The Kernel does
not provide any interlocks between asynchronous events and the main p
rogram or other events, so care must be exercised to avoid interaction
s. It is most unwise to call routines that are not re-entrant - fo
r example, the firmware screen driving routines. If the eve
nt count is still greater than zero when the event routine returns, it
is decremented. If the count remains greater than zero then the pro
cess is repeated (the event routine is called again and the event cou
nt is decremented) until the count becomes zero or is set negative (see
12.2 below). b. Synchronous Events. Synchronous events are not
processed when the event is kicked, but are placed on the synchronous e
vent queue, waiting to be processed. Events are queued in descending ord
er of priority - equal priority events after those already on the qu
eue. The foreground program should poll the synchronous event
queue regularly, to see if there are any events outstanding. If there
are then it should process them. The difference between synchronous
and asynchronous events is, therefore, that the foreground program decid
es when synchronous events should be processed, but the event 'kicker
' decides when asynchronous events are processed. Provided that the
foreground program takes suitable care, there should be no difficulty
in handling the interactions and resource sharing between synchronous
events and the foreground program. When the foreground program
finds the synchronous event queue is not empty it should (but is not c
onstrained to) instruct the Kernel to process the first event on the
queue. When a synchronous event routine is run the Kernel remembers the
priority of the event. In the event routine the synchronous event qu
eue may be polled, but the Kernel hides any event whose priority is
less than or equal to that event currently being processed. When th
e event routine returns the previous event priority is restored - so t
he processing of events may be nested. The synchronous ev
ent priorities are split into two ranges, express and normal. All exp
ress events have higher priorities than all normal events. The Kernel p
rovides a mechanism to disable the processing of normal events, withou
t affecting express events. This may be used to implement 'critical re
gions' through which normal events may interact. The synchronous event '
kicked' by the Key Manager break handling mechanism is an example
of an express synchronous event. 12.2 Event Count. The main pu
rpose of the event count is to keep track of the difference between the
number of times the event has been kicked, and the number a times the e
vent has been processed. This ensures that a kick is not missed if it o
ccurs before the previous kick has been processed. The event count is
normally incremented when the event is kicked and decremented when
the event routine returns. However the exact action depends on the ev
ent count as follows AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 12.2 Increment. -1
28..-2 The count is not changed - the event is ignored. -1
This value is illegal. 0 The count is incremented
and event processing is initiated as required by t
he even class. 1..126 The count is incremented but no furth
er action is taken. The event is waiting for a prev
ious kick to be processed or for processing to compl
ete. 127 The count is not changed - the kick is ignored.
Decrement. -128 This value is illegal.
-127..0 The count is not changed - the event has been
disarmed. 1 The count is decre
mented and the event processing is terminated.
2..127 The count is decremented and the event processing
is continued. P Note that the event routine ma
y disarm itself by setting the count negative (by convention to -64)
and can discard unwanted kicks by setting its count to one.
12.3 Event Routine. In general the address of the event routine is
given as a 3 byte 'far address' (see section 2 on the memory layout).
This allows the routine to be located in any ROM or anywhere in RAM.
A special form of the address class may specify the routine as at a
'near address'. This does not change the ROM state and so the routine
must be located either in the lower ROM or in the central 32K of RAM.
The ROM select byte of the 'far address' is ignored and the other two
bytes taken as the address of the routine. Calling a 'near address'
event routine requires a little less work than calling a full 'far
address', and is used by the firmware itself. 12.4 Disarming and Rein
itializing Events. Before an event block may be reinitialized the even
t must be disarmed. This ensures that the event is removed from the vari
ous event pending queues and prevents the event queues being corrupted
when the event block is initialized. An asynchronous event must not b
e reinitialized from inside its asynchronous event routine (because
in this case disarming the event does not remove the event from the i
nterrupt event pending queue). AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 F
IRMWARE page 12.3 Synchronous an
d asynchronous events are disarmed in different manners. a. Asyn
chronous Events. An asynchronous event should be disarmed by
calling KL DISARM EVENT. This sets the event count to a negative v
alue (-64)and thus prevents kicks having any effect. If the event is
on the interrupt event pending queue then it will be discarded only
when an attempt is made to process the event and not immediately th
at the event is disarmed. b. Synchronous Events.
A synchronous event should be disarmed by calling KL DE
L SYNCHRONOUS. This sets the event count to a negative value (-64)
and removes the event block from the synchronous event pending
queue (if it is on the queue). The above procedures prev
ent the event being successfully kicked, they do not prevent attempts be
ing made to kick the event. A fast ticker, frame flyback or ticker eve
nt (see section 11.5) will still be on its appropriate queue and will s
till be receiving regular attempts to kick it. To prevent time being was
ted (and the system from being slowed down because of it) the event
should be removed from the interrupt queue by calling KL DEL FAST TI
CKER, KL DEL FRAME FLY or KL DEL TICKER.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 12.4 handling of i11.5) will still be on its
appropriate queue and will still be receiving regular attempts to kick
it. To prevent time being wasted (and the system from being slowed
down because of it) the event should be removed from the interrupt
queue by calling KL DEL FAST TICKER, KL DEL FRAME FLY or KL DEL T
ICKER. 13 The Machine Pack. The
Machine Pack deals with the low level driving of the hardware. It also
talks to the Centronics port (and hence the printer) and is in charg
e of running 'load and go' programs. 13.1 Hardware Interfaces.
The routines provided for driving the hardware are only to be used by
those who understand the hardware and how the firmware drives the
hardware. The user should not access the hardware directly P when a
Machine Pack routine is provided for this purpose. Often there are
higher level routines that accomplish the same effects but also keep the
firmware informed of the current settings. Where possible these hig
her level routines should be used and the Machine Pack routine avoide
d. Using the Machine Pack routines may cause the firmware to make err
oneous assumptions about the current settings and may cause it to go wr
ong. The Machine Pack makes certain assumptions about the state of
the hardware when it accesses it. In particular, PPI port A is assumed
to be in output mode and the sound chip, ULA CRTC and Centronics port
are assumed to be inactive that is, not halfway through setting a valu
e into a chip register. It is usually essential that interrupts be
disabled when accessing the hardware directly. There are fo
ur main areas of the hardware that the Machine Pack deals with
a. The screen. There are three aspects of the screen displa
y that can be set using the Machine Pack. These are the screen m
ode (set by calling MC SET MODE) and the screen base and offset (se
t by calling (MC SET OFFSET). The screen mode set
s how many pixels are displayed on the screen and how many inks ma
y be used as follows Mode Resolution
Inks 0 160 x 200 16
1 320 x 200 4 2
640 x 200 2 The screen base sets which 16K block of
memory is used for the screen memory. Theoretically, any of #00
00, #4000, #8000 or #C000 could be used but, in practice, other c
onsiderations mean that only #4000 and #C000 may be useful.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 13.1
The screen offset sets which byte in the screen memory is
to be displayed first. Changing the screen offset will move the co
ntents of the screen in one go. This is used for rolling the screen.
A fuller description of the screen layout and its relationship t
o these aspects can be found in section 6 on the Screen Pack.
If addresses are to be read back from the CRT controller chip,
when using a light pen for instance, then careful inspection of
the way the screen memory is addressed will be needed to translate
the screen address read from the chip to the actual position on
the screen. The Machine Pack also provides a routine (MC WAI
T FLYBACK) to wait until frame flyback occurs (the start of the
vertical retrace period). This may be used to ensure that operation
s on the screen are performed with as little disruption as is po
ssible to the picture on the monitor since no picture is generated
during this period. As an alternative to waiting for frame flybac
k explicitly the user should consider setting up a frame flybac
k event as described in section 11.5. The vertical
retrace period is not very long. Furthermore, approximately 1
00 microseconds from its start, a time interrupt occurs that will
cause the frame flyback events to be processed (see section 11).
These may take a significant length of time out of the retrace per
iod. b. The inks. The Machine Pack deals with setting the
colours of inks. There is a fuller explanation of the relationship
between inks and colours in section 6.2. Briefly, the colour for ea
ch ink and the border can be specified independently and changed
at will. Note, however, that the Machine Pack deals with the hardwar
e representations of colours and not the grey scale colours that t
he Screen Pack uses and also that an ink may only be set to one co
lour, the flashing inks are made by the Screen Pack setting two co
lours alternately. Two routines are provided for setting the colou
rs of inks. MC SET INKS allows the colours of all 16 inks and the b
order to be set P(although not all of the inks may be visible o
n the screen in the current mode). MC CLEAR INKS sets the colour of
the border ink and sets all 16 inks to the same colour. The latt
er is used when clearing the screen to make the operation appear
instantaneous. c. The sound chip. A routine, MC SOUND REGI
STER, is provided to write to a register of the sound chip. This i
s used by the Sound Manager for hardware access. d. The C
entronics port. Two routines are provided to access the Centronics p
ort. MC BUSY PRINTER tests if it is busy. MC SEND PRINTER strobes
data out of it. Data should not be sent while the port is busy.
The Centronics port is used by the printer routines provided in
the Machine Pack and described below. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/61
28 FIRMWARE page 13.2 13.2 The P
rinter. There is a routine, MC PRINT CHAR, which calls an indirection,
MC WAIT PRINTER, for sending characters to the printer, or rather,
to the Centronics port. In V1.1 firmware, before sending the characte
rs MC PRINT CHAR translates them using the printer translation table.
The user can set the translations by calling MC PRINT TRANSLATION
. The default translation table (see Appendix XIV) only affects chara
cters in the range #A0..#AF and is designed to make these characters p
rint more reasonably on the DMP-1 printer for various language options.
MC WAIT PRINTER waits until the Centronics port is not busy and then
sends the given characters to it. If the port remains busy for a long
time then the routine times out and returns indicating that it has
failed to send the character. This time out can be used to prevent
programs 'hanging' because they are waiting for a (possibly
non-existent) printer to become ready. MC WAIT PRINTER allows t
he user to intercept characters to be sent to the printer. This could a
llow special escape sequences to be inserted if needed, or it could all
ow the printer to be disabled or the length of the time out to be chang
ed. 13.3 Loading and Running Programs. The Machine Pack
provides two routines for running programs, MC START PROGRAM and MC BOO
T PROGRAM. MC START PROGRAM is the simpler of the two routines. I
t completely re-initialize all the firmware and then enters the given p
rogram. MC BOOT PROGRAM is more complex. It is for loading a program
into RAM and running it. The user supplies a routine to MC BOOT PROG
RAM that will load the program and return its entry point. Before th
is load routine is called as much of the firmware as is possible is re
set so that the are of memory between #0040 and the base of the firmwar
e RAM at #B100 is available for use. If the system were not reset the
n an active indirection, event or interrupt routine might be overwri
tten with disastrous consequences. If the program is loaded su
ccessfully by MC BOOT PROGRAM then the firmware is completely in
itialized and the program is entered. However, if the loading fails
then an appropriate message is printed and the previous foreground pr
ogram is restarted. If the previous program was itself a RAM progra
m then the default ROM is entered instead because it is likely tha
t the previous program was corrupted when the attempt to load the new
one was made. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 13.3 low level driving of the hardware. It also t
a However, if the loading fails then an appropriate message is printed
and the previous foreground program is restart 14 Firmware Jump
blocks. There are a number of jumpblocks provided by the firmware. The
largest of these is the main firmware jumpblock. This is intended to b
e used by programs to access the firmware routines in the lower ROM.
BASIC, for instance, uses these jumps. Note, however that the firmware
does not use this jumpblock for internal communication with itself.
This means that altering the jumpblock will cause BASIC to beh
a Pve differently but will not cause the firmware to behave differently
. The most important jumpblock is the indirections jumpblock. T
he indirections are jumps that are used by the firmware at key points
. This allows the user to alter the action of firmware routines. The
entries in this jumpblock are not intended for the user to call, only
for the firmware to call. Altering an indirection is the method to
make the firmware behave differently. The remaining two jumpblo
cks are associated with the Kernel. One is a jumpblock to allow the use
r to call various useful Kernel routines to do with changing ROM states
and the like. The other is not a jumpblock as such, just an area where
the routines are at published addresses. These are general utility rou
tines and restarts. In general neither of these areas should be altered
by the user. The routines in these jumpblocks are briefly listed
below. More complex descriptions of the routines can be found in secti
ons 15, 16, 17 and 18. AMSDOS provides a number of external com
mands which allow the user access to the low level disc drivin
g and to high level disc operations. These commands are ac
cessed using the external command mechanism described in section 10
, i.e. The caller passes the command name to KL FIND COMMAND and far
calls the resulting routine. More complex descriptions of these com
mands can be found in sections 19 and 20. 14.1 The Main Jumpblock.
The main firmware jumpblock lies in RAM between addresses #BB00 and
#BD5D. Each entry in the jumpblock occupies three bytes and is
initialized to use LOW JUMP restarts (RST 1) that cause the lower ROM
to be enabled, so that the firmware routines can be run, and the upper
ROM to be disabled, so that the screen memory is accessible while the
firmware is running. Full descriptions of these routines can be found i
n section 15. After the jumpblock has been set up at EMS it is patc
hed by the initialization of the AMSDOS ROM to install the disc (r
ather than cassette) as default but is not otherwise altered by the
firmware until the system is reinitialized. If any entries are changed
then it is the user's responsibility to undo the alterations. This
can be achieved by calling JUMP RESTORE which completely initializ
es the jumpblock but this will lose any other patches, such as those ma
de by AMSDOS. It is better to copy the original contents of the ch
anged entries back. 14.1.1 Entries to the Key Manager. T
he Key Manager deals with the keyboard and the joysticks. INITIALIZATION
0 #BB00 KM INITIALIZE Initialize the Key Manager. A
MSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 14.1
1 #BB03 KM RESET Reset the Key Manager - clear all
buffers, restore standard key
expansions and indirections. CHA
RACTERS 2 #BB06 KM WAIT CHAR Wait for the next character f
rom the keyboard. 3 #BB09 K
M READ CHAR Test if a character is available from
the keyboard. 4 #BB0C KM CHAR RETURN Return
a single character to the keyboard
for next time. 191 #BD3D KM FLUSH Discard all pending ch
aracters and keys. 5 #BB0F
KM SET EXPAND Set an expansion string. 6 #BB12 KM GET EXPAND
Get a character from an expansion
string. 7 #BB15 KM EXP BUFFER Allocate a buffer for
expansion strings. KEYS
8 #BB18 KM WAIT KEY Wait for the next key from the
keyboard. 9 #BB1B KM READ KE
Y Test of a key is available from the
keyboard. 10 #BB1E KM TEST KEY Test if a key is pr
essed. 190 #BD3A KM SET LOCKS Set P the Shift Lock and
Caps Lock states. 11 #BB21
KM GET STATE Fetch Caps Lock and Shift Lock states. 12 #BB24
KM GET JOYSTICK Fetch current state of the
joystick(s). TRANSLATION TABLES 13
#BB27 KM SET TRANSLATE Set entry in key translation table
without shift or control. 14 #BB2A KM GET
TRANSLATE Get entry from key translation table
without shift or control. 15 #BB2D KM SET SHIFT
Set entry in key translation table
when shift key is pressed. 16 #BB30 KM GET SHIFT Get entry f
rom key translation table when shift k
ey is pressed. 17 #BB33 KM SET CONTROL Set entry in key tra
nslation table when control key is pres
sed. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.2 18 #BB36 KM GET CONTROL Get entry form k
ey translation table when control key
is pressed. REPEATING 19 #BB39 KM SET REPEAT Set wh
ether a key may repeat. 20 #BB3C KM GET REPEAT Ask if a key i
s allowed to repeat. 21 #BB3F KM SET DELAY Set start up dela
y and repeat speed. 22 #BB42 KM GET DELAY Get start up delay
and repeat speed. BREAKS 23 #BB45 KM ARM BREAK
Allow break events to be generated. 24 #BB48 KM DISARM BREAK
Prevent break event from being g
enerated. 25 #BB4B KM BREAK EVENT Generate a break event (if a
rmed). 14.1.2 Entries to the Text VDU. The Text VDU is a
character based screen driver. INITIALIZATION 26 #BB4E
TXT INITIALISE Initialize the Text VDU. 27 #BB51 TXT RESET
Reset the Text VDU - restore default
indirections and control code
functions. 28 #BB54 TXT VDU ENABLE Allow characters to b
e placed on the screen. 29
#BB57 TXT VDU DISABLE Prevent characters from being placed
on the screen. 192 #BD40 TXT ASK STATE
Get state of the text VDU. CHARACTERS 30 #BB5A TXT
OUTPUT Output a character or control code to
the Text VDU. 31 #BB5D TXT WR CHAR Write a c
haracter onto the screen. 32 #BB60 TXT RD CHAR Read a chara
cter from the screen. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.3 33 #BB63 TXT SET GRAPHIC T
urn on or off the Graphics VDU ch
aracter writing option. WINDOWS 34 #BB66 TXT WIN ENABLE
Set size of the current text window. 35 #BB69 TXT GET WINDOW
Get the size of the current text
window. 36 #BB6C TXT CLEAR WINDOW Clear current window.
CURSOR 37 #BB6F TXT SET COLUMN Set cursor horizontal p
osition. 38 #BB72 TXT SET ROW Set cursor vertical position.
39 #BB75 TXT SET CURSOR Set cursor position. 40 #
BB78 TXT GET CURSOR Ask current cursor position. 41 #BB7B TXT
CUR ENABLE Allow cursor display - user. 42 #BB7E TXT CUR DISA
BLE Dissallow cursor display - user. 43 #BB81 TXT CUR ON
Allow cursor display - system. 44 #BB84 TXT CUR OFF Diss
allow cursor display - system. 45 #BB87 TXT VALIDATE Check i
f a cursor position is within the wind
ow. 46 #BB8A TXT PLACE CURSOR Put a cursor blob on the screen.
47 #BB8D TXT REMOVE CURSOR Take a cursor blob off the screen.
INKS 48 #BB90 TXT SET PEN Set ink for writing chara
cters. 49 #BB93 TXT GET PEN Get ink for writing characters.
50 #BB96 PTXT SET PAPER Set ink for writing text backgroun
d. 51 #BB99 TXT GET PAPER Get ink for writing text background
. 52 #BB9C TXT INVERSE Swap current pen and paper inks.
53 #BB9F TXT SET BACK Allow or dissallow background being
written. AMSTRAD CPC464/
664/6128 FIRMWARE page 14.4 54
#BBA2 TXT GET BACK Ask if background is being written. MATRIC
ES 55 #BBA5 TXT GET MATRIX Get the address of a character matr
ix. 56 #BBA8 TXT SET MATRIX Set a character matrix.
57 #BBAB TXT SET M TABLE Set the user defined matrix table
address. 58 #BBAE TXT GET M TABLE
Get user defined matrix table address. CONTROL CODES 59
#BBB1 TXT GET CONTROLS Fetch address of control code table. ST
REAMS 60 #BBB4 TXT STR SELECT Select Text VDU stream.
61 #BBB7 TXT SWAP STREAMS Swap the states of two streams. 1
4.1.3 Entries to the Graphics VDU The Graphics VDU deals with individu
al pixels. INITIALIZATION 62 #BBBA GRA INITIALISE
Initialize the Graphics VDU. 63 #BBBD GRA RESET Reset th
e Graphics VDU - restore standard ind
irections. 193 #BD43 GRA DEFAULT Set default Graphics VDU mode
s. CURRENT POSITION 64 #BBC0 GRA MOVE ABSOLUTE Move t
o an absolute position. 65 #BBC3 GRA MOVE RELATIVE Move relative
to current position. 66 #BBC6 GRA ASK CURSOR Get the current p
osition. 67 #BBC9 GRA SET ORIGIN Set the origin of th
e user coordinates. 68 #B
BCC GRA GET ORIGIN Get the origin of the user
coordinates. 197 #BD4F GRA FROM USER C
onvert user coordinates to base co
ordinates. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.5 WINDOW 69 #BBCF GRA WIN WIDTH
Set left and right edges of the
graphics window. 70 #BBD2 GRA WIN HEIGHT Set top and bo
ttom edges of the graphics window.
71 #BBD5 GRA GET W WIDTH Get the left and right edges of the
graphics window. 72 #BBD8 G
RA GET W HEIGHT Get the top and bottom edges of the
graphics window. 73 #BBDB GRA CLEAR WINDOW Cle
ar the graphics window. INKS 74 #BBDE GRA SET PEN
Set the graphics plotting ink. 75 #BBE1 GRA GET PEN Get
the current graphics plotting ink. 76 #BBE4 GRA SET PAPER Set
the graphics background ink. 77 #BBE7 GRA GET PAPER Get the
current graphics background ink.
194 #BD46 GRA SET BACK Set whether background is to be
written. PLOTTING 78
#BBEA GRA PLOT ABSOLUTE Plot a point at an absolute position. 79
#BBED GRA PLOT RELATIVE Plot a point relative to the current
position. TESTING 80 #BBF0 GR
A TEST ABSOLUTE Test a point at an absolute position. 81 #BBF3 GR
A TEST RELATIVE Test a point relative to the current
position. LINE DRAWING 82 #BBF6 GRA LINE
ABSOLUTE Draw a line to an absolute position. 83 #BBF9 GRA LINE
RELATIVE Draw a line relative to the current
position. 195 #BD49 GRA SET FIRST Set whether first
point of a line is to be plotted.
196 #BD4C GRA SET LINE MASK Set mask for drawing lines. AM
STRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 14.6
AREA FILLING 198 #BD52 GRA FILL Fill an area of
the screen. CHARACTER DRAWING 84 #BBFC GRA WR CHAR P
Put a character on the screen at the
current graphics position. 14.1.4 Entries to the Screen Pack
The Screen Pack interfaces the Text and Graphics VDUs to the screen
hardware. Screen functions that affect both text and graphics (e.g.
ink colours) are located in the Screen Pack. INITIALIZATION
85 #BBFF SCR INITIALISE Initialize the Screen Pack. 86 #B
C02 SCR RESET Reset the Screen Pack - restore
standard indirections, ink colours and
flash rates. SCREEN HARDWARE 87 #BC05
SCR SET OFFSET Set the offset of the start of the
screen. 88 #BC08 SCR SET BASE Set the a
rea of RAM to use for the screen mem
ory. 199 #BD55 SCR SET POSITION Set the location of the screen m
emory without moving the screen.
89 #BC0B SCR GET LOCATION Fetch current base and offset
settings. MODE 90 #BC0E
SCR SET MODE Set screen into new mode. 91 #BC11 SCR GET MODE
Ask the current screen mode. 92 #BC14 SCR CLEAR
Clear the screen (to ink zero). 93 #BC17 SCR CHAR LIMITS As k s
ize of the screen in characters. SCREEN ADDRESSES 94 #BC1A
SCR CHAR POSITION Convert physical coordinates to a
screen position. 95 #BC1D SCR DOT POSITION
Convert base coordinates to a screen p
osition. 96 #BC20 SCR NEXT BYTE Step a screen address right o
ne byte. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.7 page 14.10 of t 97 #BC23 SCR PRE
V BYTE Step a screen address left one byte. 98 #BC26 SCR NEXT
LINE Step a screen address down one line. 99 #BC29 SCR PREV
LINE Step a screen address up one line. INKS 100
#BC2C SCR INK ENCODE Encode an ink to cover all pixels in a
byte. 101 #BC2F SCR INK DECODE Decod
e an encoded ink. 102 #BC32 SCR SET INK Set the colours in w
hich to display an ink. 103 #B
C35 SCR GET INK Ask the colours an ink is currently
displayed in. 104 #BC38 SCR SET BORDER
Set the colours in which to display
the border. 105 #BC3B SCR GET BORDER Ask the colours the
border is currently displayed in.
106 #BC3E SCR SET FLASHING Set the flash periods. 107 #BC4
1 SCR GET FLASHING Ask the current flash periods. MISCELLANEOUS
108 #BC44 SCR FILL BOX Fill a character area of the scr
een with an ink. 109 #BC47 SC
R FLOOD BOX Fill a byte area of the screen with an
ink. 110 #BC4A SCR CHAR INVERT Invert a charac
ter position. 111 #BC4D SCR HW ROLL Move the whole screen up
or down eight pixel lines (one characte
r). 112 #BC50 SCR SW ROLL Move an area of the screen up or
down eight pixel lines (one character).
113 #BC53 SCR UNPACK Expand a character matrix for the
current screen mode. 114 #BC5
6 SCR REPACK Compress a character matrix to the
standard form. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128
FIRMWARE page 14.8 115 #BC59 SC
R ACCESS Set the screen write mode for the
Graphics VDU. 116 #BC5C SCR PIXELS Write
a pixel to the screen ignoring the G
raphics VDU write mode. LINE DRAWING 117 #BC57 SCR HORIZONT
AL Plot a purely horizontal line. P 118 #BC62 SCR VERTICAL
Plot a purely vertical line. 14.1.5 Entries to the Cassette Man
ager/AMSDOS The Cassette Manager handles reading files from tape and
writing files to tape. AMSDOS intercepts the starred entries and redire
cts them so they read from and write to disc. The external commands TA
PE and DISC can be used to switch between the tape and disc versions
of these routines (see section 14.6). INITIALIZATION
119 #BC65 CAS INITIALISE Initialize the Cassette Manager -
close all streams, set default speed
and enable messages. 120 #BC68 CAS
SET SPEED Set the write speed. 121 #BC6B CAS NOISY
Enable or disable prompt messages. MOTOR CONTROL 122 #BC6E
CAS START MOTOR Start the cassette motor. 123 #BC71 CAS STOP MOT
OR Stop the cassette motor. 124 #BC74 CAS RESTORE MOTOR Rest
ore previous state of cassette motor
. READING FILES 125 #BC77 *CAS IN OPEN Open a f
ile for input. 126 #BC7A *CAS IN CLOSE Close the input file pr
operly. 127 #BC7D *CAS IN ABANDON Close the input file immediate
ly. 128 #BC80 *CAS IN CHAR Read a character from the input fi
le. 129 #BC83 *CAS IN DIRECT Read the input file into store.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page
14.9 130 #BC86 *CAS RETURN Put the last character
read back. 131 #BC89 *CAS TEST EOF Have we reached the end of
the file yet WRITING FILES
132 #BC8C *CAS OUT OPEN Open a file for output. 133
#BC8F *CAS OUT CLOSE Close the output file properly. 134 #BC92
*CAS OUT ABANDON Close the output file immediately. 135 #BC95 *C
AS OUT CHAR Write a character to the output file. 136 #BC98 *C
AS OUT DIRECT Write the output file directly from
store. CATALOGUING 137 #BC9B *CAS CATAL
OG Generate a catalogue from the tape. RECORDS 1
38 #BC9E CAS WRITE Write a record to tape. 139 #BCA1 CAS
READ Read a record from tape. 140 #BCA4 CAS CHECK
Compare a record on tape with the
contents of store. 14.1.6 Entries to the Sound Manager.
The Sound Manager controls the sound chip. INITIALIZATION
141 #BCA7 SOUND RESET Reset the Sound Manager - shut the
sound chip up and clear all sound
queues. SOUND QUEUES 142
#BCAA SOUND QUEUE Add a sound to a sound queue. 143 #BCAD S
OUND CHECK Ask if there is space in a sound
queue. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.10 144 #BCB0 SOUND ARM EVEN
T Set up an event to be run when a sound
queue becomes not full. SOUNDS 145 #BCB3 SOUND RELE
ASE Allows sounds to happen. 146 #BCB6 SOUND HOLD St
op all sound in mid flight. 147 #BCB9 SOUND CONTINUE Restart so
und after they have been stopped.
ENVELOPES 148 #BCBC SOUND AMPL ENVELOPE Set up an amplit
ude envelope. 149 #BCBF SOUND TONE ENVELOPE Set up a tone envelope.
150 #BCC2 SOUND A ADDRESS Get the address of an amplitude
envelope. 151 #BCC5 SOUND T
ADDRESS Get the address of a tone envelope. 14.1.7 Entries to t
he Kernel The Kernel handles synchronous and asynchronous events. It
is also in charge of the store map and switching ROMs on and off. Apar
t from the entries listed below, the Kernel has its own jumpblock and a
number of routines whose addresses are published. These extra entries a
re listed in sections 14.3 and 14.4 below. INITIALIZATION
152 P #BCC8 KL CHOKE OFF Reset the Kernel - clears all ev
ent queues etc. 153 #BCCB KL
ROM WALK Find and initialize all background
ROMs. 154 #BCCE KL INIT BACK Initialize a
particular background ROM. 1
55 #BCD1 KL LOG EXT Introduce an RSX to the firmware. 156 #
BCD4 KL FIND COMMAND Search for an RSX or background ROM or
foreground ROM to process a command.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 14.11
FRAME FLYBACK LIST 157 #BCD7 KL NEW FRAME FLY Ini
tialize and put a block onto the fram
e flyback list. 158 #BCDA KL ADD FRAME FLY Put a block onto the
frame flyback list. 159 #BC
DD KL DEL FRAME FLY Remove a block from the frame flyback
list. FAST TICKER LIST 160 #BCE0
KL NEW FAST TICKER Initialize and put a block onto the
fast tick list. 161 #BCE3 KL ADD FAST TICKER Pu
t a block onto the fast tick list. 162 #BCE6 KL DEL FAST TICKER Rem
ove a block from the fast tick list
. TICK LIST 163 #BCE9 KL ADD TICKER Put a block on
to the tick list. 164 #BCEC KL DEL TICKER Remove a block from
the tick list. EVENTS 165 #BCEF KL INIT EVENT In
itialize an event block. 166 #BCF2 KL EVENT 'Kick' an eve
nt block. 167 #BCF5 KL SYNC RESET Clear synchronous event queu
e. 168 #BCF8 KL DEL SYNCHRONOUS Remove a synchronous event from
the event queue. 169 #BCFB KL
NEXT SYNC Get the next event from the queue. 170 #BCFE KL DO
SYNC Perform an event routine. 171 #BD01 KL DONE SYNC
Finish processing an event. 172 #BD04 KL EVENT DISABLE Disabl
e normal synchronous events. 173 #BD07 KL EVENT ENABLE Enable no
rmal synchronous events. 174 #BD0A KL DISARM EVENT Prevent an ev
ent from occurring. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.12 ELAPSED TIME 175 #B
D0D KL TIME PLEASE Ask the elapsed time. 176 #BD10 KL TIME SET
Set the elapsed time. BANK SWITCHING 201 #BD5B
KL BANK SWITCH Select a memory organization. 14.1.8 Entries to
the Machine Pack The Machine Pack provides an interface to the machin
e hardware. Most packs use Machine to access any hardware they use. Th
e major exception is the Cassette Manager which, for speed reasons, pe
rforms its own hardware access. PROGRAMS 177 #BD13
MC BOOT PROGRAM Load and run a foreground program. 178 #BD16 M
C START PROGRAM Run a foreground program. SCREEN 179 #
BD19 MC WAIT FLYBACK Wait for frame flyback. 180 #BD1C MC SET M
ODE Set the screen mode. 181 #BD1F MC SCREEN OFFSET Set
the screen offset. 182 #BD22 MC CLEAR INKS Set all inks to one
colour. 183 #BD25 MC SET INKS Set colours of all the inks.
PRINTER 184 #BD28 MC RESET PRINTER Reset the printer
indirections. 200 #BD58 MC PRINT TRANSLATION Set the printer translat
ion table. 185 #BD2B MC PRINT CHAR Translate a character then
send it to the Centronics port.
186 #BD2E MC BUSY PRINTER Test if the Centronics port is busy.
187 #BD31 MC SEND PRINTER Send a character to the Centronics
port. SOUND CHIP 188 #BD34
MC SOUND REGISTER Send data to a sound chip register. AMSTRAD 46
4/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 14.13
14.1.9 Entries to Jumper Jumper sets up the main jumpblock.
INITIALIZATION 189 #BD37 JUMP RESTORE Restore the standard j
umpblock. 14.2 Firmware Indirections The fir Pmware indirec
tions listed here are taken at key points in the firmware thus allowin
g the user to provide substitute routines for many firmware actions,
without having to replace a complete firmware package. These indirect
ions are not intended for the user to call - there is usually a highe
r level routine in the main firmware jumpblock that is more suitable.
The indirections are set up by the pack to whom they apply whenever
its reset (or initialize) routine is called and during EMS they are
not otherwise altered by the firmware. The indirections are all
three bytes long and use standard jump instructions (#C3). If a RO
M state other than upper ROMs disabled and lower ROM enabled is require
d then the appropriate restart instruction might be substituted (see sec
tion 2.3). The indirections are to be found between #BDCD and #BDF6.
At this level of operation very little validation is carried out. I
f incorrect parameters are passed or a substitute routine corrupts a
register in defiance of the documented interface then the firmware
will probably cease to function as expected. More detailed des
criptions of these routines can be found in section 16. 14.2
.1 Text VDU Indirections 0 #BDCD TXT DRAW CURSOR Place the cur
sor blob on the screen (if enabled).
1 #BDD0 TXT UNDRAW CURSOR Remove the cursor blob from the screen
(if enabled). 2 #BDD3 TXT
WRITE CHAR Write a character from the screen. 3 #BDD6 TXT UNW
RITE Read a character from the screen. 4 #BDD9 TXT OUT ACT
ION Output a character or control code. 14.2.2 Graphics VDU Indi
rections 5 #BDDC GRA PLOT Plot a point. 6 #
BDDF GRA TEST Test a point. 7 #BDE2 GRA LINE
Draw a line. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.14 14.2.3 Screen Pack Indirections
8 #BDE5 SCR READ Read a pixel from the screen. 9
#BDE8 SCR WRITE Write a pixel(s) to the screen using
the current graphics write mode. 10 #BDEB
SCR MODE CLEAR Clear the screen to ink 0. 14.2.4 Keyboard Ma
nager Indirections 11 #BDEE KM TEST BREAK Test for break (o
r reset). 13 #BDF4 KM SCAN KEYS Scan the keyboard.
14.2.5 Machine Pack Indirections 12 #BDF1 MC WAIT PRINTER
Print a character or time out. 14.3 The High Kernel Jumpblock
The high Kernel jumpblock is provided to allow the user to turn ROMs
on and off and to access memory underneath ROMs while they are
enabled. The entries in this jumpblock are not all jump instructions,
some entries are the start of routines, thus the user should not alter
any of the entries in this jumpblock. The high Kernel jumpblock
occupies store from #B900 upwards. More detailed descriptions of the
routines in it can be found in section 17. 0 #B900 KL U ROM ENABL
E Turn on the current upper ROM. 1 #B903 KL U ROM DISABLE
Turn off the upper ROM. 2 #B906 KL L ROM ENABLE Turn on the lo
wer ROM. 3 #B909 KL L ROM DISABLE Turn off the lower ROM.
4 #B90C KL ROM RESTORE Restore the previous ROM state. 5
#B90F KL ROM SELECT Select a particular upper ROM. 6 #B91
2 KL CURR SELECTION Ask which upper ROM is currently
selected. 7 #B915 KL PROBE ROM Ask c
lass and version of a ROM. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.15 There are a number of jumpbloc
ks provided by the firmware. The largest ROM RESTORE Restore the
previous ROM state. 5 #B90F KL ROM SELECT Select a particula
r upper ROM. 6 #B912 KL CURR SELECTION Ask which upper ROM i
s currently selected. 7 #B
915 KL PROBE ROM Ask class and version of a ROM. AM
STRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE P 8 #B918 KL ROM DESELEC
T Restore the previous upper ROM
selection. 9 #B91B KL LDIR Move store (LDIR) wit
h ROMs disabled. 10 #B91E KL LDDR Move store (LDDR) wit
h ROMs disabled. 11 #B921 KL POLL SYNCHRONOUS Check if an event wit
h higher priority than the current event
is pending. 14 #B92A KL SCAN NEEDED Ensure keyboard is scan
ned at next opportunity. (N.
B there are no entries 12 or 13). 14.4 The Low Kernel Jumpblock.
The Kernel provides a number of useful routines in the area of memory
between #000 and #003F. These are available, in some cases, both as a
published routine address and as a restart instruction. In general the
routines are available both in ROM and RAM so whether the lower ROM is
enabled does not matter. There are also a couple of areas available
for the user to patch to trap RST 6s and interrupts from external
hardware. The low Kernel jumpblock is not intended for the u
ser to alter. However, it may be necessary to alter it under certain
circumstances. In particular the INTERRUPT ENTRY (by patching the jump a
t #0038) or the RESET ENTRY (by patching the bytes from #0000..#0
007). If a program does change any locations in the jumpblock (other
than those in the USER RESTART or EXT INTERRUPT areas) then it is the
program's responsibility to ensure that the lower ROM is enabled or the
original contents are restored when any other programs runs. In particu
lar the program must sort out the state when interrupts occur (hence th
e need to patch the INTERRUPT ENTRY). More detailed descrip
tions of the routines in this jumpblock can be found in section 18.
#0000 RST 0 RESET ENTRY Completely reset the machine as i
f powered up. #0008 RST 1 LO
W JUMP Jump to lower ROM or RAM, takes an
inline 'low address' to jump to. #000B KL LOW P
CHL Jump to lower ROM or RAM, HL contains
the 'low address' to jump to. #000E PCBC INSTRUCTION
Jump to address in BC. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 14.16 #0010 RST 2 SIDE CALL
Call to a sideways ROM, takes inline
'side address' to call. #0013 KL SIDE PCHL Call to a
sideways ROM, HL contains 'side addre
ss' to call. #0016 PCDE INSTRUCTION Jump to address in DE.
#0018 RST 3 FAR CALL Call a routine in any ROM or RAM,
takes an inline address of the 'far
address' to call. #001B KL FAR
PCHL Call a routine in any ROM or RAM, C
and HL contain the 'far address' to
call. #001E PCHL INSTRUCTION Jump to address
in HL. #0020 RST 4 RAM LAM LD A,(HL) with all ROMs disable
d. #0023 KL FAR ICALL Call a routine in any ROM or RAM,
HL points at the 'far address' to call.
#0028 RST 5 FIRM JUMP Jump to lower ROM, takes an inlin
e address to jump to. #0030 R
ST 6 USER RESTART ROM version saves current ROM state in
#002B, turns the lower ROM off and
jumps to the RAM version. RAM version
may be patched by the user between
#0030 and #0037 inclusively. #0038 RST 7 INTERRUP
T ENTRY This restart is not available as it is
used for interrupts (Z80 interrupt
mode 1). #003B EXT INTERRUPT When an interrupt
occurs on the expansion port the
fi Prmware calls location #003B in R
AM. The user may patch between #0
03B and #003F inclusive to trap thi
s occurrence. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/612
8 FIRMWARE page 14.17 he largest EXT INTERRU
PT When an interrupt occurs on the
expansion port the fi 15 The Main Firmware Jumpblo
ck. This section describes in detail the entry and exit conditions a
nd the effects of all the routines in the main firmware jumpblock. The
main firmware jumpblock is described in section 14.1. The u
ser is advised to read the sections on each pack before attemp
ting to understand the jumpblock entries. The relevant sections are
Key Manager (KM) Section 3. Text
VDU (TXT) Section 4. Graphics VDU (GRA)
Section 5. Screen Pack (SCR) Section 6.
Sound Manager (SOUND) Section 7. Cassette Man
ager (CAS) Section 8. AMSDOS Sect
ion 9. Kernel (KL) Sections 2, 10, 11 and 12.
Machine Pack (MC) Section 13. The top
line of each description has the following layout Entry num
ber Entry name Entry address Entries in the jumpblock are
numbered starting from 0. The entry address is the address to cal
l to invoke the firmware routine or the address of the three bytes to
patch to intercept the routine. The entry address can be calculated
as Entry address Start of jumpblock +3 * Entry number
Each entry is named and is referred to by name throughout this manual.
The last section of each description is a list of related routines.
The user is advised to look at these as the list may include routines
more suited for the application being considered. Conversely the
routines may shed further light on how the original routines should be
used. The descriptions of the routines are for the default rou
tine that the entry jumps to. The user may change the entry and this ma
y alter the action of the routine. The user is advised to stick to the
entry/exit conditions described otherwise programs that call the rout
ine (BASIC for example) may cease to operate correctly.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.1
0 KM INITIALISE #BB0
0 Initialize the Key Manager Action Full ini
tialization of the Key Manager (as during EMS). All Key Manager v
ariables, buffers and indirections are initialized. The previous s
tate of the Key Manager is lost. Entry conditions No con
ditions. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The Key Manager
indirection (KM TEST KEY) is set to its default routine.
The key buffer is set up (to be empty). The expansion buffer is set
up and the expansions are set to their default strings. T
he translation table are initialized to their default translations. Th
e repeating key map is initialized to its default state. The repeat sp
eeds are set to their default values. Shift and caps lock are turned o
ff. The break event is disarmed. See Appendices II, III and
IV for the default translation tables, repeating key table and expa
nsion strings. This routine enables interrupts. Related entr
ies KM RESET AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.2 1 KM RESET
#BB03 Reset the Key Manager.
Action Reinitializes the Key Manager indirections and buffers.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit condition
s AF,BC,DE and HL co Prrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The Key Manager indirection (KM TEST KEY) is
set to its default routine. The key buffer is set up (to
be empty). The expansion buffer is set up and the expansions are s
et to their default strings (see Appendix IV). The break e
vent is disarmed. All pending keys and characters are discarded.
This routine enables interrupts. Related entries
KM DISARM BREAK KM EXP BUFFER KM INITIALISE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.3
2 KM WAIT CHAR #BB06
Wait for the next character from the keyboard. Action
Try to get a character from the key buffer or the current expansio
n string. This routine waits until a character is available if no
character is immediately available. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions Carry true. A
contains the character. Other flags corrupt. All other register
s preserved. Notes The possible sources for generating t
he next character are, in the order that they are tested
The 'put back' character. The next character of an ex
pansion string. The first character of an expansion string.
A character from a key translation table. Expansion to
kens found in the key translation table are expanded to their associa
ted strings. Expansion tokens found in expansion strings are not expand
ed but are treated as characters. Related entries KM CHA
R RETURN KM READ CHAR KM WAIT KEY AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.4
3 KM READ CHAR #BB09
Test if a character is available from the keyboard. Action
Try to get a character from the key buffer or the current expansion s
tring. This routine does not wait for a character to become available if
there is no character available immediately. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions If there was a character a
vailable Carry true. A contains the characte
r. If there was no character available. Carry false
. A corrupt. Always Other flags co
rrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The possible sources for generating the next character are, in the
order that they are tested The 'put back' character.
The next character of an expansion string. The first c
haracter of an expansion string. A character from a key transla
tion table. Expansion tokens in the key translation table will be
expanded to their associated strings. Expansion tokens found in expansi
on strings are not expanded but are treated as characters. Th
is routine will always return a character if one is available. It is the
refore possible to flush out the Key Manager buffers by calling KM READ
CHAR repeatedly until it reports that no character is available. Rela
ted entries KM CHAR RETURN KM FLUSH KM READ KEY
KM WAIT CHAR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.5 4 KM CHAR RETURN
#BB0C Return a single character to the k
eyboard for next time. Action Save a character for the n
ext call of KM READ CHAR or KM WAIT CHAR. Entry conditions
A contains the character to put back. Exit conditions
All registers and flags preserved. Notes The 'put bac
k' character will be returned before any other character is generated
by the keyboard. It will not be expanded (or otherwise dealt with) bu
t will be returned as it is. The 'put back' character need not have b
een read from the keyboard, it could be inserted by the P user for some
purpose. It is only possible to have one 'put back' character. If t
his routine is called twice without reading a character between these
then the first (put back' will be lost. Furthermore, it is not po
ssible to return character 255 (because this is used as the marker for
no 'put back' character). Related entries KM R
EAD CHAR KM WAIT CHAR AMSTRAD CPC464/664
/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.6 5 KM SE
T EXPAND #BB0F Set an
expansion string. Action Set the expansion string associated
with an expansion token. Entry conditions B contains the ex
pansion token for the expansion to set. C contains the length of the str
ing. HL contains the address of the string. Exit conditions
If the expansion is OK Carry true. If the s
tring was too long or the token was invalid Carry false.
Always A,BC,DE,HL and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The string to be set may l
ie anywhere in RAM. Expansion strings cannot be set directly from ROM.
The characters in the string are not expanded (or otherwise deal
t with). It is therefore possible to put any character into an expansion
string. If there is insufficient room in the expansion bu
ffer for the new string then no change is made to the expansions.
If the string set is currently being used to generate characters (by
KM READ CHAR or KM WAIT CHAR) then the unread portion of the string is
discarded. The next character will be read from the key buffer.
This routine enables interrupts. Related entries KM GET E
XPAND KM READ CHAR KM WAIT CHAR AMSTRAD CPC464/6
64/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.7 6 KM
GET EXPAND #BB12 Get
a character from an expansion string. Action Read a cha
racter from an expansion string. The characters in the string are
numbered starting from 0. Entry conditions A contains an
expansion token. L contains the character number. Exit
conditions If the character was found Carry
true. A contains the character. If the token was
invalid or the string was not long enough Carry false.
A corrupt. Always DE and
other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The characters in the expansion string are not expanded (or
otherwise dealt with). It is therefore possible to put any character
into an expansion string. Related entries KM RE
AD CHAR KM SET EXPAND AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.8 7 KM EXP BUFFER
#BB15 Allocate a buffer for expan
sion strings. Action Set the address and length of the expa
nsion buffer. Initialize the buffer with the default expansion string
s. Entry conditions DE contains the address of the buffer.
HL contains the length of the buffer. Exit conditions
If the buffer is OK Carry true. If the buffer is t
oo short. Carry false. Always A,
BC,DE,HL and other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved
. Notes The buffer must not be located underneath a ROM a
nd it must be at least 49 bytes long (i.e. have sufficient space
for the default expansion strings). If the new buffer is too short t
hen the old buffer is left unchanged. The default expansion
strings are given in Appendix IV. Any expansion string currently bei
ng read is discarded. This routine enables interrupts.
Related entries KM GET EXPAND KM SET EXPAND
P AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE p
age 15.9 8 KM WAIT KEY
#BB18 Wait for next key from the keyboard.
Action Try to get a key from the key buffer. This routine waits unti
l a key is found if no key is immediately available. Entry
conditions No conditions. Exit conditions C
arry true. A contains the character or expansion token. Othe
r flags corrupt. All registers preserved. Notes
The next key is read from the key buffer and translated using the a
ppropriate key translation table. Expansion tokens are not expanded bu
t are passed out for the user to deal with, as are normal cha
racters. Other Key Manager tokens (shift lock, caps lock and igno
re) are obeyed but are not passed out. Related entries K
M READ KEY KM WAIT CHAR AMSTRAD CPC4
64/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.10 9
KM READ KEY #BB1B T
est if a key is available from the keyboard. Action Try to g
et a key from the key buffer. This routine does not wait if no key is av
ailable immediately. Entry conditions No conditions.
Exit conditions. If a key was available Carry tr
ue. A contains the character or expansion token. If
no key was available Carry false. A corrupt
. Always Other flags corrupt. All
other registers preserved. Notes The next key is read from
the key buffer and translated using the appropriate key translatio
n table. Expansion tokens are not expanded but are passed out for
the user to deal with, as are normal characters. Other Key Manag
er tokens (shift lock, caps lock and ignore) are obeyed but are no
t passed out. This routine will always return a key if one is av
ailable. It is therefore possible to flush out the key buffer by calli
ng KM READ KEY repeatedly until it claim no key is available. Note, how
ever, that the 'put back' character or a partially read expansion string
is ignored. It is advisable to use KM READ CHAR to flush these out wh
en emptying the Key Manager buffers, or, in V1.1 firmware, to call KM F
LUSH. Related entries KM FLUSH KM READ CHAR
KM WAIT KEY AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.11 etail the entry and exit conditions and thntil it claim
no key is available. Note, however, that the 'put back' character or a p
artially read expansion string is 10 KM TEST KEY
#BB1E Test if a key is pressed.
Action Test if a particular key or joystick button is pressed
. This is done using the key state map rather then by accessing
the keyboard hardware. Entry conditions A contain
s the key number. Exit conditions If the key is pressed
Zero false. If the key is not pressed
Zero true. Always Carry false. C
contains the current shift and control state. A,HL and other
flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The shift and control states are automatically read when a key is
scanned. If bit 7 is set then the control key is pressed and if bit 5
is set then one of the shift keys is pressed. The key number i
s not checked. An invalid key number will generate the correct shift and
control states but the state of the key tested will be meaningless.
The key state map which this routine tests is updated by the keyboard
scanning routine. Normally this run is every fiftieth of a second and
so the state may be out of date by that much. The key debouncing
requires that a key should be released for two scans of the keyboard
before it is marked as released in the !P!!!!!!!!! key state map the pressi
ng of a key is detected immediately. Related entries
KM GET JOYSTICK KM GET STATE KM READ KEY AMS
TRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.12
11 KM GET STATE #BB21
Fetch Caps Lock and Shift Lock states. Action
Ask if the keyboard is currently shift locked or caps locked. Entr
y conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
L contains the shift lock state. H contains the caps lock state.
AF corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The lock states are #00 means the lock is off
#FF means the lock is on The default lock stat
es are off. Related entries KM SET LOCKS KM TEST
KEY AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.13 12 KM GET JOYSTICK
#BB24 Fetch current state of the joyst
ick(s). Action Ask what the current states of the joysti
cks are. These are read from the key state map rather than by accessing
the keyboard hardware. Entry conditions No conditions.
Exit conditions H contains the state of joystick 0.
L contains the state of joystick 1. A contains the state of joystick
0. Flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. No
tes In normal operation the key state map is updated by the key scan
ning routine every fiftieth of a second so the state returned may
be slightly out of date. The joystick states are bit signif
icant as follows Bit 0 Up. Bit 1 Dow
n. Bit 2 Left. Bit 3 Right.
Bit 4 Fire 2. Bit 5 Fire 1. Bit
6 Spare joystick button (usually unconnected). Bit 7 A
lways zero. If a bit is set then the appropriate button is pressed.
Joystick 1 is indistinguishable from certain keys on the keyboard (see
Appendix 1). Related entries KM TEST KEY
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.14
13 KM SET TRANSLATE #
BB27 Set entry in normal key translate table. Action
Set what character or token a key will be translated to when neither
shift nor control is pressed. Entry conditions A contains
a key number. B contains the new translation. Exit conditions
AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. No
tes If the key number is invalid (greater than 79) then no action
is taken. Most values in the table are treated as characters
and are passed back to the user. However, there are certain special val
ues #80..#9F are the expansion tokens and are expanded
to character strings when KM READ CHAR or KM WAIT C
HAR is called although they are passed back like a
ny other character when KM READ KEY or KM WAIT KEY i
s called. #FD is the caps lo
ck token and causes the caps lock to toggle (turn on
if off and vice versa). #FE is the shift lock token an
d causes the shift lock to toggle (turn on if off a
nd vice versa). #FF is the ignore token and means the
key should be thrown away. Characters #E
0..#FC have special meanings to the BASIC to do with editing, curso
ring and breaks. See Appendix II for a full listing of the default t
ranslation tables. Related entries KM GET TRANSLATE
KM SET CONTROL KM SET SHIFT AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128
FIRMWARE page 15.15 14 KM GET TRA
NSLATE #BB2A Get entry
"P"""""""""from normal translation table. Action Ask what
character or token a key will be translated to when neither shift nor
control is pressed. Entry conditions A contains a key numbe
r Exit conditions A contains the current translation.
HL and flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The key number is not checked. If it is invalid (greater than 79) the
n the translation returned is meaningless. Most values in the
table are treated as characters and are passed back to the user. However
, there are certain special values #80..#9F are the expans
ion tokens and are expanded to character strings
when KM READ CHAR or KM WAIT CHAR is called although
they are passed back like any other character whe
n KM READ KEY or KM TEST KEY is called.
#FD is the caps lock token and causes the caps lock to
toggle (turn on if off and vice versa). #FE
is the shift lock token and causes the shift lock
to toggle (turn on if off and vice versa). #FF is t
he ignore token and means the key should be throw
n away. Characters #E0..#FC have special meanings to the BASIC to
do with editing, cursoring and breaks. See Appendix II for a
full listing of the default translation tables. Related entries
KM GET CONTROL KM GET SHIFT KM SET TRANSLATE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.16
15 KM SET SHIFT #BB2
D Set entry in shifted key translation table. Action
Set what character or token a key will be translated to when control
is not pressed but shift is pressed or shift lock is on Entry condit
ions A contains a key number. B contains the new translation.
Exit conditions AF and HL corrupt. All other registe
rs preserved. Notes If the key number is invalid (greater t
han 79) then no action is taken. Most values in the tab
le are treated as characters and are passed back to the user. However, t
here are certain special values #80..#9F are the expansion
tokens and are expanded to character strings wh
en KM READ CHAR or KM WAIT CHAR is called although th
ey are passed back like any other character when K
M READ KEY or KM TEST KEY is called.
#FD is the caps lock token and causes the caps lock to
toggle (turn on if off and vice versa). #FE
is the shift lock token and causes the shift lock
to toggle (turn on if off and vice versa). #FF is the
ignore token and means the key should be thrown a
way. Characters #E0..#FC have special meanings to the BASIC to do
with editing, cursoring and breaks. See Appendix II for a f
ull listing of the default translation tables. Related entries
KM GET CONTROL KM GET SHIFT KM SET TRANSLATE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.17
16 KM GET SHIFT #BB
30 Get entry from shifted key translation table. Action
Ask what character or token a key will be translated to when control
is not pressed but shift is pressed or shift lock is on. Entry co
nditions A contains a key number. Exit conditions
A contains the current translation. HL and flags corrupt. All
other registers preserved. Notes The key number is not check
ed. If it is invalid (greater than 79) then the translation returned is
meaningless. Most values in the table are treated as characters and ar
e passed back to the user. However, there are certain special values
#80..#9F are the expa #P#########nsion tokens and are ex
panded to character strings when KM READ CHAR or K
M WAIT CHAR is called although they are passed back
like any other character when KM READ KEY or KM TES
T KEY is called. #FD is the
caps lock token and causes the caps lock to toggle
(turn on if off and vice versa). #FE is the shift lock
token and causes the shift lock to toggle (turn on
if off and vice versa). #FF is the ignore token and mea
ns the key should be thrown away. Chara
cters #E0..#FC have special meanings to the BASIC to do with editin
g, cursoring and breaks. See Appendix II for a full listing of the def
ault translation tables. Related entries KM GET CONTROL
KM GET SHIFT KM SET TRANSLATE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6
128 FIRMWARE page 15.18 17 KM SET
CONTROL #BB33 Set entry
in control key translation table. Action Set a character or
token a key will be translated to when control is pressed.
Entry conditions A contains a key number. B contains the new t
ranslation. Exit conditions AF and HL corrupt. All o
ther registers preserved. Notes If the key number is invalid
(greater than 79) then no action is taken. Most values
in the table are treated as characters and are passed back to the user.
However, there are certain special values #80..#9F are the
expansion tokens and are expanded to character
strings when KM READ CHAR or KM WAIT CHAR is called a
lthough they are passed back like any other charac
ter when KM READ KEY or KM TEST KEY is called.
#FD is the caps lock token and causes the caps lock to
toggle (turn on if off and vice versa).
#FE is the shift lock token and causes the shift lock
to toggle (turn on if off and vice versa). #FF
is the ignore token and means the key should be
thrown away. Characters #E0..#FC have special meanings to the BA
SIC to do with editing, cursoring and breaks. See Appendix
II for a full listing of the default translation tables. Related ent
ries KM GET CONTROL KM GET SHIFT KM SET TRANSLATE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 1
5.19 18 KM GET CONTROL
#BB36 Get entry from control key translation table.
Action Ask what a character or token a key will be translated to when
control is pressed. Entry conditions A contains a k
ey number. Exit conditions A contains the current translatio
n. HL and flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The key number is not checked. If it is invalid (greater than
79) then the translation returned is meaningless. Most values
in the table are treated as characters and are passed back to the user.
However, there are certain special values #80..#9F are the
expansion tokens and are expanded to character
strings when KM READ CHAR or KM WAIT CHAR is called a
lthough they are passed back like any other charac
ter when KM READ KEY or KM TEST KEY is called.
#FD is the caps lock token and causes the caps lock to
toggle (turn on if off and vice versa).
#FE is the shift lock token and causes the shift lock
to toggle (turn on if off and vice versa). #FF
is the ignore token and means the key should be
thrown away. Characters #E0..#FC have special meanings to the BASI
C to $P$$$$$$$$$do with editing, cursoring and breaks.
See Appendix II for a full listing of the default translation tables.
Related entries KM GET CONTROL KM GET SHIFT KM SET
TRANSLATE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.20 19 KM SET REPEAT
#BB39 Set whether a key may repeat.
Action Set the entry in the repeating key map that determines whet
her a key is allowed to repeat or not. Entry conditions
If the key is to be allowed to repeat B contains
#FF. If the key is not to be allowed to repeat
B contains #00 Always A contains the key number
. Exit conditions AF,BC and HL corrupt. All othe
r registers preserved. Notes If the key number is invali
d (greater than 79) then no action is taken. The defau
lt repeating keys are listed in Appendix III. Related entries
KM GET REPEAT KM SET DELAY AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 F
IRMWARE page 15.21
#BB1E Test if a key is pressed. CHAP-14 P3 'CHAP-15 P1
CHAP-15 $$$CHAP-15 P2 £ Notes If the key number is invalid (g
reater than 79) then no action is taken. The default r
epeating keys are listed in Appendix III. Related entries
KM GET REPEAT KM SET DELAY AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMW
ARE page 15.21 tail the entry and exit conditions an
d thtains the key number. Exit conditions AF,BC and HL c
orrupt. All other registers preserved. 20 KM SET
DELAY #BB3C Ask if a
key is allowed to repeat. Action Test the entry in the
repeating key map that says whether a key is allowed to repeat or no
t. Entry conditions If the key is allowed to repeat
Zero false. If the key is not allowed to repeat
Zero true. Always Carry false
. A,HL and other flags corrupt. All other regi
sters preserved. Notes The key number is not checked. If
it is invalid (greater than 79) then the repeat state returned is meani
ngless. The default repeating keys are listed in Appendix III.
Related entries KM SET REPEAT AMSTR
AD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.22
21 KM SET DELAY #BB3F
Set start delay and repeat speed. Action Set the time
before keys first repeat (start up delay) and the time between repeat
s (repeat speed). Entry conditions H contains the new st
art up delay. L contains the new repeat speed. Exit conditio
ns AF corrupt. All other registers preserved. No
tes Both delays are given in scans of the keyboard. The keyboa
rd is scanned every fiftieth of a second. A start up delay
or repeat speed of 0 is taken to mean 256. The default start up dela
y is 30 scans (0.6 seconds) and the default repeat speed is 2 scans (0
.04 seconds or 25 characters a second). Note that a key is prevented
from repeating (by the key scanner) if the key buffer is not empty.
Thus the actual repeat speed is the slower of the supplied repeat
speed and the rate at which characters are removed from the buffer. Th
is is intended to prevent the user from getting too far ahead of a progr
am that is running sluggishly. The start up delay and repeat speed a
pply to all keys on the keyboard that are set to repeat. Re
lated entries KM GET DELAY KM SET REPEAT A
MSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.23
22 KM GET DELAY %P%%%%%%%%%
#BB42 Get start up delay and repeat speed. Action
Ask the time before keys first repeat (start up delay) and the t
ime between repeats (repeat speed). Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions H contains the start
up delay. L contains the repeat speed. AF corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes Both delays are giv
en in scans of the keyboard. The keyboard is scanned every fiftie
th of a second. A repeat speed or start up delay of 0 means 256.
Related entries KM SET DELAY
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.24
23 KM ARM BREAKS
#BB45 Allow break events to be generated. Action
Arm the break mechanism. The next call of KM BREAK EVENT will generate
a break event. Entry conditions DE contains the a
ddress of the break event routine. C contains the ROM select address for
this routine. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The break m
echanism can be disarmed by calling KM DISARM BREAK (or KM RESET).
This routine enables interrupts. Related entries
KM BREAK EVENT KM DISARM BREAK
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.25
24 KM DISARM BREAK #BB
48 Prevent break events from being generated. Action
Disarm the break mechanism. From now on the generation of break events
by KM BREAK EVENT will be suppressed. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions AF and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes Break even
ts can be rearmed by calling KM ARM BREAK. The default state of the
break mechanism is disarmed, thus calling KM RESET will also disarm bre
aks. This routine enables interrupts. Related entries
KM ARM BREAK KM BREAK EVENT
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.26
25 KM BREAK EVENT #
BB4B Generate a break event (if armed). Action
Try to generate a break event. Entry conditions No co
nditions. Exit conditions AF and HL corrupt. All
other registers preserved. Notes If the break mechani
sm is disarmed then no action is taken. Otherwise a break event is gene
rated and a special marker is placed into the key buffer. This marker ge
nerates a break event token (#EF) when read from the buffer. The break
mechanism is automatically disarmed after generating a break event
so that multiple breaks can be avoided. This routine may run from t
he interrupt path and thus does not and should not enable interrupts
. Note, however, that using a LOW JUMP to call the routine (as the firm
ware jumpblock is set to do) does enable interrupts and so the jumpb
lock may not be used directly from interrupt routines.
Related entries KM ARM BREAK KM DISARM BREAK
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page
15.27 26 TXT INITIALISE
#BB4E Initialise the Text VDU. Action F
ull initialization of the Text VDU (as used during EMS). All Text VDU va
riables and indirections are initialized, the previous VDU state is los
t. Entry conditions No conditions Exit conditions
AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The Text VDU indirections (TXT DRAW CURSOR, TXT UNDRAW CU
RSOR, TXT WRITE CHAR, TXT UNWRITE and TXT OUT ACTION) are set to their
default routines. The control code table is set u &P&&&&&&&
&&p to perform the default control code actions. The user de
fined character table is set to empty. Stream 0 is selected.
All streams are set to their default states The text paper
(background) is set to ink 0. The text pen (foreground) is set
to ink 1. The text window is set to the entire screen.
The text cursor is enabled but turned off. The charac
ter write mode is set to opaque. The VDU is enabled.
The graphics character write mode is turn off. The cur
sor is moved to the top left corner of the window. The default chara
cter set and the default setting for the control code table are describe
d in Appendices VI and VII. Related Entries SCR INITIALI
SE TXT RESET AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.28 27 TXT RESET
#BB51 Reset the Text VDU.
Action Reinitialize the Text VDU indirections and the control co
de tables. Does not affect any other aspect of the Text VDU.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The Text VDU indirections TXT DRAW CURSOR, TXT UNDRAW CURS
OR, TXT WRITE CHAR, TXT UNWRITE and TXT OUT ACTION are set to their
default routines. The control code table is set up to perfor
m the default control code actions (see Appendix VII).
Related Entries TXT INITIALISE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.29
28 TXT VDU ENABLE
#BB54 Allow characters to be placed on the screen. Actio
n Permit characters to be printed when requested (by calling TXT OU
TPUT or TXT WR CHAR). Enabling applies to the currently selected stre
am. The cursor blob is also enabled (by calling TXT CUR ENABLE).
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
AF corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The control code buffer used by TXT OUTPUT is emptied, any incomplete
control code sequence will be lost. Related entries
TXT ASK STATE TXT CUR ENABLE TXT OUTPUT TXT VDU
DISABLE TXT WR CHAR AMSTRAD CPC46
4/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.30 29
TXT VDU DISABLE #BB57
Prevent character being placed on the screen. Action Pre
vents characters being printed on the screen (when TXT OUTPUT or TXT
WR CHAR is called). Applies to the currently selected stream. The curso
r blob is also disabled (by calling TXT CUR DISABLE). Entry conditio
ns No conditions. Exit conditions AF corrupt
. All other registers preserved. Notes The contr
ol code buffer used by TXT OUTPUT is emptied, any incomplete control co
de sequence will be lost. In V1.1 firmware control codes are still o
beyed by TXT OUTPUT. In V1.1 firmware only those control codes which are
marked in the control code table will be obeyed other control codes wil
l be ignored (see section 4.7). Related entries
TXT ASK STATE TXT CUR ENABLE TXT OUTPUT TXT VDU DISABL
E TXT WR CHAR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWA
RE page 15.31 30 TXT OUTPUT
#BB5A Output a character
or control code to the Text VDU. Action Output characters
to the screen and obey control codes (characters #00..#1F). Works on
the currently selected stream. Entry conditions A contain
s the character to send. Exit conditions All registers and f
lags preserved. Notes This routine calls the TXT OUT ACTION
indirection to do the 'P'''''''''work of printing the character or
obeying the control code described below. Control codes may take up to
9 parameters. These are the characters sent following the initial c
ontrol code. The characters sent are stored in the control code buf
fer until sufficient have been received to make up all the parameters.
The control code buffer is only long enough to accept 9 parameter cha
racters. There is only one control code buffer for all streams. It is
therefore possible to get unpredictable results if the output stream is
changed midway through sending a control code sequence. If th
e VDU is disabled then no characters will be printed on the screen
. In V1.0 firmware all control codes will still be obeyed but in V1.1 fi
rmware only those codes marked in the control code table as to be obeye
d when the VDU is disabled will be obeyed (see section 4.7). If the gr
aphic character write mode is enabled then all characters and control co
des are printed using the Graphics VDU routine, GRA WR CHAR, and are no
t obeyed. Characters are written in the same way that TXT WR CH
AR writes characters. Related entries GRA WR CHAR
TXT OUT ACTION TXT SET GRAPHIC TXT VDU DISABLE
TXT VDU ENABLE TXT WR CHAR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMW
ARE page 15.32 31 TXT WR CHAR
#BB5D Write a character to th
e screen. Action Print a character on the screen at
the cursor position of the currently selected stream. Control code
s (characters #00..#1F) are printer and not obeyed. Entry
conditions A contains the character to print. Exit cond
itions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserve
d. Notes If the VDU is disabled then no character will b
e printed. Before printing the character the cursor position is fo
rced to lie within the text window (see TXT VALIDATE). After p
rinting the character the cursor is moved right one character.
To put the character on the screen this routine calls the TXT WRITE
CHAR indirection. Related entries GRA WR CHAR
TXT OUTPUT TXT RD CHAR TXT WRITE CHAR
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.33 toact
er the cursor position is forced to lie within the text window (
see TXT VALIDATE). After printing the character the cursor is moved
right one character. To put the character on the screen this routin
e calls the TXT WRITE CHAR indirection. Related entries
GRA WR CHAR TXT OUTPUT TXT RD CTous droits réservés. Reproduction sans autorisation interdite. © Kukulcan