Firmware Guide (UK) (Disk 2 face 1) (19xx) [UTILITAIRE].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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02F760: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F770: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F780: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F790: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F810: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F820: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F830: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=36 CHEA=0 COD=49 MUSI=0 COP=10 GRA=279 WRIT=213 198=0 199=2 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
PRO=36 CHEA=0 COD=49 MUSI=0 COP=10 GRA=279 WRIT=213 198=0 199=2 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
EXTENDED CPC DSK File SAMdisk120417( PCHAP-15 10tuvwxyzCHAP-15 11 CHAP-15 1
1dCHAP-15 12xefghijklmnopqrsCHAP-15 13£CHAP-15 14CHAP-15 4 yCHAP-15 5 !CHAP-15
6 "#$%&'()*+,-./01CHAP-15 6 2CHAP-15 7 3456789ABCHAP-15 8 CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRCHAP-1
5 8 SCHAP-15 9 TUVWXYZabc 114 SCR REPACK
#BC56 Compress a character matrix to the
standard form. Action A character on the screen is conv
erted to a matrix by comparing each pixel with an ink. If the pixe
l is set to that ink then the appropriate bit in the character ma
trix is set, otherwise the bit is cleared. Entry condition
s A contains the encoded ink to match against. H contains th
e physical character column to read from. L contains the physical charac
ter row to read from. DE contains the address of the area to construct t
he matrix in. Exit conditions AF, BC, DE and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The charac
ter position is given in physical coordinates in which row 0, column 0
is the top left corner of the screen. The character position given
is not checked for legality. An illegal position (one outside the
limits of the screen) will have unpredictable effects.
The matrix produced has the normal layout. It is 8 bytes long, stored
top line first and bottom line last, the most significant bit of the
byte refers to the leftmost pixel of a line and the least significant
bit to the rightmost pixel. Because the pixels are tested for being
set to only one ink the matrix produced is not an exact representation
of what is in the screen. It may be necessary, when trying to read cha
racters from the screen, to repack using various different inks.
Related entries SCR UNPACK TXT RD CHAR AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.119
115 SCR ACCESS #BC59
Set the screen write mode for the Graphics VDU. Action Se
t the Graphics VDU write mode so that the Graphics VDU plots pixels by
writing, anding, oring or exclusive-oring. Entry conditions
A contains the required write mode. Exit conditions AF, BC,
DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The write mode is masked with #03 to make it legal. The write modes
are 0 FORCE mode NEW INK 1 XOR mode
NE PW INK exclusive-or OLD 2 AND mode NEW INK a
nd OLD 3 OR mode NEW INK or OLD NEW is
the final setting of the pixel. OLD is the current setting of the p
ixel. INK is the ink being plotted. The default mode
is FORCE mode (mode 0) and is set at EMS and when SCR RESET is called.
Setting the write mode affects how the indirection routine SCR WRIT
E sets pixels. Graphics VDU plotting routines call this indirection to
set pixels and so the write mode affects the Graphics VDU. No Text VDU
routines call this indirection (they set pixels on the screen
directly) and so the write mode does not affect the Text VDU. The
routines that clear areas of the screen (e.g. GRA CLEAR WINDOW) act
like the Text VDU and are unaffected by the write mode. Relat
ed entries GRA DEFAULT SCR INITIALISE SCR RESET
SCR WRITE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.120 116 SCR PIXELS
#BC5C Write a pixel to the screen ignorin
g the Graphics VDU write mode. Action Write a pixel or p
ixels to the screen. The position to write at is given by a screen a
ddress and pixel mask. The pixel is always set to the ink supplied wha
tever mode of writing the Graphics VDU is using. Entry conditions
B contains the encoded ink to write. C contains the mask for t
he pixel(s). HL contains the screen address of the pixel(s).
Exit conditions AF corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The screen address is not checked and so passing
an invalid screen address will have unpredictable results.
The pixel mask may be a combined mask for more than one pixel (thus
speeding up plotting in certain cases). To plot a pixel using the G
raphics VDU write mode SCR WRITE should be called. SCR PIXELS is equiva
lent to calling SCR WRITE when the default mode (FORCE mode) is selecte
d. The Text VDU sets the pixels in characters using FORCE mode.
Related entries SCR WRITE AMSTR
AD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.121
117 SCR HORIZONTAL #BC5F
Plot a purely horizontal line. Action Draw a line on t
he screen that runs horizontally. The pixels on the line are plotted
using the SCR WRITE indirection and thus use the current Graphics V
DU write mode. Entry conditions A contains the encoded ink t
o draw in. DE contains the base X coordinate of the start of the line.
BC contains the base X coordinate of the end of the line. HL cont
ains the base Y coordinate of the line. Exit conditions AF
, BC, DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Note
s The endpoints of the line are given in base coordinates. i.e. (0,0
) is the pixel in the bottom left corner of the screen and each coordin
ate position refers to a single pixel. The endpoints are not
checked for being legal (within the limits of the screen). If they a
re not legal then unpredictable effects may occur. The
start X coordinate must be less than or equal to the end X coord
inate. This routine may be used to duplicate the method that the Gra
phics VDU uses for plotting lines - it splits a line that is more ho
rizontal than vertical into a number of segments that are purely horizon
tal and plots these separately. Related entries
GRA FROM USER GRA LINE ABSOLUTE GRA LINE RELATIVE SCR VE
RTICAL AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.122 118 SCR VERTICAL
#BC62 Plot a purely vertical line. Actio
n Draw a line on the screen that runs vertically. The SCR WRI
TE indirection is used to plot pixel in the line thus the curren
t Graphics VDU write mode is Pused. Entry conditions
A contains the encoded ink to draw in. DE contains the base X coordin
ate of the line. HL contains the base Y coordinate of the start of the l
ine. BC contains the base Y coordinate of the end of the line.
Exit conditions AF, BC, DE and HL corrupt. All other register
s preserved. Notes The endpoints of the line are given i
n base coordinates. i.e. (0,0) is the pixel in the bottom left corner of
the screen and each coordinate position refers to a single pixel.
The endpoints are not checked for being legal (within the limits of
the screen). If they are not legal then unpredictable effects may
occur. The start Y coordinate must be less than or equal
to the end Y coordinate. This routine may be used to dupl
icate the method that the Graphics VDU uses for plotting lines - it spli
ts a line that is more vertical than horizontal into a number of segmen
ts that are purely vertical and plots these separately.
Related entries GRA FROM USER GRA LINE ABSOLUTE G
RA LINE RELATIVE SCR HORIZONTAL AMSTRAD CPC464/664/612
8 FIRMWARE page 15.123 119 CAS INI
TIALISE #BC65 Initializ
e the Cassette Manager. Action Full initialization of th
e Cassette Manager (as used during EMS). Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt
. All other registers preserved. Notes Operation
s carried out are All streams are marked closed.
The default write speed is set up. The prompt messages a
re turned off. The cassette motor is turned off (except on V1.0
firmware). Related entries CAS IN ABANDON CAS
NOISY CAS OUT ABANDON CAS SET SPEED CAS STOP MOTOR
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.124 120 CAS SET SPEED
#BC68 Set the write speed. Action
Set the length to write bits and the amount of write precompensation
to apply. Entry conditions HL contains the length of
half a zero bit. A contains the precompensation to apply. Exi
t conditions AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The speed supplied is the length of half a zero bit i
n microseconds. A one bit is written as twice the length of a zero
bit. The speed supplied can be related to the average baud rate (
assuming equal numbers of ones and zeros) by the following equation
Average baud rate 1 000 000 / (3 * Halfzer
o length) 333 333 / Halfzero length The halfzero l
ength must lie between 130 and 480 microseconds. Values outside this ra
nge will cause read and write errors. The precompensation supplied is
the extra length, in microseconds, to add to half a one bit and to subt
ract from half a zero bit under certain conditions. The amount of
precompensation required varies with the speed (more is required at high
er baud rates). The precompensation may lie between 0 and 255 micros
econds although the higher settings are not useful as they will cause r
ead and write errors. The default half zero length and pre
compensation settings are 333 microseconds (1000 baud) and 25 mi
croseconds respectively. The commonly used faster setting is 167 micr
oseconds (2000 baud) with 50 microseconds of precompensation. These v
alues have been determined after extensive testing and the user is ad
vised to stick to them. Related entries CAS INITIALISE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 1
5.125 121 CAS NOISY
#BC6B Enable or disable prompt messages. Actio
n Disabling messages will prevent the prompt and inf Pormation m
essages from being printed. It will not prevent error messages from
being printed. Enabling messages allows all messages to be printed.
Entry conditions If messages are to be enabled
A must be zero. If messages are to be disabled A
must be non-zero. Exit conditions AF corrupt. All o
ther registers preserved. Notes The prompt and informati
on messages which are turned off are Press PLAY then any ke
y Press REC and PLAY then any key Found FILENA
ME block N Loading FILENAME block N Saving FIL
ENAME block N The error messages which are not turned off are
Read error x Write error a Rewi
nd tape Related entries CAS INITIALISE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.126
122 CAS START MOTOR #BC6
E Start the cassette motor. Action Turn the
cassette motor on and wait for it to pick up speed if it was previously
off. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit c
onditions If the motor turned on OK Carry true.
If the user hit escape Carry false. Always
A contains the previous motor state. Othe
r flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
If the motor is not already on then the routine waits fo
r approximately two seconds to allow the tape to reach full speed.
The motor is always turned on by this routine. If the user hits the
escape key then the time spent waiting for the motor to pick up speed
is truncated. The previous motor state may be passed to CAS RESTORE
MOTOR. Related entries CAS RESTORE MOTOR CAS ST
OP MOTOR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.127 123 CAS STOP MOTOR
#BC71 Stop the cassette motor. Act
ion Turn the cassette motor off and return its previous state.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
If the motor was turned off OK Carry true.
If the user hit escape Carry false. Alwa
ys A contains the previous motor state. Ot
her flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. Not
es The motor is always turned off by this routine. There is no dela
y to allow the motor to slow down. The previous motor state
may be passed to CAS RESTORE MOTOR. Related entries CAS R
ESTORE MOTOR CAS START MOTOR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 F
IRMWARE page 15.128 124 CAS RESTOR
E MOTOR #BC74 Restore prev
ious state of cassette motor. Action Turn the cassette m
otor on or off again. Wait for motor to pick up speed when turning t
he motor on if it is currently off. Entry conditions A c
ontains the previous motor state. Exit conditions If the
motor was turned on or off OK Carry true. If the
user hit escape Carry false. Always
A and other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved
. Notes This routine uses the previous motor state as return
ed by CAS START MOTOR or CAS STOP MOTOR. If calling this ro
utine results in the motor being turned on when it is currently off th
en the routine waits for approximately two seconds to allow the tape to
reach full speed. The motor is always turned on or off (as appropriat
e) by this routine. If the user hits the escape key then this merely tr
uncates the time spent waiting for the motor to pick up speed.
Related entries CAS START MOTOR CAS STOP MOTO P
44 TXT CUR OFF #BB84
Dissallow cursor display - system. Action
Prevent the cursor blob for the currently selected stream from being
placed on the screen. The cursor blob will be removed from the screen
immediately if it is currently there. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions All registers and
flags preserved. Notes Turning the cursor on and off
is intended for use by system ROMs. Related entries
TXT ASK STATE TXT CUR DISABLE TXT CUR ON TXT DRAW CURSO
R TXT UNDRAW CURSOR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRM
WARE page 15.46 45 TXT VALIDATE
#BB87 Check if a cursor
position is within the window. Action Check a screen posi
tion to see if it lies within the current window. If it does not then
determine the position where a character would be printed after applyin
g the rules for forcing the screen position inside the window.
Entry conditions H contains the logical column of the position
to check. L contains the logical row of the position to check.
Exit conditions If printing at the position would not cause the windo
w to roll Carry true. B corrupt. I
f printing at the position would cause the window to roll up
Carry false. B contains #FF. If printing at the posit
ion would cause the window to roll down Carry false.
B contains #00. Always H contains the logi
cal column at which a character would be printed.
L contains the logical row at which a character would be
printed. A and other flags corrupt. All
other registers preserved. Notes The position on the sc
reen are given in logical coordinates. i.e. Row 1, column 1 is the top
left corner of the window. Before writing a character or putting the
cursor blob on the screen the Text VDU validates the current positi
on, performs any required roll then writes at the appropriate positio
n. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE p
age 15.47 The algorithm to work out the position to print at
, from the position to check, is as follows 1/ If the pos
ition is right of the right edge of the window it is moved to the l
eft edge of the window on the next line. 2/ If the position is lef
t of the left edge of the window it is moved to the right edge of the w
indow on the previous line. 3/ If the position is now above the to
p edge of the window then it is moved to the top edge of the window
and the window need rolling downwards. 4/ If the posit
ion is now below the bottom edge of the window it is moved to the bot
tom edge of the window and the window needs rolling upwards.
Related entries SCR HW ROLL SCR SW ROLL TXT
GET CURSOR AMSTRAD CPC
464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.48
46 TXT PLACE CURSOR #BB8A
Put a cursor blob on the screen. Action Put a cursor blo
b on the screen at the cursor position for the currently selecte
d stream. Entry conditions No conditions. Ex
it conditions AF corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes TXT PLACE CURSOR is provided to allow the user to run
multiple cursors in a window. The indirection TXT DRAW CURSOR should
be called for merely placing the normal cursor blob on the screen.
Higher level routines, such as TXT OUTPUT and TXT SET CURSOR, automat
ically remove and place the normal cursor when appropriate, the user mu
st deal with any other cursors. It is not safe to call TXT
PLACE CURSOR tw Pice at a particular screen position without calling
TXT REMOVE CURSOR in between because this may leave a spurious cursor bl
ob on the screen when the cursor position is moved. The curs
or position is forced to be inside the window before the cursor bl
ob is drawn. The cursor blob is an inverse patch formed by exclu
sive-oring the contents of the screen at the cursor position with the e
xclusive-or of the current pen and paper inks. Related entries
TXT DRAW CURSOR TXT REMOVE CURSOR AMSTRAD C
PC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.49
47 TXT REMOVE CURSOR #BB8D
Take a cursor blob off the screen. Action Take the cursor
blob off the screen at the cursor position of the currently selecte
d stream. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit con
ditions AF corrupt. All other registers preserved. N
otes TXT REMOVE CURSOR is provided to allow the user to run m
ultiple cursors in a window. The indirection TXT UNDRAW CURSOR shou
ld be called for merely removing the normal from the screen. Higher
level routines, such as TXT OUTPUT and TXT SET CURSOR, automatically re
move and place the normal cursor when appropriate, the user must deal w
ith any other cursors. TXT REMOVE CURSOR should only be used
to remove a cursor placed on the screen by calling TXT PLACE CURSOR. Th
e cursor should be removed when the cursor position is to be changed (r
olling the window implicitly changes the cursor position) or the scre
en is to read or written. Incorrect use of this routine may result
in a spurious cursor blob being generated. The cursor po
sition is forced to be inside the window before the cursor blob is
removed (this should not matter as TXT PLACE CURSOR has already done th
is). The cursor blob is an inverse patch formed by exclusive-ori
ng the contents of the screen at the cursor position with the exclusive
-or of the current pen and paper inks. Related entri
es TXT PLACE CURSOR TXT UNDRAW CURSOR AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.50
48 TXT SET PEN #BB90
Set ink for writing characters. Action Set th
e pen ink for the currently selected stream. This is the ink that is
used for writing characters (the foreground ink). Entry condition
s A contains ink to use. Exit conditions
AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The ink is masked to bring it within the range of legal inks for
the current screen mode. That is with #0F in mode 0, #03 in mode 1 and #
01 in mode 2. The cursor blob will be redrawn using the new
ink (if enabled). Related entries GRA SET PEN SC
R SET INK TXT GET PEN TXT SET PAPER AMSTRA
D CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.51
49 TXT GET PEN #BB93
Get ink for writing characters. Action Ask what t
he pen ink is set to for the currently selected stream. This is the ink
used for writing characters (foreground ink). Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions A contains the ink
. Flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes This routine has no other effects. Related entri
es GRA GET PEN SCR GET INK TXT GET PAPER T
XT SET PEN AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWAR
E page 15.52 50 TXT SET PAPER
#BB96 Set ink for writin
g text background. Action Set the text paper ink for the
currently selected stream. This is the ink used for writing the backgr
ound to characters and for clearing the P text window. Entr
y conditions A contains the ink to use. Exit conditions
AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The ink is masked to bring it within the range of legal inks
for the current screen mode. That is with #0F in mode 0, #03 in mode
1 and #01 in mode 2. The cursor blob will be redrawn using t
he new ink (if enabled). This ink will be used when clearing areas o
f the text window (by TXT CLEAR WINDOW and certain control codes).
This routine does not clear the text window. Related entrie
s GRA GET PAPER SCR SET INK TXT GET PAPER TX
T SET PEN AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.53 51 TXT GET PAPER
#BB99 Get ink for writing background.
Action Ask what the paper ink is set to for the curr
ently selected stream. The ink used for writing the background t
o characters and for clearing the text window. Entry condi
tions No conditions. Exit conditions A
contains the ink. Flags corrupt. All other registers pres
erved. Notes This routine has no other effects.
Related entries GRA GET PAPER SCR GET INK TXT
GET PEN TXT SET PAPER AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.54 52 TXT INVERSE
#BB9C Swap current pen and paper
inks over. Action Exchange the text pen and paper (foreg
round and background) inks for the currently selected stream.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes In V1.1 firmware the cursor blob is removed and replaced and
so the current position is forced legal (inside the window) which ma
y cause the window to roll. In V1.0 firmware the cursor blob is not r
edrawn and so it should be on the screen when this routine is called.
Related entries TXT SET PAPER TXT SET PEN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.55 53 TXT SET BACK
#BB9F Allow or disallow background be
ing written. Action Set character write mode to opaque o
r transparent for the currently selected stream. Opaque mode writes
background with the character. Transparent mode writes the character
on top of the current contents of the screen. Entry condit
ions If the background is to be written (opaque mode)
A must be zero. If background is not to be written (transparent m
ode) A must be non-zero. Exit conditions
AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
Writing in transparent mode is intended for annotating diagrams and
similar applications. It can have unfortunate effects if it is used
generally because overwriting a character will not remove the
character underneath thus creating an incomprehensible jumble on the
screen. Setting the character write mode does not affect the Gra
phics VDU. In V1.1 firmware the routine GRA SET BACK sets the equival
ent graphics background write mode. Related entries
GRA SET BACK TXT GET BACK TXT WR CHAR TXT WRITE CHA
R AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.56 54 TXT GET BACK
#BBA2 Ask if background is being written.
Action Get the character write mode for the currently selected stre
am. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit con
ditions If background is to be written (opaque mode)
A contains zero. If background is not to be writt Pen (transp
arent mode) A contains non-zero. Always
DE,HL and flags corrupt. All registers preserved.
Notes This only applies to the Text VDU, the Graphics
VDU always writes opaque. Related entries TX
T SET BACK AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.57 55 TXT GET MATRIX
#BBA5 Get the address of a character mat
rix. Action Calculate a pointer to the matrix for a ch
aracter and determine if it is a user defined matrix. Entry c
onditions A contains the character whose matrix is to be found.
Exit conditions If the matrix in the user defined matrix table
Carry true. If the matrix is in the lower ROM
Carry false. Always HL contains the addr
ess of the matrix. A and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The matrix may be
in RAM or in ROM. The Text VDU assumes that the appropriate ROMs a
re enabled or disabled when it calls this routine to get the matrix for
a character. (The lower ROM is on, the upper ROM is normally off).
The matrix is stored as an 8 byte bit significant vector. The first
byte describes the top line of the character and the last byte the
bottom line. Bit 7 of a byte refers to the leftmost pixel of a line
and bit 0 to the rightmost pixel. If a bit is set in the matrix then
the pixel should be written in the pen ink. If the bit is not set then
the pixel should either be written in the paper ink or left alone
(depending on the character write mode). Related entries
TXT SET MATRIX AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.58 IRMWARE page 15.59 yo the lef
tmost pixel of a line and bit 0 to the rightmost pixel. If a bit is s
et in the matrix then the pixel should be written in the pen ink. If t
he bit is not set then the pixel should either be written in the paper
ink or left alone (depending on the character write mode).
Related entries TXT SET MATRIX 56 TXT
SET MATRIX #BBA8 Set a c
haracter matrix. Action Set the matrix for a user defined ch
aracter. If the character is not user defined then no action is taken.
Entry conditions A contains the character whose matrix is t
o be set. HL contains the address of the matrix to set. Exit c
onditions If the character is user definable Carry
true. If the character is not user definable Carry
false. Always A,BC,DE,HL and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The mat
rix is stored as an 8 byte bit significant vector. The first byte des
cribes the top line of the character and the last byte the bottom li
ne. Bit 7 of a byte refers to the leftmost pixel of a line and bit 0
to the rightmost pixel. If a bit is set in the matrix then the pixel s
hould be written in the pen ink. If a bit is not set then the pixel sh
ould either be written in the paper ink or left alone (depending wh
ether the character write mode is opaque or transparent currently).
The matrix is copied from the area given into the character matrix
table without using RAM LAMs thus the matrices can be set from ROM
providing it is enabled. (Note however that the jumpblock disables the
upper ROM). Altering a character matrix changes the matrix for
all streams. It does not alter any character on the screen it changes
what will be placed on the screen the next time the character is writ
ten. Related entries TXT GET MATRIX TXT SET M TA
BLE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.59 57 TXT SET M TABLE
P #BBAB Set the user defined matrix table address.
Action Set the user defined matrix table and the number of char
acters in the table. The table is initialized with the current matrix s
ettings. Entry conditions DE contains the first character in
the table. HL contains the address of the start of the new table.
Exit conditions If there was no user defined matrix table before
Carry false. A and HL corrupt. I
f there was a user defined matrix table before Carry true.
A contains the first character in the old table.
HL contains the address of the old table. Always B
C,DE and other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes If the first character specified is in the range 0..
255 then the matrices for all characters between that character and c
haracter 255 are to be stored in the user defined table. If t
he first character specified is not in the range 0..255 then the user
defined matrix table is deemed to contain no matrices (and the table
address passed is ignored). The table must be (256 - first char) * 8 b
ytes long. The matrices are stored in the table in ascending order. The
table is initialized with the current matrix settings, whether they we
re previously in RAM or in the ROM. The table should not be lo
cated in RAM underneath a ROM. It is permissible for the new and old m
atrix tables to overlap (thus allowing the table to be extended or
contracted) providing that matrices in the new table occupy an addre
ss earlier to the address that they occupied in the old table.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15
.60 All streams share the matrix table so any changes to
it will be reflected on all streams. Related ent
ries TXT GET M TABLE TXT SET MATRIX
AMST
RAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.61
58 TXT GET M TABLE #BBAE
Get user defined matrix table address. Action G
et the address of the current user defined matrix table and the first ch
aracter in the table. Entry conditions No conditions.
Exit conditions If there is no user defined matrix table
Carry false. A and HL corrupt.
If there is a user defined matrix table Carry true.
A contains the first character in the table. HL conta
ins the address of the start of the table. Always
Other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The matrices for characters between the first character and
255 are stored in the table in ascending order. Each matrix is 8 byte
s long. Related entries TXT GET MATRIX TXT SET M T
ABLE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.62 59 TXT GET CONTROLS
#BBB1 Fetch address of control code table.
Action Get the address of the control code table. Entry con
ditions No conditions. Exit conditions HL contains
the address of the control code table. All other registers and flags pr
eserved. Notes All streams share one control code table so t
hat any changes made to the table will affect all streams. T
he control code table has a 3 byte entry for each control code. The en
tries are stored in ascending order, so the entry for #00 is first and
that for #1F is last. The first byte of each entry is the number of p
arameters the control code requires, the other two bytes are the addre
ss of the routine to call the process the control code when all its pa
rameters have been received. The routine must be located in the central
32K of RAM and it must obey the followi Png interface Entry
A contains the last character added to the buffer. B
contains the length of the buffer (including the control co
de). C contains the same as A. HL contains the
address of the control code buffer (points at the control code
). Exit AF,BC,DE,HL corrupt. All ot
her registers preserved. As the control buffer only has space to store
9 parameter characters the number of parameters required should be li
mited to 9 or fewer. The control code table is reinitialized to its de
fault routines when TXT RESET is called. In V1.1 firmware th
e first byte of each entry also specifies whether the control codes is
to be disabled when the VDU is disabled or whether it is always
to be obeyed. Bit 7 of the byte is set if the code is to be disabled
. Related entries TXT OUTPUT AMSTRAD CPC464/664/
6128 FIRMWARE page 15.63 60 TXT S
TR SELECT #BBB4 Select a
Text VDU stream. Action Make a given stream the curren
tly selected stream (if it isn't already). Entry conditio
ns A contains the required stream. Exit conditions
A contains the previously selected stream. HL and flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The requested s
tream number is masked (with #07) to make it into a legal stream num
ber. Many attributes of the Text VDU may be set independently on di
fferent streams. It is important to ensure that the correct stream is se
lected when ant of these are altered. These attributes are
Pen ink. Paper ink. Cursor position.
Window limits. Cursor enable/disable.
Cursor on/off. VDU enable/disable. C
haracter write mode. Graphics character write mode.
If the stream is already selected then this routine returns quickly.
It is not unreasonable to repeatedly select a stream (before each c
haracter sent, for example). Related entries TXT OUTPUT
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page
15.64 61 TXT SWAP STREAMS
#BBB7 Swap the states of two streams. Action
The stream descriptors for two streams are exchanged. The current
ly selected stream number remains the same (although its descriptor ma
y have been altered). Entry conditions B contain
s a stream number. C contains another stream number. Exit co
nditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preser
ved. Notes The stream numbers passed are masked (with #0
7) to that they are legal stream numbers. The attributes tha
t are exchanged are Pen ink. Paper ink.
Cursor position. Window limits.
Cursor enable/disable. Cursor on/off. VDU ena
ble/disable. Character write mode. Graphics ch
aracter write mode. Related entries TXT STR SELECT
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page
15.65 62 GRA INITIALISE
#BBBA Initialize the Graphics VDU. Action
The Graphics VDU is fully initialized (as during EMS). All Graphic VDU
variables and indirections are set to their default values. E
ntry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The full operation is Set the Graphics VDU in
directions (GRA PLOT, GRA TEST and GRA LINE) to their default r
outines. Set the graphics paper to ink 0. Set the graphi
cs pen to ink 1. Set the user origin to the bottom left P
corner of the screen. Move the current position to the user origin.
Set the graphics window to cover the whole screen. The
graphics background write mode is set to opaque. The line mask is se
t to #FF and the first pixel lines are plotted. The graphics window
is not cleared. Related entries GRA DEFAULT GRA
RESET SCR INITIALISE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIR
MWARE page 15.66 63 GRA RESET
#BBBD Reset the Grap
hics VDU. Action Re-initialize the Graphics VDU indirect
ions to their default routines and set default modes. Entry
conditions No conditions. Exit conditions A
F,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
Sets the Graphics VDU indirections (GRA PLOT, GRA TEST and GRA LI
NE) to their default routines. V1.1 firmware also sets the graphi
cs background mode to opaque, sets the line mask to #FF and sets th
e first pixel of lines to be plotted. Related entries
GRA DEFAULT GRA INITIALISE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.67
64 GRA MOVE ABSOLUTE
#BBC0 Move to an absolute position. Action
Move the current position to an absolute position. Entry co
nditions DE contains the required user X coordinate. HL cont
ains the required user Y coordinate. Exit conditions AF,
BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The new position is given in user coordinates. i.e. Relative to th
e user origin. The new position can be outside the graphics
window. The Graphics VDU plotting, testing and line drawing routines
all move the current graphics position to the point (or endpoint)
specified automatically. Related entries GRA ASK
CURSOR GRA MOVE RELATIVE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6
128 FIRMWARE page 15.68 65 GRA MO
VE RELATIVE #BBC3 Move re
lative to current position. Action Move the current posi
tion to relative to its current position. Entry conditions
DE contains a signed X offset. HL contains a signed Y offset.
Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other regi
sters preserved. Notes The new position can be outside t
he graphics window. The Graphics VDU plotting, testing and line draw
ing routines all move the current graphics position to the point (or
endpoint) specified automatically. Related entries
GRA ASK CURSOR GRA MOVE ABSOLUTE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.69
66 GRA ASK CURSOR
#BBC6 Get the current position. Action As
k where the current graphics position is. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions DE contains the user X
coordinate. HL contains the user Y coordinate. AF corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The new pos
ition is given in user coordinates. i.e. Relative to the user origin.
The Graphics VDU plotting, testing and line drawing routines all m
ove the current graphics position to the point (or endpoint) specifi
ed automatically. Thus, the position returned is probably where the las
t point was plotted or tested. Related entries
GRA MOVE ABSOLUTE GRA MOVE RELATIVE AMSTR
AD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.70
67 GRA SET ORIGIN #BBC9
Set the origin of the user coordinates. Action S
et the location of th Pe user origin and move the current position
there. Entry conditions DE contains the standard X coor
dinate of the origin. HL contains the standard Y coordinate of the origi
n. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The origin position
is given is standard coordinates in which (0,0) is the bottom left corn
er of the screen. The default origin position is at (0,0). Whenever
the screen mode is changed, by calling SCR SET MODE, the origin is
restored to its default position. Related entries
GRA FROM USER GRA GET ORIGIN AMS
TRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.71 #BB84
Dissallow cursor display 68 GRA GET ORIGIN
#BBCC Get the origin of the us
er coordinates. Action Ask where the user coordinate origi
n is located. Entry conditions. No conditions.
Exit conditions DE contains the standard X coordinate of the orig
in. HL contains the standard Y coordinate of the origin. All
other registers preserved. Notes The origin position is
given is standard coordinates in which (0,0) is the bottom left corner
of the screen. Related entries GRA SET ORIGIN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.72 69 GRA WIN WIDTH
#BBCF Set the right and left edges
of the graphics window. Action Set the horizontal position o
f the graphics window. The left and right edges are respectively the fir
st and last points that lie inside the window horizontally.
Entry conditions DE contains the standard X coordinate of one edge.
HL contains the standard Y coordinate of the other edge. Exit
conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All registers preserved.
Notes The window edges are given in standard coordinates in w
hich (0,0) is the bottom left corner of the screen and coordinates are
signed 16 bit numbers. The left edge of the window is deemed
to be the smaller of the two edge supplied. The window wil
l be truncated, if necessary, to make it fit the screen. The edges are m
oved to screen byte boundaries so that the window only contains whole b
ytes (the left edge is moved left, the right edge is moved right). Thi
s moves the coordinates of the edges as follows in the various modes
Mode Left Edge Right Edge
0 Multiple of 2 Multiple of 2 minus 1 1
Multiple of 4 Multiple of 4 minus 1 2
Multiple of 8 Multiple of 8 minus 1 The default wind
ow covers the whole screen. Whenever the screen mode is changed the wi
ndow is restored to its default size. All Graphics VDU point plotting
and line drawing routines test whether the points they are about to plot
lie inside the window if they are not then the points are not plotted
. Related entries GRA GET W WIDTH GRA WIN HEIGHT
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE p
age 15.73 70 GRA WIN HEIGHT
#BBD2 Set the top and bottom edges of the graphics windo
w. Action Set the vertical posit Pion of the graphics windo
w. The top and bottom edges are respectively the last and first points
that lie inside the window vertically. Entry conditions
DE contains the standard X coordinate of one edge. HL contains th
e standard Y coordinate of the other edge. Exit conditions A
F,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All registers preserved. Notes
The window edges are given in standard coordinates in which (0,0) is
the bottom left corner of the screen and coordinates are signed 16 bit
numbers. The top edge will be deemed to be the higher of
the two edges supplied. The window will be truncated, if
necessary, to make it fit the screen. The edges will be moved to lie on
screen line boundaries so that only whole screen lines are included in
the window (the top edge will be moved up, the bottom edge will be mo
ved down). This moves the bottom edge to an even coordinate and the to
p edge to an odd coordinate. The default window covers the whole scr
een. Whenever the screen mode is changed the window is restored to its
default size. All Graphics VDU point plotting and line drawing rout
ines test whether the points they are about to plot lie inside the windo
w if they are not then the points are not plotted. Related
entries GRA GET W HEIGHT GRA WIN WIDTH AM
STRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.74
71 GRA GET W WIDTH #BBD5
Get the left and right edges of the graphics window. Acti
on Ask the horizontal position of the graphics window. The left and
right edges are respectively the first and last points that lie inside
the window horizontally. Entry conditions No co
nditions. Exit conditions DE contains the standard X coo
rdinate of the left edge of the window. HL contains the standard Y coord
inate of the right edge of the window. AF corrupt All other
registers preserved. Notes The window edges are given in
standard coordinates in which (0,0) is the bottom left corner of the
screen. The edges may not be exactly the same as those that were set
using GRA WIN WIDTH as the window is truncated to fit the screen, and t
he edges are moved to screen byte boundaries so that the window only
contains whole bytes. Related entries GRA GET
W HEIGHT GRA IN WIDTH AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128
FIRMWARE page 15.75 72 GRA GET W
HEIGHT #BBD8 Get the top
and bottom edges of the graphics window. Action Ask the
vertical position of the graphics window. The top and bottom edges ar
e respectively the last and first points that lie inside the graphics
window vertically. Entry conditions No conditions.
Exit conditions DE contains the standard X coordinate of the
top edge of the window. HL contains the standard Y coordinate of the
bottom edge of the window. AF corrupt. All other
registers preserved. Notes The window edges are given i
n standard coordinates. i.e. With (0,0) being the bottom left corner
of the screen. The edges may not be exactly the same as that passed
to GRA WIN HEIGHT as the window is truncated to fit the screen, and the
edges are moved to lie on screen line boundaries so that only whole scr
een lines are included in the window. Related entries
GRA GET W WIDTH GRA WIN HEIGHT AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.76
73 GRA CLEAR WINDOW #BBDB
Clear the graphics window. Action Clear the graphi
cs window to the graphics paper ink. Entry conditions No
conditions. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The current g
r P aphics position is moved to the origin of the user c
oordinates. Related entries GRA SET PAPER GRA
WIN HEIGHT GRA WIN WIDTH SCR CLEAR TXT CLEAR WINDOW
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.77 74 GRA SET PEN
#BBDE Set the graphics plotting i
nk. Action Set the graphics pen ink. This is the ink by
the Graphics VDU for plotting points, drawing lines and writing cha
racters. Entry conditions A contains the required ink.
Exit conditions AF corrupt. All other registers p
reserved. Notes The ink is masked to bring it in to rang
e of inks for the current screen mode. In mode 0 the mask is #0F, i
n mode 1 it is #03 and in mode 2 it is #01. In V1.1 firm
ware the graphics pen ink is taken to delimit the edge of the area to f
ill when flood filling areas of the screen. Related entries
GRA GET PEN GRA SET PAPER SCR SET INK TXT SET PEN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.78 75 GRA GET PEN
#BBE1 Get the current graphics plotting
ink. Action Ask what the current graphics pen ink is se
t to. This is the ink used by the Graphics VDU for plotting points, dr
awing lines and writing characters. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions A contains the in
k. Flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes This routine has no other effects. Related entr
ies GRA GET PAPER GRA SET PEN SCR GET INK TX
T GET PEN AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.79 76 GRA SET PAPER
#BBE4 Set the graphics ba
ckground ink. Action Set the graphics paper ink.
Entry conditions A contains the required ink. Exit
conditions AF corrupt. All registers preserved.
Notes The ink is masked to bring it in to range of inks for the
current screen mode. In mode 0 the mask is #0F, in mode 1 it is #03
and in mode 2 it is #01. The paper ink is the ink that is
used for clearing the graphics window, and writing the background
to characters. It is assumed to cover everywhere outside the graphic
s window when testing points. In V1.1 firmware the graphics paper
ink is used to plot pixels corresponding to a zero bit in the line
mask when drawing lines. Related entries GRA GET PAPE
R GRA SET PEN SCR GET INK TXT SET PAPER
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.80
77 GRA GET PAPER
#BBE7 Get the current graphics background ink. Acti
on Ask what the current graphics paper ink is set to. En
try conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
A contains the ink. Flags corrupt. All other registers pre
served. Notes The paper ink is the ink that is used
for clearing the graphics window, and writing background to character
s. It is assumed to cover everywhere outside the graphics window when
testing points. Related entries GRA GET PEN GR
A SET PAPER SCR GET INK TXT GET PAPER
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.
81 78 GRA PLOT ABSOLUTE
#BBEA Plot a point at an absolute position. Actio
n The current graphic position is moved to the position supplied. If
it lies inside the graphics window then the point is plotted in
the current graphics pen in Pk using the current graphics write mode. I
f the point lies outside the graphics window then no action is taken.
Entry conditions DE contains the user X coordinate to plot
at. HL contains the user Y coordinate to plot at. Exit cond
itions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserve
d. Notes The position to plot at is given in user coordina
tes. i.e. Relative to the user origin. This routine calls th
e GRA PLOT indirection to plot the point. In its turn GRA PLOT calls th
e SCR WRITE indirection to set the pixel (if it is in the window).
Related entries GRA PLOT GRA PLOT RELATIVE
GRA TEST ABSOLUTE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMW
ARE page 15.82 79 GRA PLOT RELATI
VE #BBED Plot a point rel
ative to the current position. Action The current graphi
cs position is moved to the position supplied. If this lies inside th
e graphics window then the point is plotted in the current graphics pen
ink using the current graphics write mode. If the point lies outside th
e graphics window then no action is taken. Entry conditions
DE contains a signed X offset. HL contains a signed Y offset.
Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other reg
isters preserved. Notes The position to plot at is g
iven in relative coordinates. i.e. Relative to the current graphics
position.. This routine calls the GRA PLOT indirection to plot the p
oint. In its turn GRA PLOT calls the SCR WRITE indirection to set the p
ixel (if it is in the window). Related entries
GRA PLOT GRA PLOT RELATIVE GRA TEST ABSOLUTE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15
.83 80 GRA TEST ABSOLUTE
#BBF0 Test a point at an absolute position. Acti
on The current graphics position is moved to the position supplied.
If it lies inside the graphics window then the pixel is read from the sc
reen and the ink it is set to is decoded and returned. If the position l
ies outside the graphics window then the current paper ink is returned.
Entry conditions DE contains the user X coordinate to te
st at. HL contains the user Y coordinate to test at. Exit co
nditions A contains the ink of the specified point (or the graphics
paper ink). BC,DE,HL and flags corrupt. All other registers
preserved. Notes The position to test is given in user c
oordinates. i.e. Relative to the user origin. This routin
e calls the GRA TEST indirection to test the point. In its turn GRA TES
T calls the SCR READ indirection to test the pixel (if it is in the win
dow). Related entries GRA PLOT ABSOLUTE GRA TE
ST GRA TEST RELATIVE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIR
MWARE page 15.84 5 $$$ 68 GRA GET ORIGIN
#BBCC Get the origin of the use
r.84 -15 $$$6128 FIRMWARE page 15.107 #BBC
C Get the origin of the user coo This routine calls the G
RA TEST indirection to test the point. In its turn GRA TEST calls the S
CR READ indirection to test the pixel (if it is in the window).
Related entries GRA PLOT ABSOLUTE GRA TEST GR
A TEST RELATIVE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15 81 GRA TEST RELATIVE
#BBF3 Test a point relative to the cur
rent position. Action The current graphics position is m
oved to the position supplied. If it lies inside the graphics window the
n the pixel is read from the screen and the ink it is set to is decoded
and returned. If the position is outside the graphics window then the
current paper ink is returned. Entry conditio Pns DE co
ntains a signed X offset. HL contains a signed Y offset. Exi
t conditions A contains the ink of the specified point (or the graph
ics paper ink). BC,DE,HL and flags corrupt. All other regist
ers preserved. Notes The position to test is given in re
lative coordinates. i.e. Relative to the current graphics position.
This routine calls the GRA TEST indirection to test the point. In its
turn GRA TEST calls the SCR READ indirection to test the pixel (if it
is in the window). Related entries GRA PLOT RE
LATIVE GRA TEST GRA TEST ABSOLUTE AMSTRA
D CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.85
82 GRA LINE ABSOLUTE #BBF6
Draw a line to an absolute position. Action Move the cu
rrent graphics position to the endpoint supplied. All points betwe
en this position and the previous graphics position that lie inside th
e graphics window may be plotted. Points that lie outside the graphics w
indow are ignored. Entry conditions DE contains the user X c
oordinate of the endpoint. HL contains the user Y coordinate of the endp
oint. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All o
ther registers preserved. Notes The position of the end of t
he line is given in user coordinates. i.e. Relative to the user origin.
In V1.0 firmware the points will be plotted in the current graphics
pen ink using the current graphics write mode. In V1.1 firmwa
re the setting of the line mask determines how the pixels on the l
ine will be plotted. The line mask is bit significant and is used repe
atedly in the order bit 7, bit 6 down to bit 0 for each pixel in the
line. If the bit is one then the pixel is plotted in the graphics pen i
nk using the current graphics write mode. If the bit is zero then the ac
tion depends on the graphics background write mode. If the background mo
de is opaque then the pixel is plotted in the graphics paper ink us
ing the current graphics write mode. If the background mode is tra
nsparent then the pixel is not plotted. In V1.1 firmware the first pix
el of the line (that at the previous graphics position) is not plott
ed if the first point plotting mode is set false. This routin
e calls the GRA LINE indirection to draw the line. In its turn GRA LIN
E calls the SCR WRITE indirection to write the pixels (for pixels in the
graphics window). Related entries GRA LINE GRA LINE
RELATIVE GRA SET BACK GRA SET FIRST GRA SET LINE MASK
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE pag
e 15.86 83 GRA LINE RELATIVE
#BBF9 Draw a line relative to the current position.
Action Move the current graphics position to the endpoint sup
plied. All points between this position and the previous graphics posi
tion that lie inside the graphics window may be plotted. Points that li
e outside the graphics window are ignored. Entry conditions
DE contains the signed X offset of the endpoint. HL contains the
signed Y offset of the endpoint. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE a
nd HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The position of the end of the line is given in relative coordinates. i
.e. Relative to the current graphics position. In V1.0 firmware the po
ints will be plotted in the current graphics pen ink using the curren
t graphics write mode. In V1.1 firmware the setting of the line mas
k determines how the pixels on the line will be plotted. The line mas
k is bit significant and is used repeatedly in the order bit 7, bit 6
down to bit 0 for each pixel in the line. If the bit is one then the
pixel is plotted in the graphics pen ink using the current graphics wri
te mode. If the bit is zero then the action depends on the graphics back
ground write mode. If the background mode is opaque then the pixel is
plotted in P the graphics paper ink using the current graphics wr
ite mode. If the background mode is transparent then the pixel is not
plotted. In V1.1 firmware the first pixel of the line (that at the
previous graphics position) is not plotted if the first point plotting
mode is set false. This routine calls the GRA LINE indirecti
on to draw the line. In its turn GRA LINE calls the SCR WRITE indirect
ion to write the pixels (for pixels in the graphics window).
Related entries GRA LINE GRA LINE ABSOLUTE GRA SET BA
CK GRA SET FIRST GRA SET LINE MASK AMSTRAD CPC46
4/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.87 84
GRA WR CHAR #BBFC
Put a character on the screen at the current graphics position. Acti
on Write a character on the screen at the current graphics position.
Entry A contains the character to write. Ex
it conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers p
reserved. Notes The character is written with its top le
ft corner being the current graphics position. All charac
ters are printed, even control codes (characters #00..#1F). The curr
ent position is moved right by the width of the character (ready fo
r another character to be written). In mode 0 this move is 32 points rig
ht, in mode 1 the move is 16 points right and in mode 2 it is 8 points
. The character will be plotted in the graphics pen ink. In the case
of V1.0 firmware, V1.1 firmware when the background write mode is set t
o opaque, the background to the character will be plotted in the
graphics paper ink. In the case of V1.1 firmware when the background
write mode is set to transparent the background pixels are not
plotted. Pixels in the character that lie outside the graphics window
will not be plotted. The pixels are plotted using the SCR WRITE
indirection so they are written using the current graphics write mode.
Related Entries GRA SET BACK TXT SET GRAPHIC TXT
WR CHAR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.88 85 SCR INITIALISE
#BBFF Initialize the Screen Pack.
Action Full initialization of the Screen Pack (as used during E
MS). All Screen Pack variables and indirections are initialized, a
lso the screen mode and the inks are initialized to their default setti
ngs. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit co
nditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preser
ved. Notes The screen indirections (SCR READ, SCR WRITE
and SCR MODE CLEAR) are set to their default routines. The ink
s are set to their default colours (see Appendix V). The ink flashing pe
riods are set to their default values. The screen is put into mode 1.
The screen base is set to put the screen memory at #C000..#FFFF (under
the upper ROM. The screen offset is set to 0. The screen is
cleared to ink 0. The Graphics VDU write mode is set to FORCE mode.
The ink flashing frame flyback event is set up. The initializat
ion is performed in an order that attempts to avoid the previous content
s of the screen becoming visible (at EMS the contents will be random).
Related entries GRA INITIALISE SCR RESET
TXT INITIALISE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.89 86 SCR RESET
#BC02 Reset the Screen Pack.
Action Reinitializes the Screen Pack indirections and the ink col
ours. Also reinitializes the flash rate and Graphics VDU write mode.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit condition
s AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The screen indirections (SCR READ, SCR WRITE and SCR
MODE CLEAR) are set to their defaul Pt routines. The ink
s are set to their default colours (see Appendix V). The ink flashin
g periods are set to their default values. The Graphics VDU write mo
de is set to FORCE mode. The inks are not passed to the hardware. Th
is will be done when the inks flash next. Related entri
es SCR INITIALISE SCR SET ACCESS SCR SET FLASHING
SCR SET INK AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.90 87 SCR SET OFFSET
#BC05 Set the offset of the start of
the screen. Action Set the offset of the first character
on the screen. By changing this offset the screen can be rolled.
Entry conditions HL contains the required offset.
Exit conditions AF and HL corrupt. All other registers pres
erved. Notes The offset passed is masked with #07FE to m
ake sure it is not too big to make that the offset is even. (The scr
een is only capable of rolling in two byte increments).
The screen base and screen offset are combined into a single value and s
ent to the hardware together. The screen offset is used by SCR CHAR
POSITION and SCR DOT POSITION to calculate screen addresses. If the scre
en offset is changed merely by calling the Machine Pack routine MC SCRE
EN OFFSET then the Text and Graphics VDUs will use incorrect screen a
ddresses. The offset is set to zero when the screen mode is set or t
he screen is cleared by calling SCR CLEAR. Related entries
MC SCREEN OFFSET SCR GET LOCATION SCR HW ROLL
SCR SET BASE SCR SET POSITION AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIR
MWARE page 15.91 88 SCR SET BASE
#BC08 Set the area o
f RAM to use for the screen memory. Action Set the base
address of the screen memory. This can e used to move the screen out fro
m underneath the upper ROM or to display a prepared screen instantl
y. Entry conditions A contains the more significant byte
of the base address. Exit conditions AF and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The screen
memory can only be located on a 16K boundary so the value passed in m
asked with #C0. The default screen base, set at EMS, is #C0.
The offset is combined with the screen base into a single value which
is sent to the hardware. The screen base address is used by SCR
CHAR POSITION and SCR DOT POSITION to calculate screen addresses.
If the screen base is changed merely by calling the Machine Pack routin
e MC SCREEN OFFSET then the text and graphics VDUs will use incorrect
screen addresses. The screen memory is not cleared when the screen b
ase is set, use SCR CLEAR to do this. Related entries
MC SCREEN OFFSET SCR GET LOCATION SCR SET OFFSET SCR
SET POSITION AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.92 89 SCR GET LOCATION
#BC0B Fetch current base and offset settin
gs. Action Ask where the screen memory is located and w
here the start of the screen is. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions A contains the more
significant byte of the base address. Flags corrupt. All ot
her registers preserved. Notes The base and offsets retu
rned by this routine may not be the same as those set using SCR SET BA
SE or SCR SET OFFSET. This is because the values are masked to make t
hem legal and the screen offset is also changed when the hardware sc
reen rolling routine, SCR HW ROLL, is used. Related e
ntries SCR SET BASE SCR SET OFFSET SCR SET POSITION
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.93 90 SCR SET MODE P
#BC0E Set screen into a new mode.
Action Put the screen into a new mode and make sure that t
he Text and Graphics VDUs are set up correctly. Entry condit
ions A contains the required mode. Exit conditions
AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The mode requested is marked with #03. If the resulting value is
3 then no action is taken. Otherwise one of the following screen mod
es is set up Mode 0 160 x 200 pixels, 20 x 25 c
haracters. Mode 1 320 x 200 pixels, 40 x 25 characters.
Mode 2 640 x 200 pixels, 80 x 25 characters. At a
early stage the screen is cleared to avoid the old contents of the sc
reen being displayed in the wrong mode. The screen is cleared by calling
the SCR MODE CLEAR indirection. All the text and graphics windows a
re set to cover the whole screen and the graphics user origin is set
to the bottom left corner of the screen. The cursor blobs for all text
streams are turned off. Stream zero is selected. The curr
ent text and graphics pen and paper inks are masked as appropria
te for the new mode (see TXT SET PEN et al). When changing mode to a
mode that allows fewer inks on the screen this may cause the pen and pap
er inks to change. Related entries MC SET MODE
SCR GET MODE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.94 91 SCR GET MODE
#BC11 Ask the current screen mode.
Action Fetch and test the current screen mode. Entry c
onditions No conditions. Exit conditions If curr
ent mode is mode 0 Carry true. Zero false.
A contains 0. If current mode is mode 1
Carry false. Zero true. A contains 1.
If current mode is mode 2 Carry false.
Zero false. A contains 2. Always
Other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The modes are Mode 0 160 x 200 pixels,
20 x 25 characters. Mode 1 320 x 200 pixels, 40 x 25 charac
ters. Mode 2 640 x 200 pixels, 80 x 25 characters.
Related entries SCR SET MODE AMSTRAD CPC464/66
4/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.95 #BBCC
Get the origin of the userrrupt. All other registe
rs preserved. Notes The modes are Mode
0 92 SCR CLEAR
#BC14 Clear the screen (to ink zero). Action
Clear the whole of screen memory to zero. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and H
L corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
At an early stage the ink flashing is turned off and the inks are all s
et to the same colour as ink 0. This makes the screen clearing appear in
stantaneous. When all the screen memory has been set to 0 the ink fla
shing is turned back on (an ink flashing event is added to the fram
e flyback queue) and all inks are set to their proper colours. If th
e text paper ink and graphics paper ink are not set to ink 0 this will b
ecome apparent on the screen when characters are written or windows
are cleared. The screen offset is set to zero. Relate
d entries GRA CLEAR WINDOW SCR MODE CLEAR TXT CLEAR
WINDOW AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.96 93 SCR CHAR LIMITS
#BC17 Ask the size of the screen in char
acters. Action Get the last character row and column on
the screen in the current mode. Entry conditions
No con Pditions. Exit conditions B contains the ph
ysical last column on the screen. C contains the physical last row on th
e screen. AF corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The screen edges are given in physical coordinates. i.e
. Row 0, column 0 is the top left corner of the screen. This means t
hat the last column on the screen is 19 in mode 0, 39 in mode 1 and 79
in mode 2. The last row on the screen is 24 in all modes.
Related entries SCR GET MODE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.97
94 SCR CHAR POSITION #BC1A
Convert physical coordinates to a screen position. Action
Calculate the screen address of the top left corner of a character
position on the screen. Also returns the width of a character in the
current mode. Entry conditions H contains the physica
l character column. L contains the physical character row. Exi
t conditions HL contains the screen address of the top left co
rner of the character. B contains the width in bytes of a char
acter in screen memory. AF corrupt. All other registers preser
ved. Notes The character position is given in physical coord
inates. i.e. Row 0, column 0 is the top left corner of the screen.
The character position given is not checked for being legal. An
illegal position (one outside the limits of the screen) will generate
a meaningless screen address. The conversion to screen address us
es the following formula Screen address Screen base + (Block
offset MOD #0800) where Block offset (Row * 80) +
(Column * Width) + Screen offset. and Screen base
is the address of the start of screen memory. Width
is the width of a character in bytes in the
current mode (4 in mode 0, 2 in mode 1, 1 in m
ode 2) Screen offset is offset of the first byte to be displ
ayed on the screen. Related entries
SCR DOT POSITION SCR NEXT BYTE SCR NEXT LINE SCR
PREV BYTE SCR PREV LINE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.98 95 SCR DOT POSITION
#BC1D Convert bas coordinates to
a screen position. Action Calculate the screen address and
mask for a pixel. Also return an indication of the number of pixels
in a screen byte in the current mode. Entry conditions
DE contains the base X coordinate of a pixel. HL contains the ba
se Y coordinate of a pixel. Exit conditions HL contains the
screen address of the pixel. C contains the mask for the pixel.
B contains one less than the number of pixels in a byte. AF and DE cor
rupt. All other registers preserved. Notes The pixel
position is given in base coordinates. i.e. (0,0) is the pixel in t
he bottom left corner of the screen and each coordinate position re
fers to a single pixel. The pixel position is not checked for being le
gal (within the limits of the screen). If it is not then the screen
address calculated is meaningless. The conversion to screen
address uses the following formula Screen addressScreen base+(Line in
row*#0800)+(Row offset MOD #0800) Where Screen base is
the start address of screen memory Line in row (199 - Y coordi
nate) MOD 8 Row offset (Row number * 80) + Byte in row + Scree
n offset and Row number (199 - Y coordinate)/8
Byte in row X coordinate/Byte width Screen offset is t
he offset of the first byte to be displayed on the screen.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.9
9 Byte width is the number of pixels in a byte in
the current P mode (2 in mode 0, 4 in mode 1, 8 in m
ode 2). X coordinate MOD Byte width is used to calculate the mask
for the appropriate pixel. Related entries
GRA FROM USER SCR CHAR POSITION SCR NEXT BYTE SCR NEXT L
INE SCR PREV BYTE SCR PREV LINE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/612
8 FIRMWARE page 15.100 96 SCR NEXT
BYTE #BC20 Step a sc
reen address right one byte. Action Calculate the screen
address of the byte right of the supplied screen address.
Entry conditions HL contains a screen address. Exit cond
itions HL contains the updated screen address. AF corrup
t. All other registers preserved. Notes Moving o
ff the end of the screen line is not prevented. It will simply point the
screen address at the next byte in the screen block. Normally t
his will be the first byte on a screen line 8 screen lines down from t
he old line (i.e. down one character row). However, moving right off th
e end of the last screen line in a block will point to the screen addres
s at the start of the 48 bytes in the block that are not displayed on t
he screen. This routine is intended to be used for moving the screen
address when putting characters or drawing lines on the screen.
Related entries SCR CHAR POSITION SCR DOT POSITION
SCR NEXT LINE SCR PREV BYTE SCR PREV LINE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.101
97 SCR PREV BYTE #BC
23 Step a screen address left one byte. Action
Calculate the screen address of the byte left of the supplied screen
address. Entry conditions HL contains a screen address.
Exit conditions HL contains the updated screen address.
AF corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
Moving off the start of the screen line is not prevented. It w
ill simply point the screen address at the previous byte in the scre
en block. Normally this will be the last byte on a screen line 8 scree
n lines up from the old line (i.e. down one character row). However,
moving left off the start of the top screen line in a block will point
to the screen address at the last of the 48 bytes in the block that
are not displayed on the screen. This routine is intended to
be used for moving the screen address when putting characters or drawing
lines on the screen. Related entries SCR CHAR POSITIO
N SCR DOT POSITION SCR NEXT BYTE SCR NEXT LINE S
CR PREV LINE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.102 98 SCR NEXT LINE
#BC26 Step a screen address down one lin
e. Action Calculate the screen address of the byte belo
w the supplied screen address. Entry conditions
HL contains a screen address. Exit conditions HL co
ntains the updated screen address. AF corrupt. All other reg
isters preserved. Notes Moving off the bottom of the s
creen is not prevented (and not recommended). After moving off the
bottom the screen address is not useful. This routine is
intended to be used for moving the screen address when putting character
s or drawing lines on the screen. Related entries SCR
CHAR POSITION SCR DOT POSITION SCR NEXT BYTE SCR PREV BY
TE SCR PREV LINE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMW
ARE page 15.103 99 SCR PREV LINE
#BC29 Step a screen ad
dress up one line. Action Calculate the screen address o
f the byte above the supplied screen address. P Entry c
onditions HL contains a screen address. Exit conditions
HL contains the updated screen address. AF corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes Moving off th
e top of the screen is not prevented (and not recommended). Af
ter moving off the top the screen address is not useful.
This routine is intended to be used for moving the screen address when
putting characters or drawing lines on the screen. Related entri
es SCR CHAR POSITION SCR DOT POSITION SCR NEXT BYTE
SCR NEXT LINE SCR PREV BYTE AMSTRAD CP
C464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.104
100 SCR INK ENCODE #BC2C
Encode an ink to cover all pixels in a byte. Action Convert
an ink to the encoded form that will set all pixels in a byte to the i
nk. This encoded ink can then be masked to generate the appropria
te value to set a single pixel to the ink. Entry conditions
A contains an ink number. Exit conditions A contains the enc
oded ink. Flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The encoding is not trivial as the pixels in a byte are
interleaved and also the bits in a pixel are not in the obvious order.
The pixel bits are (most significant to least significant)
Mode 0 Mode 1 Mode 2 Leftmos
t pixel Bits 1,5,3,7 Bits 3,7 Bit 7
Bit 6
Bits 2,6 Bit 5
Bit 4 Bits 0,4,2,6
Bits 1,5 Bit 3
Bit 2 Bits 0,4
Bit 1 Rightmost pixel
Bit 0 The Text and Graphics VDUs store their pen and paper inks
in this encoded form for ease of use internally. This saves time co
nverting the ink for each pixel plotted. The encoding is dif
ferent in different modes and so all inks have to be re-encoded when t
he screen mode is changed. SCR SET MODE does this automatically for the
Text VDU and Graphics VDU pen and paper inks. Related entries
SCR INK DECODE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.105 101 SCR INK DECODE
#BC2F Decode an encoded ink.
Action Convert an encoded ink to the appropriate ink numbe
r. Entry conditions A contains an encoded ink.
Exit conditions A contains the ink number. Flags corr
upt. All other registers preserved. Notes The de
coding is performed by decoding the ink of the leftmost pixel in the enc
oded ink. The ink for this pixel is encoded in the following bits (mo
st significant to least significant) in the various screen modes
Mode 0 Bits 1,5,3,7 Mode 1 Bits 3,7
Mode 2 Bit 7 Related entries SCR INK ENC
ODE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.106 102 SCR SET INK
#BC32 Set the colours in which to displ
ay an ink. Action Set which colours will be used to displa
y an ink. If the two colours are the same then the ink will remain a s
teady colour. If the colours are different then the ink will alternate
between these two colours. Entry conditions A contains an in
k number. B contains the first colour. C contains the second col
our. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All ot
her registers preserved. Notes The ink number is masked wi
th #0F to make sure it is legal, and the colours are masked with #1F.
Colours P27..31 are not intended for use they are merely duplicate
s of other colours available. The new colours for an ink are not sent
to the hardware immediately. They are stored and will appear on the s
creen when the next frame flyback occurs. The length of ti
me for which each colour is displayed on the screen can be set by cal
ling SCR SET FLASHING. The inks are set to their default colours at EM
S and when SCR RESET is called. The various colours available
and the default ink colours set are described in Appendix V.
Related entries GRA SET PAPER GRA SET PEN SC
R GET INK SCR SET BORDER SCR SET FLASHING TXT SET PAPER
TXT SET PEN AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.107 HAP-15 $$$ 92 SCR CLEAR
#BC14 Clear the screen (to ink zR
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.129
Ask the colours an ink is CHAP-15 P7 3456789ABCHAP-15 P8 CDEFGHIJKLMNO
PQRCHAP-15 P8 SCHAP-15 P9 TUVWXYZabcCHAP-15 BAKdefghijklmnopqrsCHAP-15 P10tuvwxy
zCHAP-15 P4 yNotes The ink number is masked with #0F to make sure
it is legal. The colours returned may not be the same as those supp
lied to the Screen Pack as the colours are masked when they are set.
The new colour for an ink are not sent to the hardware immediatel
y when they are set. They are stored and appear on the screen when the
next frame flyback occurs. This means that the colours returned may
not actually be visible to the user 125 CAS IN OPEN
#BC77 Open a file for
input. Action Set up the read stream for reading a file
and read the first block. Entry conditions B contains t
he length of the filename. HL contains the address of the filename.
DE contains the address of a 2K buffer to use. Exit conditions
If the file was opened OK Carry true.
Zero false. HL contains the address of a buffer contai
ning the file header. DE contains the data l
ocation (from the header). BC contains the logical file lengt
h (from the header). A contains the file type (from the header)
. If the stream is in use Carry false.
Zero false. In V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E).
In V1.0 A corrupt. BC,DE and HL corrupt.
If the user hit escape Carry false. Zero tr
ue. In V1.1 A contains an error number (#00).
In V1.0 A corrupt. BC,DE and HL corrupt. Always
IX and other flags corrupt. All other registers
preserved. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.130 Notes This routine can return
two error numbers #00 The user hit escape.
#0E The stream is already in use. The 2K buffer (2048 by
tes) supplied is used to store the contents of a block of the file when
it is read from tape. It will remain in use until the file is closed
by calling either CAS IN CLOSE or CAS IN ABANDON. The buffer may l
ie anywhere in memory, even underneath a ROM. The filename passed is
copied into the read stream descriptor. If it is longer than 16 chara
cters then it is truncated to 16 characters. If it is shorter then it
is padded with nulls (#00) to 16 characters. While the filename may co
ntain any character, it is best to avoid nulls. Lower case ASCII le
tters (characters #61..#7A) are converted to their upper case equivalent
s (characters #41..#5A). The filename may lie anywhere in RAM, even un
derneath a ROM. PThe filename is normally the name of the file th
at is to be read. However, a zero length filename (or one starting
with a null) is treated specially. It is taken to mean read the nex
t file on the tape. When the file is opened for reading the first bl
ock of the file is read immediately. The address of the area where t
he header from this block is stored is passed back to the user so that
information can be extracted from it. This area will lie in the centra
l 32K of RAM. The user is not allowed to write to the header, only re
ad from it. The Cassette Manager uses fields in the header for its ow
n purposes and so these may differ from those read from the tape. The fi
le type, logical length, entry point and all user fields will remain u
nchanged. (see section 8 for a description of the header).
Related entries CAS IN ABANDON CAS IN CHAR CAS IN
CLOSE CAS IN DIRECT CAS IN OPEN (DISC) CAS OUT OPEN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE p
age 15.131 125 CAS IN OPEN DISC
#BC77 Open a file for input. Action
Set up the read stream for reading a file and read the header if there
is one, other wise create a fake header in store. Entry condit
ions B contains the length of the filename. HL contains the
address of the filename. DE contains the address of a 2K buffer to use.
Exit conditions If the file was opened OK
Carry true. Zero false. HL contains the a
ddress of a buffer containing the file header.
DE contains the data location (from the header). BC cont
ains the logical file length (from the header). A contains the
file type (from the header). If the stream is already open
Carry false. Zero false. A contain
s an error number (#0E). BC,DE and HL corrupt. If the
open failed for any other reason Carry false.
Zero true. A contains an error number. BC,D
E and HL corrupt. Always IX and other flags corrupt
. all other registers preserved. AMSTRAD CPC4
64/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.132 N
otes The 2K buffer (2048 bytes) supplied is used to store the conten
ts of a block of the file when it is read from disc. It will remain i
n use until the file is closed by calling either CAS IN CLOSE or CA
S IN ABANDON. The buffer may lie anywhere in memory, even underneath a
ROM. The filename must conform to the AMSDOS conventions with n
o wild cards. The filename may lie anywhere in RAM, even underneath a R
OM. If the type part of the filename is omitted AMSDOS will attem
pt to open, in turn, a file with the following type parts '.','.BAS','.
BIN'. If none of these exist then the open will fail. When t
he file is opened the first record of the file is read immedia
tely. If this record contains a header then it is copied into store, o
therwise a fake header is constructed in store. The address of the area
where the header is stored is passed back to the user so that informatio
n can be extracted from it. This area will lie in the central 32K
of RAM. The user is not allowed to write to the header, only read fr
om it. AMSDOS uses fields in the header for its own purposes and
so these may differ from those read from the disc. The file type, log
ical length, entry point and all user fields will remain unchanged.
Related entries CAS IN ABANDON (DISC) CAS IN CHAR
(DISC) CAS IN CLOSE (DISC) CAS IN OPEN CAS OUT OPEN (DIS
C) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMW
ARE page 15.133 126 CAS IN CLOSE
#BC7A Close the input file pro
perly. Action Mark the read stream as closed. P E
ntry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions If
the stream was closed OK Carry true. A corru
pt. If the stream was not open Carry false.
In V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E). In V1.0 A c
orrupt. Always BC,DE,HL and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes This r
outine can only return one error number #0E The stream is n
ot open. This routine should be called to close a file after readin
g from it using either CAS IN CHAR or CAS IN DIRECT. The u
ser may reclaim the buffer passed to CAS IN OPEN after calling this r
outine. Related entries CAS IN ABANDON CAS IN CL
OSE (DISC) CAS IN OPEN CAS OUT CLOSE AMSTRAD C
PC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.134
126 CAS IN CLOSE (DISC) #BC7A
Close the input file properly. Action Mark the read stream
as closed. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit c
onditions If the stream was closed OK Carry true.
Zero false. A corrupt. If the stream
is not open Carry false. Zero false.
A contains an error number (#0E). If the close failed for an
y other reason Carry false. Zero true.
A contains an error number. Always BC,D
E,HL and other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes This routine should be called to close a file after rea
ding from it using either CAS IN CHAR or CAS IN DIRECT. The
user may reclaim the buffer passed to CAS IN OPEN after calling this
routine. The drive motor if turned off immediately after the input
file has closed. This is done so that a loaded program which takes o
ver the machine is not left with the motor running indefinitely.
Related entries CAS IN ABANDON (DISC) CAS IN CLOSE
CAS IN OPEN (DISC) CAS OUT CLOSE (DISC) AMSTRAD CPC464/
664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.135 127
CAS IN ABANDON #BC7D Cl
ose the input file immediately. Action Abandon reading f
rom the read stream and close it. Entry conditions No co
nditions. Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes This routine is
intended for use after an error or in similar circumstances.
The user may reclaim the buffer passed to CAS IN OPEN after calling
this routine. Related entries CAS IN ABANDON
(DISC) CAS IN CLOSE CAS IN OPEN CAS OUT ABANDON
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.136 127 CAS IN ABANDON (DISC)
#BC7D Close the input file immediately.
Action Abandon reading from the read stream and close it.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditio
ns AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes This routine is intended for use after an err
or or in similar circumstances. The user may reclaim the
buffer passed to CAS IN OPEN after calling this routine.
Related entries CAS IN ABANDON CAS IN CLOSE (DISC)
CAS IN OPEN (DISC) CAS OUT ABANDON (DISC)
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.137
128 CAS IN CHAR
#BC80 Read a character from the input file. Action
Read a character from the input stream. Fetches blocks from tape as
required. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit
Pconditions If the character was read OK Carry t
rue. Zero false. A contains the character read
from the file. If the end of the file was found Ca
rry false. Zero false. In V1.1 A contains an e
rror number (#0E or #0F). In V1.0 A corrupt. If the u
ser hit escape Carry false. Zero true.
In V1.1 A contains an error number (#00). In V1.0 A
corrupt. Always IX and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes This routine can r
eturn three error numbers #00 The user hit escape. #0E
The stream is not open for reading characters or the user hit
escape previously. #0F Have reached the end of the file. O
nce the first character has been read from a file it can only be used fo
r character by character access. It is not possible to switch to dir
ect reading (by CAS IN DIRECT). Related entries CAS IN CHAR (D
ISC) CAS IN CLOSE CAS IN DIRECT CAS IN OPEN CAS
OUT CHAR CAS RETURN CAS TEST EOF AMSTRAD CPC464/664/61
28 FIRMWARE page 15.138 128 CAS IN
CHAR (DISC) #BC80 Read a cha
racter from an input file. Action Read a character from the
input stream. Entry conditions No conditions Exit
conditions If the character was read OK Carry true
Zero false. A contains the character read f
rom the file. If the end of the file was found, or stream not open as
expected Carry false. Zero false.
A contains an error number (#0E, #0F or #1A). If failed for an
y other reason Carry false. Zero true.
A contains an error number. Always IX and
other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. N
otes Once the character has been read from a file the rest of the file
may only be read character by character (using CAS IN CHAR). It
is impossible to switch to direct reading (by CAS IN DIRECT).
The CP/M end of file character (#1A) is treated as end of file (carry
false, zero false). However, it is possible to continue reading
characters until the hard end of file. The error number returned is s
et to #1A for soft (CP/M) end of file and #0F for hard end of file. Th
e action for spotting soft and of file is not performed by the equ
ivalent cassette version of the routine and will never return #1A when
carry is false. If a file containing binary data is read using this
routine then it will be necessary to spot soft EOF and ignore it.
Related entries CAS IN CHAR CAS IN CLOSE (DISC)
CAS IN DIRECT (DISC) CAS IN OPEN (DISC) CAS OUT CHAR (DISC)
CAS RETURN (DISC) CAS TEST EOF (DISC) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6
128 FIRMWARE page 15.139 #BC
77 Open a file for input. 103 SCR GET INK
#BC35 Ask the colours an
ink is currently displayed in. Action Get the two colou
rs that are used to display an ink on the screen. Entry conditions
A contains an ink number. Exit conditions B c
ontains the first colour. C contains the second colour. AF,D
E and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The ink number is masked with #0F to make sure it is legal. The
colours returned may not be the same as those supplied to the Screen
Pack as the colours are masked when they are set. The new colou
r for an ink are not sent to the hardware immediately when they are
set. They are stored and appear on the screen when the next frame flyb
ack occurs. This means that the colours returned may not actually be
visible to the user Pyet. The default settings for the inks and th
e various colours available are described in Appendix V. Re
lated entries GRA GET PAPER GRA GET PEN SCR GET BORDER
SCR SET INK TXT GET PAPER TXT GET PEN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.108
104 SCR SET BORDER #BC3
8 Set the colours in which to display the border. Action
Set which two colours will be used to display the border. If the
two colours are the same then the border will remain a steady colour.
If the colours are different then the border will alternate between thes
e two colours. Entry conditions B contains the f
irst colour. C contains the second colour. Exit conditions
AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The colours are masked with #1F to ensure that they are
legal. Colours 27..31 are not intended for use they are merely duplicat
es of other colours available. The new colours for the
border are not sent to the hardware immediately. They are stored
and will appear on the screen when the next frame flyback occurs.
The length of time for which each colour is displayed on the screen
can be set by calling SCR SET FLASHING. The border is set to
its default colours at EMS and when SCR RESET is called. The default co
lour and the colours available are described in Appendix V. R
elated entries SCR GET BORDER SCR SET FLASHING SCR SET
INK AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.109 105 SCR GET BORDER
#BC3B Ask the colours the border is currently disp
layed in. Action Get the two colours used to display the
border on the current screen. Entry conditions No condi
tions. Exit conditions B contains the first colour.
C contains the second colour. AF, DE and HL corrupt. All
other registers preserved. Notes The colours returned m
ay not be the same as those supplied to the Screen Pack as they are
masked when they are set. The new colours for the border are
not sent to the hardware immediately when they are set. They are
stored and appear on the screen when the next frame flyback occurs.
This means that the colours returned may not actually be visible to the
user yet. The default border colour and the colours available are d
escribed in Appendix V. Related entries SCR G
ET INK SCR SET BORDER AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRM
WARE page 15.110 106 SCR SET FLASH
ING #BC3E Set the flash p
eriods. Action Set for how long each of the two colours
for the inks and the border are to be displayed on the screen. These s
ettings apply to all inks and the border. Entry condition
s H contains the period for the first colour. L contains the
period for the second colour. Exit conditions AF and HL
corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes T
he flash periods are given in frame flybacks (1/50 or 1/60 of a se
cond). A period of 0 is taken to mean a period of 256. The default s
etting for the flash periods is 10 frame flybacks (1/5 or 1/6 of a secon
d). This is set at EMS and when SCR RESET is called. The new flash p
eriods are not used immediately but when the inks next flash.
Related entries SCR GET FLASHING SCR SET BORDER
SCR SET INK AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.111 107 SCR GET FLASHING
#BC41 Ask the current flash period
s. Action Get the time for which each of the two colours
associated with an ink or the border is P displayed. Entr
y conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
H contains the period for the first colour. L contains the period for th
e second colour. AF corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The flash periods are given in frame flybacks (1
/50 or 1/60 of a second). A period of 0 means 256.
Related entries SCR SET FLASHING
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.112
108 SCR FILL BOX
#BC44 Fill a character area of the screen with an ink.
Action Fill a rectangular area of the screen with an ink. The b
oundaries of this area are given in character positions. En
try conditions A contains the encoded ink to fill the area with.
H contains the physical left column of the area to fill. D cont
ains the physical right column of the area to fill. L contains the physi
cal top row of the area to fill. E contains the physical bottom row of t
he area to fill. Exit conditions AF, BC, DE and HL corru
pt. All other registers preserved. Notes The are
a boundaries are given in physical coordinates. i.e. Row 0, column 0
is the top left corner of the screen. They are not checked for legal
ity. If illegal boundaries are passed (edges of the screen) then unpre
dictable effects may occur. The screen is written directly without u
sing any other write routine. The current Graphics VDU write mode is th
erefore ignored. Related entries SCR CLEAR SCR
FLOOD BOX TXT CLEAR WINDOW AMSTRAD CPC464/664/612
8 FIRMWARE page 15.113 109 SCR FLO
OD BOX #BC47 Fill a by
te area of the screen. Action Fill a rectangular area of
the screen with an ink. The boundaries of the area must lie on byte b
oundaries. This routine will not fill an arbitrary area of the screen
to pixel a boundary. Entry conditions C contains the en
coded ink to fill the area with. HL contains the screen address of the
top left corner of the area to fill. D contains the (unsign
ed) width of the area to fill in bytes. E contains the (unsigned) heig
ht of the area to fill in screen lines. Exit conditions
AF, BC, DE and HL corrupt. All other register preserved. Not
es The whole of the rectangle being cleared must lie on the screen.
If any of it lies off the screen then unpredictable effects may occur.
A height or width of 0 is taken to mean 256 (which is too large to f
it on the screen). The screen is written directly without us
ing any other write routine. The current Graphics VDU write mode is the
refore ignored. Related entries GRA CLEAR WINDOW
SCR CLEAR SCR FILL BOX AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWA
RE page 15.114 110 SCR CHAR INVERT
#BC4A Invert a characte
r position. Action All pixels at a character position th
at are written in one ink are rewritten in a second ink, and vice
versa. This gives an inverse effect to the character position. Inver
ting the character a second time will restore the original inks. Thi
s effect is used to draw the Text VDU cursors. Entry condi
tions B contains an encoded ink. C contains another encoded
ink. H contains a physical character column. L contains a physic
al character row. Exit conditions AF, BC, DE and HL corr
upt. All other registers preserved. Notes The char
acter position is given in physical coordinates i.e. Row 0, column 0
is the top left corner of the screen. The character position given is
not checked for being legal. An illegal position (one outside the
limits of the screen) will have unpredictable effects.
PAll pixels at the character position are exclusive-ored with the
exclusive-or of the two inks supplied. Pixels at the character
position that are set to one of the two inks supplied will therefore b
e set to the other supplied ink. Pixels set to other inks will also be
altered. Related entries TXT PLACE CURSOR TXT
REMOVE CURSOR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.115 111 SCR HW ROLL
#BC4D Move the whole screen up or down eig
ht pixel lines (one character). Action Roll the screen using
the hardware. The new line appearing on the screen is cleared.
Entry conditions If the screen is rolled down
B must be zero. If the screen is to roll up B mus
t be non-zero. Always A contains the encoded ink to
clear the new line to. Exit conditions AF, BC, DE and HL co
rrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes The scre
en is rolled by changing the screen offset (see SCR SET OFFSET).
Rolling the screen upwards moves the screen contents up and clears the
new bottom line. The screen offset is therefore increased by 80 (MOD
#0800). Rolling the screen downwards moves the screen contents
down and clears the new top line. The screen offset is therefore decrea
sed by 80 (MOD #0800). The new line is cleared by writing to
it directly thus the Graphics VDU write mode is ignored. Th
e Text VDU roll count is not changed by this routine (see TXT GET WIN
DOW). Special precautions are taken to make sure that the screen is
kept looking presentable during the rolling and in particular during
the clearing of the new line. Principally this consists of clearing t
he new line in two parts. First the part that is not visible on th
e screen (by virtue of the screen addressing) is cleared. Then, after
waiting for frame flyback and changing the screen offset, the second
half of the line that was part of the line that just rolled off the
screen is cleared. Related entries SCR SET OFFSET
SCR SW ROLL AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.116 112 SCR SW ROLL
#BC50 Move an area of the screen up or down
eight pixel lines (one character). Action Roll an
area of the screen by copying. The area to be rolled is specifie
d in character positions. Entry conditions If the screen is
to roll down B must be zero. If the screen is to ro
ll up B must be non-zero. Always
A contains the encoded ink to clear the new line to. H contain
s the physical left column of the area to roll. D contains the
physical right column of the area to roll. L contains the physi
cal top row of the area to roll. E contains the physical bottom
row of the area to roll. Exit conditions AF, BC, DE and HL
corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes The ar
ea boundaries are given in physical coordinates. i.e. Row 0, column
0 is the top left corner of the screen. The boundaries are not checked
for legality. If illegal boundaries are passed (edges of the screen) t
hen unpredictable effects may occur. Rolling the area upwards moves th
e contents up and clears the new bottom line. Rolling the area down
wards moves the area contents down clears the top new line.
The line is cleared by writing to it directly the Graphics VDU write mo
de is ignored. The Text VDU roll count is not changed by this routine
(see TXT GET WINDOW). Special precautions are taken to make
sure that the screen is kept looking presentable during the rolling
. Principally this consists waiting for frame flyback before performing
the copy. Related entries SCR HW ROLL AMS
TRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE P page 15.117
113 SCR UNPACK #BC53
Expand a character matrix for the current screen mode.
Action Convert a matrix from its standard form to a set of pixel
masks as appropriate for the current screen mode. Entry con
ditions HL contains the address of a matrix. DE contains the
address of an area to unpack into. Exit conditions AF,
BC, DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
The matrix is converted into a series of masks which cover all t
he screen bytes in the character. This means that each byte of the matri
x is converted to 4 bytes in mode 0, 2 bytes in mode 1 and 1 byte in
mode 2. Thus the unpacking area must be 32, 16 or 8 bytes long.
If a bit in the matrix is set then the appropriate pixel mask is
included in the unpacked version (the bits are set to one). Otherwise
the pixel mask is not included in the unpacked version (the bits are
set to zero). Related entries SCR REPACK
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.118 #BC35 Ask the colours an ink is t be 3
2, 16 or 8 bytes long. If a bit in the matrix is set then the app
ropriate pixel mask is included 32 TXT RD CHAR
#BB60 Read a character fr
om the screen. Action Read a character from the screen at
the cursor position of the currently selected stream. En
try conditions No conditions. Exit conditions If a
recognisable character was found Carry true.
A contains the character read. If no recognisable character was found
Carry false. A contains zero. Always
Other flags corrupt. All other registers pr
eserved. Notes In V1.1 firmware the cursor position is fo
rced legal (inside the window) before the character is read. This may
cause the screen to roll. The same is not true in V1.0 firmware whe
re the cursor position is not forced legal and steps must be tak
en to avoid reading characters from outside the window. The
read is performed by comparing the matrix found on the screen with the
matrices used to generate characters. As a result changing a chara
cter matrix, changing the pen or paper inks, or changing the screen
(e.g. drawing a line through a character) may make the charact
er unreadable. To actually read the character from the screen th
e TXT UNWRITE indirection is called. Special precautions a
re taken against generating inverse space (character #8F). Initial
ly the character is read assuming that the background to the charact
er was written in the current paper ink and treating any other ink as
foreground. If this fails to generate a recognisable character or i
t generates inverse space then another try is made by assuming that the
foreground to the character was written in the current pen ink and tr
eating any other ink as background. The characters are scanned startin
g with #00 and finishing with #FF. Related entries TXT UNWRITE
TXT WR CHAR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.34 33 TXT SET GRAPHIC
#BB63 Turn on or off the Graphics VDU writ
e character option. Action Enable or disable graphic chara
cter writing on the currently selected stream. Entry condit
ions If graphic writing is to be turned on A mu
st be non-zero. If the graphic writing is to be turned off
A must contain zero. Exit conditions AF corr
upt. All other registers preserved. Notes When g
raphic character writing is enabled then all characters sent to TXT OUT
PUT are printed using the Graphics VDU (see GRA WR CHAR) r Pather then
the Text VDU (see TXT WR CHAR). Also all control codes are printe
d rather than obeyed. Characters sent to TXT WR CHAR will be printed
as normal. Character printing is not prevented by disabling the Te
xt VDU (with TXT VDU DISABLE) if graphic character writing is enabled.
Related entries GRA WR CHAR TXT OUTPUT
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.
35 34 TXT WIN ENABLE
#BB66 Set the size of the current text window. Ac
tion Set the boundaries of the window on the currently selected stre
am. The edges are the first and last character columns inside the windo
w and the first and last character rows inside the window.
Entry conditions H contains the physical column of one edge. D
contains the physical column of the other edge. L contains the physical
row of one edge. E contains the physical row of the other edge.
Exit conditions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other register
s preserved. Notes The edge positions are given in physical
screen coordinates i.e. Row 0, column 0 is the top left corner of the
screen and the coordinates are signed numbers. The window is
truncated, if necessary, so that it fits on the screen. The left colu
mn of the window is taken to be the smaller of H and D. The top row of
the window is taken to be the smaller of L and E. The cursor is moved
to the top left corner of the window. The window is not cleared.
If the window covers the whole screen then when the window is rolled
the hardware roll routine (see SCR HW ROLL) will be used. If the
window covers less than the whole screen the software roll routine
(see SCR SW ROLL) will be used. The default text window covers the
whole screen and is set up when TXT INITIALISE or SCR SET MODE is called
. Related entries TXT GET WINDOW TXT VALIDATE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 1
5.36 35 TXT GET WINDOW
#BB69 Get the size of the current window. Actio
n Get the boundaries of the window on the currently selected stream
and whether it covers the whole screen. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions If the window c
overs the whole screen Carry false. If the wind
ow covers less than the whole screen Carry true. Al
ways H contains the leftmost column in the window.
D contains the rightmost column in the window. L contain
s the topmost row in the window. E contains the bottommost row
in the window. A corrupt. All other register
s preserved. Notes The boundaries of the window are given in
physical coordinates. i.e. Row 0, column 0 is the top left corner of
the screen. The boundaries returned by this routine may not be the sam
e as those set when TXT WIN ENABLE was called because the window is tr
uncated to fit the screen. Related entries. TXT VAL
IDATE TXT WIN ENABLE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.37 36 TXT CLEAR WINDOW
#BB6C Clear current window.
Action Clear the text window of the currently selected s
tream to the paper ink of the currently selected stream.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The cursor is moved to the top left corner of the
window. Related entries GRA CLEAR WINDOW SCR C
LEAR TXT SET PAPER TXT WIN ENABLE
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.38
37 TXT SET COLUMN #
BB6F P Set cursor horizontal position Action
Move the current position of the currently selected stream to a new
column. The cursor blob will be removed from the current position and
redrawn at the new position (if the cursor is enabled and turned on).
Entry conditions A contains the required logical column for the cu
rsor. Exit conditions AF and HL corrupt. All oth
er registers preserved. Notes The required column is giv
en in logical coordinates. i.e. Column 1 is the leftmost column of the
window. The cursor may be moved outside the window. How ever,
it will be forced to lie inside the window before any characters is
written by the Text VDU (see TXT VALIDATE) or the cursor blob is
drawn. Related entries TXT GET CURSOR TXT SE
T CURSOR TXT SET ROW AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIR
MWARE page 15.39 38 TXT SET ROW
#BB72 Set cursor v
ertical position. Action Move the current position o
f the currently selected stream to a new row. The cursor blob will be
removed from the current position and redrawn at the new position (
if the cursor is enabled and turned on). Entry conditions
A contains the required logical row for the cursor. Exit con
ditions AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The required row is given in logical coordinat
es. i.e. Row 1 is the topmost row of the window. The cu
rsor may be moved outside the window. How ever, it will be forced
to lie inside the window before any characters is written by the Text
VDU (see TXT VALIDATE) or the cursor blob is drawn. Related entri
es TXT GET CURSOR TXT SET COLUMN TXT SET CURSOR
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.40
39 TXT SET CURSOR
#BB75 Set cursor position. Action
Move the current position of the currently selected stream to a new
row and column. The cursor blob will be removed from the current p
osition and redrawn at the new position (if the cursor is enabled and tu
rned on). Entry conditions H contains the required l
ogical column. L contains the required logical row. Exit c
onditions AF and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes The required row is given in logical coordinates.
i.e. Row 1, column 1 is the top left corner of the window.
The cursor may be moved outside the window. How ever, it will be
forced to lie inside the window before any characters is written by t
he Text VDU (see TXT VALIDATE) or the cursor blob is drawn. Relate
d entries TXT GET CURSOR TXT SET COLUMN TXT SET ROW
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE pa
ge 15.41 40 TXT GET CURSOR
#BB78 Ask current cursor position. Action
Get the current location of the cursor and a count of the number o
f times the window of the currently selected stream has rolled.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
H contains the logical cursor column. L contains the logical cur
sor row. A contains the current roll count. Flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The cursor p
osition is given in logical coordinates. i.e. Row 1, column 1 is t
he top left corner of the window. The roll count passed out has no a
bsolute meaning. It is decremented when the window is rolled up and is
incremented when the window is rolled down. It may be used to deter
mine whether the window has rolled by comparing it with a previous value
. The position reported may not be inside the window and is, theref
ore, not necessarily the po P sition at which the next cha
racter will be printed. Use TXT VALIDATE to check this. Rela
ted entries TXT SET COLUMN TXT SET CURSOR TXT SET RO
W TXT VALIDATE AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.42 41 TXT CUR ENABLE
#BB7B Allow cursor display - user.
Action Allow the cursor blob for the currently selected strea
m to be placed on the screen. The cursor blob will be placed
on the screen immediately unless the cursor is turned off (see TXT CUR
OFF). Entry conditions No conditions.
Exit conditions AF corrupt. All other registers preserved
. Notes Cursor enabling and disabling is intended fo
r use by the user. It is also used when the VDU is disabled (TXT V
DU ENABLE and TXT VDU DISABLE). Related entries
TXT ASK STATE TXT CUR DISABLE TXT CUR ON TXT DRA
W CURSOR TXT UNDRAW CURSOR AMSTRAD CPC464/664/61
28 FIRMWARE page 15.43 42 TXT CUR
DISABLE #BB7E Dissallo
w cursor display - user. Action Prevent the cursor blob
for the currently selected stream from being placed on the screen. The
cursor blob will be removed from the screen immediately if it is curre
ntly there. Entry conditions No conditions.
Exit conditions AF corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes Cursor enabling and disabling is intended for use b
y the user. It is also used when the VDU is disabled (TXT VDU ENA
BLE and TXT VDU DISABLE). Related entries
TXT ASK STATE TXT CUR ENABLE TXT CUR OFF TXT DRAW CURSO
R TXT UNDRAW CURSOR AMSTRAD CPC464/6
64/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.44 43 TX
T CUR ON #BB81 A
llow cursor display - system. Action Allow the curso
r blob for the currently selected stream to be placed on the screen.
The cursor blob will be placed on the screen immediately unles
s the cursor in disabled (see TXT CUR DISABLE). Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions All registers
and flags preserved. Notes Turning the cursor on and off
is intended for use by system ROMs. Related entries
TXT ASK STATE TXT CUR ENABLE TXT CUR OFF TXT DRAW CURSO
R TXT UNDRAW CURSOR AMSTRAD CPC464/664
/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.45 #BB60
Read a character from the sc No conditions. Exit condition
s All registers and flags preserved. Notes T
urning the cursor on and off is intended for use by system ROMs. R
elated entries TXT ASK STATE TXT CUR ENABLE TXT CU
R OFF TXT DRAW CURSOR TXT UNDRAW CURSOR
129 CAS IN DIRECT
#BC83 Read the input file into store. Action
Read the input file directly into store in one go rather than one
character at a time. Entry conditions HL contains the ad
dress to put the file (anywhere in RAM). Exit conditions If
the file was read OK Carry true. Zero false.
HL contains the entr !P!!!!!!!!!y address (from the header).
A corrupt. If the file was not open as expected
Carry false. Zero false. In V1.1 A c
ontains an error number (#0E). In V1.0 A corrupt.
HL corrupt. If the user hit escape Carry false.
Zero true. In V1.1 A contains an error number (
#00). In V1.0 A corrupt. HL corrupt. A
lways BC, DE, IX and other flags corrupt. All
other registers preserved. Notes This routine can return two e
rror numbers #00 The user hit escape. #0E The stream is
not open for reading directly or the user hit escape previous
ly. The read stream must be newly opened (by CAS IN OPEN). If the st
ream has been used for character access (by calling CAS IN CHAR) then it
is not possible to directly read the file. Neither is it possible
to directly read from the file more than once. This will merely corr
upt the copy of the file read. The buffer of data read when th
e stream was opened is copied to its correct position and the remaind
er of the file (if any) is also read into store. Related ent
ries CAS IN CHAR CAS IN DIRECT (DISC) CAS IN CL
OSE CAS IN OPEN CAS OUT DIR
ECT AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15
.140 129 CAS IN DIRECT (DISC)
#BC83 Read the input file into store. Action
Read the input file directly into store in one go rather than one
character at a time. Entry conditions HL contains the add
ress to put the file (anywhere in RAM). Exit conditions If t
he file was read OK Carry true. Zero false
. HL contains the entry address (from the header).
A corrupt. If the stream is not open as expected
Carry false. Zero false. A contains an e
rror number (#0E). HL corrupt. If the read failed fo
r any other reason Carry false. Zero true.
A contains an error number. HL corrupt.
Always BC, DE, IX and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes The read stream must be
newly opened (by CAS IN OPEN). If the stream has been used for charac
ter access (by calling CAS IN CHAR or CAS TEST EOF) then it is not possi
ble to directly read the file. Neither is it possible to directly read
from the file more than once. (Any attempt to do so will corrupt the c
opy of the file read. If the file has a header then the number of
bytes read is that recorded in the 24 bit file length field (bytes
64..66 of the disc file header). If there is no header the file is re
ad until hard end of file. The CP/M end of file character, #1A
is not treated as end of file. Related entries CAS IN CHAR
(DISC) CAS IN CLOSE (DISC) CAS IN OPEN (DISC) CAS IN DI
RECT CAS OUT DIRECT (DISC) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FI
RMWARE page 15.141 130 CAS RETURN
#BC86 Put the last
character read back. Action Put the last character read
by CAS IN CHAR back into the read buffer. The character will be re-read
next time CAS IN CHAR is called. Entry conditions No co
nditions. Exit conditions All registers and flags preser
ved. Notes It is only possible to use this routine to re
turn the last character that has been read by CAS IN CHAR. At least on
e character must have been read since the stream
was opened or the last character was returned or th
e last test for end of file was made. Related entries
CAS IN CHAR CAS RETURN (DISC) "P""""""""
" AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.142
130 CAS RETURN (DISC)
#BC86 Put the last character read back. Action
Put the last character read by CAS IN CHAR back into the read buffer.
The character will be re-read next time CAS IN CHAR is called.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
All registers and flags preserved. Notes It is only
possible to use this routine to return the last character that has be
en read by CAS IN CHAR. At least one character must have been read si
nce the stream was opened or the last charact
er was returned or the last test for end of file was made.
Related entries CAS IN CHAR (DISC) CAS RETURN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.143 131 CAS TEST EOF
#BC89 Have we reached the end of the file ye
t Action Test if the end of the input file has been reached.
Entry conditions No conditions. Exit conditions
If the end of the file was not found Carry true.
Zero false. A corrupt. If the end of th
e file was found Carry false. Zero false.
In V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E or #0F).
In V1.0 A corrupt. If the user hit escape Carry fa
lse. Zero true. In V1.1 A contains an error nu
mber (#00). In V1.0 A corrupt. Always
IX and other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved.
Notes This routine can return three error numbers
#00 The use hit escape. #0E The stream is no
t open for reading characters or the user hit esca
pe previously. #0F Have reached the end of the file.
Calling this routine put the stream into character input mode. It is
not possible to use direct reading after calling this routine. It
is not possible to call CAS RETURN after this routine has been call
ed. A character must be read first. Related entries CAS IN C
HAR CAS TEST EOF (DISC) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.144 131 CAS TEST EOF (DISC)
#BC89 Have we reached the end of
the file yet Action Test if the end of the input file has be
en reached. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit c
onditions If the end of the file was not found Carr
y true. Zero false. A corrupt. If th
e end of the file was found or stream was not open as expected
Carry false. Zero false. A contains an error
number (#0E,#0F or #1A). If failed for any other reason
Carry false. Zero true. A contains an er
ror number. Always IX and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes This routi
ne will report end of file if either there are no more characters
in the file or if the next character to be read is the CP/M end of file
character #1A. Calling this routine puts the stream into character inp
ut mode. It is not possible to use direct reading after calling this ro
utine. It is not possible to call CAS RETURN after this routine ha
s been called. A character must be read first. Related entrie
s CAS IN CHAR (DISC) CAS TEST EOF AMSTRAD
CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.145
132 CAS OUT OPEN #BC8C
Open a file for output. Action Set up the write stream
for output. Entry conditions B contains the length of the fi
lename. #P######### HL contains the address of the filename. DE
contains the address of a 2K buffer to use. Exit conditions
If the user hit escape Carry false. Zero tr
ue. In V1.1 A contains an error number (#00).
In V1.0 A corrupt. HL corrupt. If the stream is in us
e already Carry false. Zero false.
In V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E). In V1.0 A cor
rupt. HL corrupt. If the file was opened OK
Carry true. Zero false. HL contains
the address of a buffer containing the header that will be
written to each file block. Always BC,DE,IX and oth
er flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. Note
s This routine can only return two error numbers. #
00 The user hit escape. #0E The stream is already open.
When writing files character by character the 2K buffer (2048 bytes)
supplied is used to store the contents of a block of the file
before it is written to tape. It will remain in use until the file
is closed by calling either CAS OUT CLOSE or CAS OUT ABANDON. The
buffer may reside anywhere in memory - even underneath a ROM. AM
STRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.146
When the stream is opened for writing, a header is set up which will
be written at the start of each block of the file. Many of the fields
in the header are set by the Cassette Manager but the remainder are
available for use by the user. The address of this header is passed to
the user so that information can be stored in it. The user may write
to the file type, logical length, entry point and all user fields. The
user is not allowed to write to any other field in the header. The
user setable fields are all zeroized initially, with the exception of
the file type which is set to unprotected ASCII version 1. (See
section 8.4 for a description of the header). The filename passe
d is copied into the write stream descriptor. If it is longer than 16
characters then it is truncated to 16 characters. If it is
shorter than 16 characters then it is padded with nulls (#0
0) to 16 characters. While the filename may contain any charac
ter, it is best to avoid nulls. Lower case ASCII letters (c
haracters #61..#7A) are converted to their upper case equivalents
(characters #41..#5A). The filename may lie anywhere in RAM, even
underneath a ROM. Related entries CAS IN OPEN
CAS OUT ABANDON CAS OUT CHAR CAS OUT CLOSE CAS OUT DIRE
CT CAS OUT OPEN (DISC)
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.147
132 CAS OUT OPEN (DISC)
#BC8C Open a file for output. Action Set up the
write stream for output. Entry conditions B contains the len
gth of the filename. HL contains the address of the filename. DE
contains the address of a 2K buffer to use. Exit conditions
If the file was opened OK Carry true. Zero fa
lse. HL contains the address of the buffer containing the heade
r. A corrupt. If the stream is open already
Carry false. Zero false. A contains an e
rror number (#0E). HL corrupt. If the open failed for a
ny other reason Carry false. Zero true.
A contains a error number. HL corrupt. Alway
s BC,DE,IX and other flags corrupt. All other
registers preserved. Notes When characters are output to the f
ile using CAS OUT CHAR a 2K buffer supplied is used by AMSDOS to buffer
the output. It will remain in use until the file is closed by calling e
ither CAS OUT CLOSE or CAS OUT ABANDO $P$$$$$$$$$N. The buffer may r
eside anywhere in memory - even underneath a ROM. The filenam
e passed must conform to AMSDOS conventions with no wild cards. It is
copied into the write stream header. The filename my lie anywhere in R
AM - even underneath a ROM. The file is opened with a type part of '.$
$$' regardless of the type part supplied. Any existing file with the s
ame name and type part of '.$$$' is deleted. The file is renamed to it
s supplied name when CAS OUT CLOSE is called. When the strea
m is opened aa header is set up. Many of the fields in the header are
set by AMSDOS but the remainder are available for use by the user. The
address of this header is passed to the user so the information can b
e stored in it. The user may write to the file type, logical length, en
try point and all other fields. The use is not allowed to write to
any other field of the header. The user setable fields are all zeroiz
ed initially, with the exception of the file type which is set to unprot
ected ASCII version 1. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.148 The header type field must be writte
n to before CAS OUT CHAR or CAS OUT DIRECT is called. The type field
must not be altered after calling either of these routines. If the file
type is set to any type other than unprotected ASCII then space will
be preserved for the header which when the file is closed.
Related entries CAS IN OPEN (DISC) CAS OUT ABANDON (DIS
C) CAS OUT CHAR (DISC) CAS OUT CLOSE (DISC) CAS OUT DIRE
CT (DISC) CAS OUT OPEN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.149 15.150 #BC83 Re
ad the input file into sto 133 CAS OUT CLOSE
#BC8F Close the output file properly.
Action Mark the write stream as closed and write the last buffe
r area of data to tape. Entry conditions No condit
ions. Exit conditions If the stream was closed OK
Carry true. Zero false. A corrupt.
If the stream is not open Carry false.
Zero false. In V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E).
In V1.0 A corrupt. Always BC, DE, HL, IX and
other flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. No
tes This routine can return two error numbers #00
The user hit escape. #0E The stream is not open.
It is necessary to call this routine after using CAS OUT CHAR or CAS
OUT DIRECT to cause the last block of data to be written to the tape.
If the block is zero bytes long (nothing has been written to the file)
then nothing is written to tape. If writing is to be abandoned the C
AS OUT OPEN should be called as this does not write the last block o
f data to the tape. If the user hits escape during the writing of the
last block then the file is left open and is not closed. The
user may reclaim the buffer passed to CAS OUT OPEN after calling this
routine. Related entries CAS IN CLOSE CAS OUT ABANDO
N CAS OUT CLOSE (DISC) CAS OUT OPEN AMSTRAD CPC464/664
/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.150 133 CAS
OUT CLOSE (DISC) #BC8F Close t
he output file properly. Action Mark the write stream as clo
sed and give it its correct name. Entry conditions No condit
ions. Exit conditions If the stream was closed OK
Carry true. Zero false. A corrupt
. If the stream is not open Carry false.
Zero false. A contains an error number (#0E).
If the close failed for any other reason Carry false.
Zero true. A contains an error number.
%P%%%%%%%%% Always BC,DE,HL,IX and other flags corrupt
. All other registers preserved. Notes It
is necessary to call this routine after using CAS OUT CHAR or CAS OUT
DIRECT to ensure that all the data is written to the disc, to writ
e the header to the start of the file and to give the file its true
name. If no data has been written to the file then it is abando
ned and nothing is written to disc. This is for compatability with c
assette routines. AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.151 When the file was opened it w
as given the type part of '.$$$'. This routine will rename the file t
o its true name and rename any existing version to have a '.BAK' type p
art. This ensures that any previous version of the file is automatic
ally kept as a backup. Any existing '.BAK' version is deleted. If, wh
en the file was opened, the caller did not specify the type part then
AMSDOS will use the type part '.BAS' for BASIC files, '.BIN' for
binary files and '. ' for all other files, as specified by the file type
field in the header. If the actual length of the file is not a mu
ltiple of 128 bytes (a CP/M record) then a CP/M end of file characte
r, #1A, is added to the file. This additional character is not recorde
d in the length of the file. If writing is to be abandon
ed the CAS OUT OPEN should be called as this does not write any more
data to disc. The user may reclaim the buffer passed to CAS OUT O
PEN after calling this routine. Related entries
CAS IN CLOSE (DISC) CAS OUT ABANDON (DISC) CAS OUT CLOSE
CAS OUT OPEN (DISC)
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.152
134 CAS OUT ABANDON #BC9
2 Close in output file immediately. Action A
bandon the output file and mark the write stream closed. Any un
written data is discarded and not written to tape. Entry conditions
No conditions. Exit conditions AF, BC, DE an
d HL corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
This routine in intended for use after an error or in similar
circumstances. Related entries CAS IN ABANDON
CAS OUT ABANDON (DISC) CAS OUT CLOSE CAS OUT OPEN
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.153 134 CAS OUT ABANDON (DISC)
#BC92 Close in output file immediately.
Action Abandon the output file and mark the write
stream closed. Any unwritten data is discarded and not written to disc
. Entry conditions No conditions. Exit condi
tions AF,BC,DE and HL corrupt. All other registers preserved
. Notes This routine in intended for use after an
error or similar circumstances. If more than one 16K p
hysical extent has already been written to disc then the file will appe
ar in the disc directory with a type part of '.$$$'. Otherwise the fi
le will disappear. This is because each 16K of a file requires a directo
ry entry. A directory entry is not written to disc until the 16K has bee
n written or a file is closed (CAS OUT CLOSE). Relat
ed entries CAS IN ABANDON (DISC) CAS OUT ABANDON CAS
OUT CLOSE (DISC) CAS OUT OPEN (DISC) AMSTRA
D CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.154
135 CAS OUT CHAR #BC95
Write a character to the output file. Action Add a char
acter to the buffer for the write stream. If the buffer is already ful
l then it is written to tape before the new character is inserted.
Entry conditions A contains the character to write.
Exit conditions If the character was &P&&&&&&&&&written OK
Carry true. Zero false. A corrupt.
If the file was not open as expected Carry false.
Zero false. In V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E)
. In V1.0 A corrupt. If the user hit escape
Carry false. Zero true. In V1.1 A cont
ains an error number (#00). In V1.0 A corrupt. Always
A, IX and other flags corrupt. All other regist
ers preserved. Notes This routine can return two error numbers
#00 The user hit escape. #0E The st
ream is not open for writing characters of the use
r hit escape previously. If this routine returns the file not open as
expected condition then either the user has hit escape previously or t
he file has been written using CAS OUT DIRECT. In either case, or if es
cape is pressed, the character sent will be discarded. It i
s necessary to call CAS OUT CLOSE after sending all the characters to th
e file to ensure that the last block is written to the tape. Once the
routine has been called it is not possible to switch to directly w
riting the file. Related entries CAS IN CHAR CAS OUT
CHAR (DISC) CAS OUT DIRECT CAS OUT CLOSE
CAS OUT OPEN AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE
page 15.155 135 CAS OUT CHAR (DISC)
#BC95 Write a character to an output f
ile. Action Add a character to the buffer for the write stre
am. If the buffer is already full then it is written to disc before th
e new character is inserted. Entry conditions A c
ontains the character to write. Exit conditions If the chara
cter was written OK Carry true. Zero false.
A corrupt. If the stream is not open as expected
Carry false. Zero false. A cont
ains an error number (#0E). If failed for any other reason
Carry false. Zero true. A contains a
n error number. Always IX and other flags corrupt.
All other registers preserved. Notes It is
necessary to call CAS OUT CLOSE after sending all the characters to the
file to ensure that the file is correctly written to disc. Once the ro
utine has been called it is not possible to switch to directly wri
ting the file (CAS OUT DIRECT). Related entries CAS IN CHAR
(DISC) CAS OUT CHAR CAS OUT CLOSE (DISC) CAS OUT DIRECT
(DISC) CAS OUT OPEN (DISC) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMW
ARE page 15.156 136 CAS OUT DIRECT
#BC98 Write the output f
ile directly from store. Action Write the contents of store
directly out to the output file. Entry conditions HL contain
s the address of the data to write. DE contains the length of the data t
o write. BC contains the entry address (to go into the header).
A contains the file type (to go into the header). Exit conditions
If the file was written OK Carry true. Z
ero false. A corrupt. If the file was not open as exp
ected Carry false. Zero false.
In V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E). In V1.0 a corrupt.
If the user hit escape Carry false.
Zero true. In V1.1 A contains an error number (#00).
In V1.0 A corrupt. Always BC, DE, HL, IX and o
ther flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. Note
s This routine can return two error numbers #00
The user hit escape. #0E The stream is not newly opened.
After writing the file it must be closed using CAS OUT CLO 'P'''''''
''SE to ensure that the last block of the file is written to tape.
It is not possible to change the method for writing files from
character output (using CAS OUT CHAR) to direct output (using CAS OUT
DIRECT) or visa versa once the method has been chosen. Nor is it
possible to directly write a file in two of more parts by calling CAS
OUT DIRECT more than once - this will write corrupt data. Attempting
to break these rules will result in a file not open as expected error.
Related entries CAS IN DIRECT CAS OUT DIRECT
(DISC) CAS OUT CLOSE CAS OUT OPEN AM
STRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.157
136 CAS OUT DIRECT (DISC) #BC98
Write the output file directly from store. Action W
rite the contents of store directly out to the output file. Entry cond
itions HL contains the address of the data to write (to go into the he
ader). DE contains the length of the data to write (to go into the heade
r). BC contains the entry address (to go into the header). A con
tains the file type (to go into the header). Exit conditions
If the file was written OK Carry true. Zero
false. A corrupt. If the stream is not open as expec
ted Carry false. Zero false.
A contains an error number (#0E). If failed for any other reason
Carry false. Zero true. A contai
ns an error number. Always BC, DE, HL, IX and other
flags corrupt. All other registers preserved. Notes
After writing the file it must be closed using CAS OUT CLOSE to ensure
that the file is written to disc. It is not possible to cha
nge the method for writing files from character output (using CAS
OUT CHAR) to direct output (using CAS OUT DIRECT) or visa versa once th
e method has been chosen. Nor is it possible to directly write a f
ile in two of more parts by calling CAS OUT DIRECT more than once - thi
s will write corrupt data. Related entries CAS IN DIRECT (DI
SC) CAS OUT CLOSE (DISC) CAS OUT DIRECT CAS OUT OPEN (DI
SC) AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE pag
e 15.158 137 CAS CATALOG
#BC9B Generate a catalogue from tape. Actio
n Read file blocks to check their validity and print information a
bout them on the screen. Entry conditions DE con
tains the address of a 2K buffer to use. Exit conditions
If the cataloging went OK Carry true. Zer
o false. A corrupt. If the read stream was in use
Carry false. Zero false. I
n V1.1 A contains an error number (#0E).. In V1.0 A corrupt.
Always BC, DE, HL, IX and other flags corrupt.
All registers preserved. Notes This routine
can only return one error number #0E The stream is al
ready in use. This routine uses the read stream and so the stream mu
st be closed when it is called. The read stream remains closed when
this routine exits. The write stream is unaffected by this routine.
AMSTRAD CPC464/664/6128 FIRMWARE page 15.15
9 ad the input file into sto All registers preserved. No
tes This routine can only return one error number Tous droits réservés. Reproduction sans autorisation interdite. © Kukulcan