WACCI Programmers Patch (UK) (Face B) (1999) [COMPILATION].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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005800: 23 57 65 6C 63 6F 6D 65 20 74 6F 20 74 68 65 20 #Welcome to the
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013310: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
013320: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
013330: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
013340: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
013350: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
013360: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
013370: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
013380: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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0133B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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015180: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015190: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0151A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0151B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0151C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0151D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0151E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0151F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015200: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015210: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015220: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015230: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015240: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015250: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015260: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015270: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015280: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015290: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0152A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0152B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0152C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0152D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0152E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
0152F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
015300: FE 94 28 0C FE 95 28 08 FE BC 28 04 FE BD 20 0B ..(...(...(... .
015310: CD DF 91 79 FE 04 D2 C1 92 18 BA FE AE 28 04 FE ...y.........(..
015320: AF 20 0B CD DF 91 79 FE 03 D2 C1 92 18 A7 FE BB . ....y.........
015330: 20 12 CD D8 91 FE 23 28 EA CD DF 91 79 FE 02 D2 .....#(....y...
015340: C1 92 18 91 FE 7C 20 0B 23 CD EB 94 16 FF CD DF .....| .#.......
015350: 91 18 82 2B 16 00 18 F6 7E FE 20 C0 23 18 F9 0E ...+....~. .#...
015360: 01 7E B7 C8 23 FE 01 C8 FE 28 20 0E CD 5B 92 FE .~..#....( ..[..
015370: 29 28 EE ED 7B 4D 95 C3 C1 92 FE 29 28 F5 FE 2C )(..{M.....)(..,
015380: 20 09 0C A2 E5 C4 10 92 E1 18 D6 CD 73 92 18 D1 ...........s...
015390: 7E B7 C8 23 FE 01 C8 FE 28 28 F5 FE 20 28 F1 FE ~..#....((.. (..
0153A0: F4 28 ED FE 22 28 10 FE 03 28 0C FE AC 28 08 FE .(.."(...(...(..
0153B0: E4 20 0B 7E FE 03 C0 ED 7B 4D 95 C3 C1 92 FE FF . .~....{M......
0153C0: C0 46 21 4F 92 7E B8 28 EE 23 7E B7 20 F8 C9 03 .F!O.~.(.#~. ...
0153D0: 11 16 19 1C 43 71 73 75 79 7B 00 7E B7 C8 FE 01 ....Cqsuy{.~....
0153E0: C8 23 FE 29 C8 FE 28 20 05 CD 5B 92 18 ED CD 73 .#.)..( ..[....s
0153F0: 92 18 E8 FE 0E 30 06 23 23 CD EB 94 C9 FE 18 D8 .....0.##.......
015400: 23 FE 19 C8 23 FE 1F D8 20 04 23 23 23 C9 2B 2B #...#... .###.++
015410: FE 22 20 03 C3 D4 94 FE 7C D8 20 06 ED 7B 4D 95 ." .....|. ..{M.
015420: 18 1F FE FF 20 02 7E 23 E5 CD AE 92 E1 C9 21 81 .... .~#......!.
015430: 94 BE 28 09 D8 23 F5 CD EB 94 F1 18 F4 ED 7B 4D ..(..#........{M
015440: 95 2A 47 95 CD 04 95 3E 20 CD EC 90 2A 49 95 7E .*G....> ...*I.~
015450: B7 20 0A 3E 0D CD EC 90 3E 0A C3 EC 90 23 FE 01 . .>....>....#..
015460: 20 14 7E 23 FE 97 CA FC 93 FE C0 CA FC 93 2B 3E .~#..........+>
015470: 3A CD EC 90 18 D9 FE 04 20 02 3C 3C FE 0E 30 13 :....... .<<..0.
015480: 47 23 23 CD F2 94 78 FE 07 30 C4 3E 27 90 CD EC G##...x..0.>'...
015490: 90 18 BC FE 18 30 07 C6 22 CD EC 90 18 B1 FE 19 .....0..".......
0154A0: 20 0C 7E 23 E5 6F 26 00 CD 04 95 E1 18 A1 FE 1A .~#.o&.........
0154B0: 28 04 FE 1E 20 08 5E 23 56 23 E5 EB 18 EA FE 1B (... .^#V#......
0154C0: 20 27 3E 26 CD EC 90 3E 58 CD EC 90 5E 23 56 23 '>&...>X...^#V#
0154D0: 0E 00 06 08 CD B5 94 06 07 53 CD B5 94 AF CB 12 .........S......
0154E0: 17 C6 30 CD EC 90 C3 CF 92 FE 1C 20 29 3E 26 CD ..0........ )>&.
0154F0: EC 90 0E 00 AF 23 ED 6F CD C8 94 ED 6F CD C8 94 .....#.o....o...
015500: 00 53 43 41 4E 36 31 32 38 42 49 4E 00 00 00 00 .SCAN6128BIN....
015510: 00 00 02 00 00 00 90 00 3F 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 ........?.......
015520: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015530: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015540: 3F 03 00 E5 03 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ?...............
015550: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015560: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015570: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015580: 01 0D 90 21 09 90 C3 D1 BC 00 00 00 00 18 90 C3 ...!............
015590: 32 90 C3 37 90 C3 3C 90 53 43 41 CE 53 43 41 4E 2..7..<.SCA.SCAN
0155A0: C6 53 43 41 4E D0 00 3E 42 06 FC CD 27 BB 00 C3 .SCAN..>B...'...
0155B0: 8F BC CD 62 90 18 08 CD 76 90 18 03 CD 67 90 2A ...b....v....g.*
0155C0: 38 93 5E 23 56 2B 7A B3 28 DD E5 19 22 38 93 E1 8.^#V+z.(..."8..
0155D0: 23 23 5E 23 56 23 ED 53 34 93 22 36 93 CD 1D 91 ##^#V#.S4."6....
0155E0: 18 DD 21 F7 90 18 03 21 BB 90 CD 9A 90 22 B9 90 ..!....!....."..
0155F0: 3E C9 32 2E 90 C9 CD 9A 90 21 14 91 22 B9 90 3D >.2......!.."..=
015600: 20 5E 32 2E 90 DD 6E 00 DD 66 01 46 23 5E 23 56 ^2...n..f.F#^#V
015610: EB 11 3E 93 CD 8C BC D8 18 46 D1 C1 ED 73 3C 93 ..>......F...s<.
015620: C5 D5 11 70 01 ED 53 38 93 F5 E5 3E 42 06 C0 CD ...p..S8...>B...
015630: 27 BB CD 48 BB E1 F1 C9 C3 BB 90 C5 47 CD 2B BD '..H........G.+.
015640: 78 C1 38 36 F5 CD 8A BB CD 1B BB 30 1A FE C0 20 x.86.......0...
015650: 16 CD 8D BB 21 5A BB 22 B9 90 21 9D 92 CD E8 92 ....!Z."..!.....
015660: ED 7B 3C 93 C3 27 90 CD 2E BD 38 DC CD 8D BB F1 .{<..'....8.....
015670: F5 CD 31 BD F1 18 03 CD 5A BB FE 0A C0 CD 1B BB ..1.....Z.......
015680: D0 FE C0 C0 CD 8A BB CD 18 BB F5 CD 8D BB F1 FE ................
015690: C0 C0 18 C0 CD 95 BC D8 CD 92 BC 18 C3 ED 73 3A ..............s:
0156A0: 93 16 00 7E B7 C8 23 FE C5 C8 FE C0 C8 FE 86 20 ...~..#........
0156B0: 0A CD A4 91 FE A3 CA 8D 92 18 0C FE B3 20 0D CD .....£....... ..
0156C0: A4 91 FE 8B CA 8D 92 CD AB 91 18 D5 FE 94 28 0C ..............(.
0156D0: FE 95 28 08 FE BC 28 04 FE BD 20 0B CD AB 91 79 ..(...(... ....y
0156E0: FE 04 D2 8D 92 18 BA FE AE 28 04 FE AF 20 0B CD .........(... ..
0156F0: AB 91 79 FE 03 D2 8D 92 18 A7 FE BB 20 12 CD A4 ..y......... ...
015700: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
015710: 12 00 01 00 02 09 4E E5 12 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 ......N.........
015720: 12 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 12 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 ................
015730: 12 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 12 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 ................
015740: 12 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 12 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 ................
015750: 12 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 12 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 ................
015760: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015770: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015780: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015790: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0157A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0157B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0157C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0157D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0157E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0157F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015800: 00 54 55 4E 45 20 20 20 20 42 41 53 00 00 00 00 .TUNE BAS....
015810: 00 00 00 00 00 70 01 00 63 07 00 00 00 00 00 00 .....p..c.......
015820: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015830: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015840: 63 07 00 D7 03 00 94 02 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 36 39 c........ &90,69
015850: 2C 30 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 37 2C 30 2C 36 34 2C 30 ,0,&91,57,0,64,0
015860: 00 23 00 99 02 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 37 31 2C 34 30 .#.... &90,71,40
015870: 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 32 2C 34 30 2C 36 37 2C 34 30 ,&91,52,40,67,40
015880: 16 00 05 00 A1 20 FF 12 28 1C 00 9D 29 EF 0F 20 ..... ..(...)..
015890: EB 20 1E 2C 01 00 12 00 0A 00 CF 20 80 20 1A 00 . .,....... . ..
0158A0: 01 01 AA 20 1C FF 9C 00 1F 00 14 00 C7 20 1E 64 ... ......... .d
0158B0: 00 01 0D 00 00 65 F2 EF 0E 01 0D 00 00 61 64 64 .....e.......add
0158C0: F2 EF FF 42 F4 0F 00 24 00 1E 00 9E 20 02 00 00 ...B...$.... ...
0158D0: E9 EF 0E 20 EC 20 19 0E 01 C3 20 03 00 00 63 6F ... . .... ...co
0158E0: E4 01 02 00 00 63 68 EB EF 0E 00 34 00 28 00 9E .....ch....4.(..
0158F0: 20 02 00 00 EA EF 0E 20 EC 20 19 0B 01 02 00 00 ...... . ......
015900: E1 EF FF 1D 28 22 26 22 F4 AC 28 03 00 00 63 6F ....("&"..(...co
015910: E4 2C 02 00 00 EA F6 10 F4 0F 2C 10 29 29 00 3A .,........,.)).:
015920: 00 32 00 BE 20 0D 00 00 61 64 64 F2 2C 02 00 00 .2.. ...add.,...
015930: E1 01 02 00 00 63 68 EB EF 02 00 00 63 68 EB F4 .....ch.....ch..
015940: 02 00 00 E1 01 0D 00 00 61 64 64 F2 EF 0D 00 00 ........add.....
015950: 61 64 64 F2 F4 0F 01 B0 00 49 00 3C 00 A1 20 02 add......I.<.. .
015960: 00 00 63 68 EB F2 FF 1D 28 22 26 22 F4 FF 79 28 ..ch....("&"..y(
015970: 03 00 00 63 6F E4 2C 11 29 29 20 EB 20 BF 22 45 ...co.,.)) . ."E
015980: 72 72 6F 72 20 69 6E 20 6C 69 6E 65 22 3B 02 00 rror in line";..
015990: 00 E9 F6 19 0A F4 19 64 01 0D 00 00 65 F2 EF F5 .......d....e...
0159A0: 0F 00 12 00 46 00 B0 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 65 F2 20 ....F.... ...e.
0159B0: EB 20 98 00 0B 00 50 00 83 20 FF 42 F4 0F 00 23 . ....P.. .B...#
0159C0: 00 5A 00 BF 22 7C 43 48 4F 55 54 20 61 6E 64 20 .Z.."|CHOUT and
0159D0: 7C 53 45 4E 44 20 69 6E 73 74 61 6C 6C 65 64 2E |SEND installed.
0159E0: 22 00 22 00 64 00 8C 20 30 31 30 39 39 44 32 31 ".".d.. 01099D21
0159F0: 31 42 39 44 43 33 44 31 42 43 31 31 39 44 43 33 1B9DC3D1BC119DC3
015A00: 20 57 52 49 54 45 23 39 2C 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 WRITE#9,lk(y,x)
015A10: 3A 79 3D 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A :y=lk(y,x):x=1..
015A20: 37 33 36 20 57 45 4E 44 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 37 736 WEND:NEXT..7
015A30: 34 30 20 43 4C 4F 53 45 4F 55 54 3A 52 45 54 55 40 CLOSEOUT:RETU
015A40: 52 4E 0D 0A 38 30 30 20 70 61 72 65 6E 74 3D 30 RN..800 parent=0
015A50: 3A 63 77 6F 72 64 3D 72 69 28 30 29 3A 57 48 49 :cword=ri(0):WHI
015A60: 4C 45 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3E 30 3A 70 61 72 65 6E LE cword>0:paren
015A70: 74 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 38 31 30 20 49 46 20 t=cword..810 IF
015A80: 77 6F 72 64 24 3D 77 24 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 29 word$=w$(parent)
015A90: 20 54 48 45 4E 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 38 32 THEN RETURN..82
015AA0: 30 20 49 46 20 77 6F 72 64 24 3C 77 24 28 70 61 0 IF word$<w$(pa
015AB0: 72 65 6E 74 29 20 54 48 45 4E 20 63 77 6F 72 64 rent) THEN cword
015AC0: 3D 6C 65 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 29 20 45 4C 53 45 =le(parent) ELSE
015AD0: 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3D 72 69 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 cword=ri(parent
015AE0: 29 0D 0A 38 33 30 20 57 45 4E 44 3A 52 45 54 55 )..830 WEND:RETU
015AF0: 52 4E 0D 0A 38 34 30 20 49 46 20 77 6F 72 64 24 RN..840 IF word$
015B00: 3C 77 24 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 29 20 54 48 45 4E <w$(parent) THEN
015B10: 20 6C 65 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 29 3D 63 77 6F 72 le(parent)=cwor
015B20: 64 20 45 4C 53 45 20 72 69 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 d ELSE ri(parent
015B30: 29 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 38 35 30 20 52 45 54 )=cword..850 RET
015B40: 55 52 4E 0D 0A 39 30 30 20 6C 65 76 65 6C 3D 30 URN..900 level=0
015B50: 3A 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 29 3D 72 69 :stack(level)=ri
015B60: 28 30 29 3A 64 24 3D 22 22 0D 0A 39 31 30 20 50 (0):d$=""..910 P
015B70: 52 49 4E 54 20 54 41 42 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 2A 31 RINT TAB(level*1
015B80: 36 2B 31 29 3B 64 24 3B 4C 45 46 54 24 28 77 24 6+1);d$;LEFT$(w$
015B90: 28 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 29 29 2C 31 (stack(level)),1
015BA0: 33 29 3B 0D 0A 39 32 30 20 49 46 20 6C 65 76 65 3);..920 IF leve
015BB0: 6C 3D 34 20 54 48 45 4E 20 39 35 30 0D 0A 39 33 l=4 THEN 950..93
015BC0: 30 20 49 46 20 6C 65 28 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 0 IF le(stack(le
015BD0: 76 65 6C 29 29 3C 3E 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 64 24 vel))<>0 THEN d$
015BE0: 3D 22 4C 3A 22 3A 6C 65 76 65 6C 3D 6C 65 76 65 ="L:":level=leve
015BF0: 6C 2B 31 3A 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 29 l+1:stack(level)
015C00: 35 34 31 00 22 00 6E 00 8C 20 39 38 39 44 43 33 541.".n.. 989DC3
015C10: 37 37 39 44 35 33 34 35 34 45 43 34 34 33 34 38 779D53454EC44348
015C20: 34 46 35 39 30 00 22 00 78 00 8C 20 35 35 44 34 4F590.".x.. 55D4
015C30: 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 43 33 33 37 39 44 0000000000C3379D
015C40: 43 33 35 34 33 44 37 00 22 00 82 00 8C 20 39 44 C3543D7.".... 9D
015C50: 43 33 33 37 39 44 43 33 35 34 39 44 43 33 34 33 C3379DC3549DC343
015C60: 39 44 43 33 36 33 36 42 31 00 22 00 8C 00 8C 20 9DC3636B1."....
015C70: 39 44 43 33 34 46 39 44 43 33 37 32 39 44 30 31 9DC34F9DC3729D01
015C80: 45 43 46 38 33 45 30 33 36 34 34 00 22 00 96 00 ECF83E03644."...
015C90: 8C 20 45 44 37 39 33 45 31 35 45 44 37 39 43 39 . ED793E15ED79C9
015CA0: 30 31 46 32 46 38 33 45 30 33 36 31 34 00 22 00 01F2F83E03614.".
015CB0: A0 00 8C 20 45 44 37 39 33 45 31 36 45 44 37 39 ... ED793E16ED79
015CC0: 43 39 30 31 45 30 46 38 31 38 46 32 36 43 43 00 C901E0F818F26CC.
015CD0: 22 00 AA 00 8C 20 30 31 45 45 46 38 46 35 45 44 ".... 01EEF8F5ED
015CE0: 37 38 45 36 30 32 32 38 46 41 46 31 30 44 37 34 78E60228FAF10D74
015CF0: 39 00 22 00 B4 00 8C 20 45 44 37 39 43 39 30 31 9.".... ED79C901
015D00: 46 32 46 38 46 35 45 44 37 38 45 36 30 32 32 38 F2F8F5ED78E60228
015D10: 37 38 34 00 22 00 BE 00 8C 20 46 41 46 31 30 43 784.".... FAF10C
015D20: 45 44 37 39 43 39 30 31 45 30 46 38 31 38 45 46 ED79C901E0F818EF
015D30: 46 45 38 30 34 00 22 00 C8 00 8C 20 30 31 43 30 FE804.".... 01C0
015D40: 44 44 37 45 30 30 31 31 31 46 39 44 30 31 30 36 DD7E00111F9D0106
015D50: 30 30 32 31 33 31 31 00 22 00 D2 00 8C 20 32 35 0021311.".... 25
015D60: 39 44 42 37 32 30 30 34 45 44 42 30 31 38 39 32 9DB72004EDB01892
015D70: 33 44 32 31 32 42 34 36 44 00 22 00 DC 00 8C 20 3D212B46D."....
015D80: 39 44 32 38 46 36 32 31 33 31 39 44 31 38 46 31 9D28F621319D18F1
015D90: 34 46 43 42 30 31 30 36 34 44 34 00 22 00 E6 00 4FCB01064D4."...
015DA0: 8C 20 30 30 44 44 30 39 34 37 44 44 32 42 44 44 . 00DD0947DD2BDD
015DB0: 32 42 44 44 37 45 30 30 43 35 35 35 44 00 22 00 2BDD7E00C555D.".
015DC0: F0 00 8C 20 43 44 32 32 39 44 43 31 31 30 46 32 ... CD229DC110F2
015DD0: 43 39 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 34 31 38 00 C90000000000418.
015DE0: 26 00 2C 01 7C 00 43 48 4F 55 D4 2C 0E 01 C5 20 &.,.|.CHOU.,...
015DF0: 31 20 66 6F 72 20 45 4D 52 2C 20 32 20 66 6F 72 1 for EMR, 2 for
015E00: 3D 6C 65 28 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 2D =le(stack(level-
015E10: 31 29 29 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 39 31 30 0D 0A 39 1)):GOSUB 910..9
015E20: 34 30 20 49 46 20 72 69 28 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 40 IF ri(stack(l
015E30: 65 76 65 6C 29 29 3C 3E 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 64 evel))<>0 THEN d
015E40: 24 3D 22 52 3A 22 3A 6C 65 76 65 6C 3D 6C 65 76 $="R:":level=lev
015E50: 65 6C 2B 31 3A 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C el+1:stack(level
015E60: 29 3D 72 69 28 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C )=ri(stack(level
015E70: 2D 31 29 29 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 39 31 30 0D 0A -1)):GOSUB 910..
015E80: 39 35 30 20 6C 65 76 65 6C 3D 6C 65 76 65 6C 2D 950 level=level-
015E90: 31 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 1A 00 00 00 00 00 1:RETURN........
015EA0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015EB0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015EC0: 06 0B 00 2E 02 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 1A 20 20 20 24 .....TURN... $
015ED0: 24 24 FF 00 FF 00 00 0A 00 00 FE 0C 00 12 32 00 $$............2.
015EE0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015EF0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
015F00: 3C 77 24 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 29 20 54 48 45 4E <w$(parent) THEN
015F10: 20 6C 65 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 29 3D 63 77 6F 72 le(parent)=cwor
015F20: 64 20 45 4C 53 45 20 72 69 28 70 61 72 65 6E 74 d ELSE ri(parent
015F30: 29 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 38 35 30 20 52 45 54 )=cword..850 RET
015F40: 55 52 4E 0D 0A 39 30 30 20 6C 65 76 65 6C 3D 30 URN..900 level=0
015F50: 3A 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 29 3D 72 69 :stack(level)=ri
015F60: 28 30 29 3A 64 24 3D 22 22 0D 0A 39 31 30 20 50 (0):d$=""..910 P
015F70: 52 49 4E 54 20 54 41 42 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 2A 31 RINT TAB(level*1
015F80: 36 2B 31 29 3B 64 24 3B 4C 45 46 54 24 28 77 24 6+1);d$;LEFT$(w$
015F90: 28 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 29 29 2C 31 (stack(level)),1
015FA0: 33 29 3B 0D 0A 39 32 30 20 49 46 20 6C 65 76 65 3);..920 IF leve
015FB0: 6C 3D 34 20 54 48 45 4E 20 39 35 30 0D 0A 39 33 l=4 THEN 950..93
015FC0: 30 20 49 46 20 6C 65 28 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 0 IF le(stack(le
015FD0: 76 65 6C 29 29 3C 3E 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 64 24 vel))<>0 THEN d$
015FE0: 3D 22 4C 3A 22 3A 6C 65 76 65 6C 3D 6C 65 76 65 ="L:":level=leve
015FF0: 6C 2B 31 3A 73 74 61 63 6B 28 6C 65 76 65 6C 29 l+1:stack(level)
016000: 20 44 48 43 50 00 17 00 36 01 C7 20 1E F4 01 01 DHCP...6.. ....
016010: 0D 00 00 F4 EF 0F 01 9F 20 1E 90 01 00 0F 00 40 ........ ......@
016020: 01 9D 20 19 0C 20 9F 20 1E 90 01 00 10 00 4A 01 .. .. . ......J.
016030: D6 20 0D 00 00 F4 F2 19 64 01 D5 00 06 00 54 01 . ......d.....T.
016040: 98 00 1D 00 90 01 0D 00 00 F4 EF 0D 00 00 F4 F5 ................
016050: 0F 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 F4 EE 0E 20 EB 20 C9 00 0D ... ...... . ...
016060: 00 9A 01 DB 01 C3 20 0D 00 00 E1 00 19 00 A4 01 ...... .........
016070: D6 20 0D 00 00 E1 F0 0E 01 7C 00 53 45 4E C4 2C . .......|.SEN.,
016080: 0D 00 00 E1 00 0D 00 AE 01 C3 20 0D 00 00 E1 01 .......... .....
016090: D5 00 0F 00 B8 01 0D 00 00 F4 EF F5 0D 00 00 E1 ................
0160A0: 00 08 00 C2 01 DC 01 C9 00 23 00 F4 01 8C 20 26 .........#.... &
0160B0: 39 30 2C 36 34 2C 35 30 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 32 2C 90,64,50,&91,52,
0160C0: 34 30 2C 35 35 2C 34 30 2C 2D 34 00 18 00 FE 01 40,55,40,-4.....
0160D0: 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 36 34 2C 30 2C 36 34 2C 35 30 . &90,64,0,64,50
0160E0: 2C 2D 32 00 1D 00 08 02 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 36 34 ,-2...... &90,64
0160F0: 2C 30 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 32 2C 30 2C 35 35 2C 30 ,0,&91,52,0,55,0
016100: 00 23 00 0D 02 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 37 31 2C 35 30 .#.... &90,71,50
016110: 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 32 2C 34 30 2C 35 35 2C 34 30 ,&91,52,40,55,40
016120: 2C 2D 34 00 18 00 12 02 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 37 31 ,-4...... &90,71
016130: 2C 30 2C 37 31 2C 35 30 2C 2D 32 00 1D 00 1C 02 ,0,71,50,-2.....
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016150: 32 2C 30 2C 35 35 2C 30 00 23 00 21 02 8C 20 26 2,0,55,0.#.!.. &
016160: 39 30 2C 36 36 2C 35 30 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 30 2C 90,66,50,&91,50,
016170: 34 30 2C 35 37 2C 34 30 2C 2D 33 00 18 00 26 02 40,57,40,-3...&.
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016190: 2C 2D 31 00 18 00 30 02 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 36 37 ,-1...0.. &90,67
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0161C0: 30 2C 30 2C 35 37 2C 30 00 23 00 3F 02 8C 20 26 0,0,57,0.#.?.. &
0161D0: 39 30 2C 36 34 2C 35 30 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 32 2C 90,64,50,&91,52,
0161E0: 34 30 2C 35 35 2C 34 30 2C 2D 36 00 26 00 44 02 40,55,40,-6.&.D.
0161F0: 8C 20 26 39 30 2C 36 34 2C 30 2C 26 39 31 2C 35 . &90,64,0,&91,5
016200: 23 50 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 6D 65 72 73 27 20 50 61 #Programmers' Pa
016210: 74 63 68 20 32 30 20 2D 20 57 41 43 43 49 20 31 tch 20 - WACCI 1
016220: 32 39 2C 20 41 70 72 69 6C 20 31 39 39 39 0D 0A 29, April 1999..
016230: 20 20 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 52 53 27 20 PROGRAMMERS'
016240: 50 41 54 43 48 20 32 30 0D 0A 20 20 20 42 79 20 PATCH 20.. By
016250: 4D 61 74 74 68 65 77 20 50 68 69 6C 6C 69 70 73 Matthew Phillips
016260: 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 49 66 20 77 65 20 77 61 6E .... If we wan
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016280: 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 73 20 20 66 72 6F 6D 20 20 74 numbers from t
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0162A0: 68 65 20 66 75 6E 63 74 69 6F 6E 20 63 6F 6D 65 he function come
0162B0: 73 0D 0A 20 20 20 69 6E 20 6F 75 72 20 61 72 72 s.. in our arr
0162C0: 61 79 20 6F 66 20 70 72 6F 62 61 62 69 6C 69 74 ay of probabilit
0162D0: 79 2E 20 20 20 59 6F 75 20 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 20 y. You will
0162E0: 67 65 6E 65 72 61 74 65 20 20 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 generate number
0162F0: 73 20 66 72 6F 6D 20 74 68 65 20 66 69 72 73 74 s from the first
016300: 0D 0A 20 20 20 6C 65 74 74 65 72 20 69 6E 20 61 .. letter in a
016310: 6C 70 68 61 62 65 74 69 63 61 6C 20 6F 72 64 65 lphabetical orde
016320: 72 20 74 6F 20 70 75 74 20 69 74 20 20 69 6E 20 r to put it in
016330: 61 20 66 75 6E 63 74 69 6F 6E 2E 20 20 4F 66 20 a function. Of
016340: 63 6F 75 72 73 65 2C 20 61 73 20 65 61 63 68 0D course, as each.
016350: 0A 20 20 20 77 6F 72 64 20 69 73 2C 20 69 74 20 . word is, it
016360: 6E 65 65 64 73 20 74 6F 20 6F 75 72 20 77 6F 72 needs to our wor
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016390: 6F 66 74 65 6E 20 74 68 61 6E 20 6E 6F 74 0D 0A often than not..
0163A0: 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 73 65 the user's se
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0163E0: 20 68 61 73 20 74 6F 20 73 74 6F 72 65 0D 0A 20 has to store..
0163F0: 20 20 74 68 65 20 77 6F 72 64 73 20 69 6E 20 6F the words in o
016400: 49 4C 45 20 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 31 29 3D ILE LEFT$(a$,1)=
016410: 22 20 22 3A 61 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C 32 " ":a$=MID$(a$,2
016420: 29 3A 57 45 4E 44 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 34 ):WEND:RETURN..4
016430: 30 30 20 6A 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 00 j=lk(pword,0)
016440: 3A 78 3D 31 3A 79 3D 70 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 34 31 :x=1:y=pword..41
016450: 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 6A 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 0 WHILE j>0 AND
016460: 63 77 6F 72 64 3C 3E 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 6A cword<>lk(y,x):j
016470: 3D 6A 2D 31 3A 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A 34 31 35 20 =j-1:x=x+1..415
016480: 49 46 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 20 54 48 45 4E IF x=mlinks THEN
016490: 20 79 3D 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A y=lk(y,x):x=1..
0164A0: 34 32 30 20 57 45 4E 44 3A 49 46 20 6A 3E 30 20 420 WEND:IF j>0
0164B0: 54 48 45 4E 20 34 34 30 0D 0A 34 33 30 20 6C 6B THEN 440..430 lk
0164C0: 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F (pword,0)=lk(pwo
0164D0: 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 3A 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3D rd,0)+1:lk(y,x)=
0164E0: 63 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 34 33 35 20 49 46 20 78 3D cword..435 IF x=
0164F0: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 2D 31 20 54 48 45 4E 20 6E 77 mlinks-1 THEN nw
016500: 6F 72 64 73 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 2B 31 3A 6C 6B ords=nwords+1:lk
016510: 28 79 2C 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 (y,mlinks)=nword
016520: 73 3A 6C 6B 28 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 2C 30 29 3D 30 s:lk(nwords,0)=0
016530: 3A 77 24 28 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 29 3D 22 22 0D 0A :w$(nwords)=""..
016540: 34 34 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 35 30 30 20 440 RETURN..500
016550: 69 3D 49 4E 54 28 52 4E 44 2A 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F i=INT(RND*lk(pwo
016560: 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 29 0D 0A 35 30 35 20 57 48 rd,0)+1)..505 WH
016570: 49 4C 45 20 69 3E 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3A 69 3D ILE i>=mlinks:i=
016580: 31 2B 69 2D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3A 70 77 6F 72 64 1+i-mlinks:pword
016590: 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 =lk(pword,mlinks
0165A0: 29 3A 57 45 4E 44 0D 0A 35 31 30 20 70 77 6F 72 ):WEND..510 pwor
0165B0: 64 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 69 29 3A 52 45 d=lk(pword,i):RE
0165C0: 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 36 30 30 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D TURN..600 file$=
0165D0: 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C 37 29 3A 49 46 20 66 69 MID$(a$,7):IF fi
0165E0: 6C 65 24 3D 22 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 66 69 6C 65 le$="" THEN file
0165F0: 24 3D 22 56 4F 43 41 42 22 0D 0A 36 31 30 20 4F $="VOCAB"..610 O
016600: 72 64 65 72 2E 20 20 59 65 73 2C 20 69 74 20 73 rder. Yes, it s
016610: 65 65 6D 73 20 74 6F 20 74 65 6C 6C 20 75 73 20 eems to tell us
016620: 61 20 62 69 72 74 68 64 61 79 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 a birthday.....
016630: 20 20 44 4F 4E 27 54 20 47 4F 20 41 57 41 59 21 DON'T GO AWAY!
016640: 0D 0A 20 20 20 49 66 20 20 79 6F 75 20 20 64 69 .. If you di
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016660: 61 74 2C 20 20 64 6F 6E 27 74 20 20 77 6F 72 72 at, don't worr
016670: 79 20 20 2D 20 20 49 20 20 64 69 64 6E 27 74 20 y - I didn't
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0166A0: 20 77 61 73 20 67 65 6E 65 72 61 74 65 64 20 62 was generated b
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0166C0: 20 20 77 68 65 6E 20 49 20 66 65 64 20 69 74 20 when I fed it
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0166E0: 20 20 20 6F 66 20 74 68 69 73 20 6D 6F 6E 74 68 of this month
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016710: 69 6E 74 72 6F 64 75 63 74 69 6F 6E 20 65 61 73 introduction eas
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016740: 6F 66 20 74 68 65 20 61 72 74 69 63 6C 65 2C 20 of the article,
016750: 74 68 65 6E 20 77 72 69 74 65 20 69 6E 20 74 6F then write in to
016760: 20 46 61 69 72 20 43 6F 6D 6D 65 6E 74 20 74 6F Fair Comment to
016770: 20 61 73 6B 20 4A 6F 68 6E 20 74 6F 0D 0A 20 20 ask John to..
016780: 20 67 69 76 65 20 6D 65 20 74 68 65 20 73 61 63 give me the sac
016790: 6B 21 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 4C 61 73 74 20 74 69 k!.... Last ti
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0167E0: 64 65 72 0D 0A 20 20 20 74 6F 20 73 70 65 65 64 der.. to speed
0167F0: 20 75 70 20 74 68 65 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 69 6E up the searchin
016800: 50 45 4E 49 4E 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3A 49 4E 50 55 PENIN file$:INPU
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016820: 46 4F 52 20 69 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 6E 77 6F 72 64 FOR i=0 TO nword
016830: 73 3A 49 4E 50 55 54 23 39 2C 77 24 28 69 29 2C s:INPUT#9,w$(i),
016840: 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 29 3A 6C 65 28 69 29 3D 30 3A lk(i,0):le(i)=0:
016850: 72 69 28 69 29 3D 30 0D 0A 36 32 35 20 77 6F 72 ri(i)=0..625 wor
016860: 64 24 3D 77 24 28 69 29 3A 49 46 20 77 6F 72 64 d$=w$(i):IF word
016870: 24 3E 22 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 47 4F 53 55 42 20 $>"" THEN GOSUB
016880: 38 30 30 3A 63 77 6F 72 64 3D 69 3A 47 4F 53 55 800:cword=i:GOSU
016890: 42 20 38 34 30 0D 0A 36 33 30 20 6A 3D 6C 6B 28 B 840..630 j=lk(
0168A0: 69 2C 30 29 3A 79 3D 69 3A 78 3D 31 3A 57 48 49 i,0):y=i:x=1:WHI
0168B0: 4C 45 20 6A 3E 30 3A 6A 3D 6A 2D 31 3A 49 4E 50 LE j>0:j=j-1:INP
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0168D0: 2B 31 0D 0A 36 33 35 20 49 46 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 +1..635 IF x=mli
0168E0: 6E 6B 73 20 54 48 45 4E 20 49 4E 50 55 54 23 39 nks THEN INPUT#9
0168F0: 2C 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 79 3D 6C 6B 28 79 2C ,lk(y,x):y=lk(y,
016900: 78 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A 36 33 36 20 57 45 4E 44 x):x=1..636 WEND
016910: 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 36 34 30 20 43 4C 4F 53 45 :NEXT..640 CLOSE
016920: 49 4E 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 37 30 30 20 66 IN:RETURN..700 f
016930: 69 6C 65 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C 37 29 3A ile$=MID$(a$,7):
016940: 49 46 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 22 20 54 48 45 4E IF file$="" THEN
016950: 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 56 4F 43 41 42 22 0D 0A file$="VOCAB"..
016960: 37 31 30 20 4F 50 45 4E 4F 55 54 20 66 69 6C 65 710 OPENOUT file
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0169F0: 49 46 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 20 54 48 45 4E IF x=mlinks THEN
016A00: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
016A10: 13 00 01 00 02 09 4E E5 13 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 ......N.........
016A20: 13 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 13 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 ................
016A30: 13 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 13 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 ................
016A40: 13 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 13 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 ................
016A50: 13 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 13 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 ................
016A60: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016A70: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016A80: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016A90: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016AA0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016AB0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016AC0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
016AD0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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01E530: 74 2B 78 3A 50 4F 4B 45 20 73 74 2B 64 2C 78 3A t+x:POKE st+d,x:
01E540: 64 3D 64 2B 31 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 20 36 30 20 d=d+1:NEXT.. 60
01E550: 52 45 41 44 20 61 24 3A 49 46 20 56 41 4C 28 22 READ a$:IF VAL("
01E560: 26 22 2B 61 24 29 3D 74 20 54 48 45 4E 20 4E 45 &"+a$)=t THEN NE
01E570: 58 54 20 45 4C 53 45 20 50 52 49 4E 54 22 45 72 XT ELSE PRINT"Er
01E580: 72 6F 72 20 69 6E 20 6C 69 6E 65 22 31 30 2A 6E ror in line"10*n
01E590: 2B 39 30 3A 53 54 4F 50 0D 0A 20 37 30 20 46 4F +90:STOP.. 70 FO
01E5A0: 52 20 6E 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 32 3A 50 4F 4B 45 20 R n=0 TO 2:POKE
01E5B0: 73 74 2B 32 36 2B 6E 2C 50 45 45 4B 28 26 41 43 st+26+n,PEEK(&AC
01E5C0: 30 34 2B 6E 29 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 20 38 30 20 04+n):NEXT.. 80
01E5D0: 43 41 4C 4C 20 73 74 2B 33 39 2C 73 74 3A 43 4C CALL st+39,st:CL
01E5E0: 53 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 22 52 53 58 20 73 74 72 69 S:PRINT"RSX stri
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01E610: 73 74 2C 34 29 22 2E 22 0D 0A 20 39 30 20 44 41 st,4)".".. 90 DA
01E620: 54 41 20 37 62 2C 66 65 2C 30 64 2C 32 30 2C 31 TA 7b,fe,0d,20,1
01E630: 34 2C 65 31 2C 64 31 2C 64 35 2C 65 35 2C 35 32 4,e1,d1,d5,e5,52
01E640: 36 0D 0A 31 30 30 20 44 41 54 41 20 32 31 2C 33 6..100 DATA 21,3
01E650: 62 2C 30 31 2C 31 39 2C 32 30 2C 30 61 2C 33 65 b,01,19,20,0a,3e
01E660: 2C 30 32 2C 33 32 2C 31 31 32 0D 0A 31 31 30 20 ,02,32,112..110
01E670: 44 41 54 41 20 63 31 2C 62 30 2C 65 31 2C 32 61 DATA c1,b0,e1,2a
01E680: 2C 63 32 2C 62 30 2C 33 37 2C 35 66 2C 63 39 2C ,c2,b0,37,5f,c9,
01E690: 35 34 64 0D 0A 31 32 30 20 44 41 54 41 20 63 39 54d..120 DATA c9
01E6A0: 2C 63 39 2C 32 31 2C 39 63 2C 62 30 2C 32 32 2C ,c9,21,9c,b0,22,
01E6B0: 39 61 2C 62 30 2C 62 37 2C 35 32 32 0D 0A 31 33 9a,b0,b7,522..13
01E6C0: 30 20 44 41 54 41 20 30 38 2C 64 39 2C 63 39 2C 0 DATA 08,d9,c9,
01E6D0: 33 65 2C 63 33 2C 33 32 2C 30 34 2C 61 63 2C 65 3e,c3,32,04,ac,e
01E6E0: 62 2C 34 37 38 0D 0A 31 34 30 20 44 41 54 41 20 b,478..140 DATA
01E6F0: 32 32 2C 30 35 2C 61 63 2C 33 65 2C 63 64 2C 33 22,05,ac,3e,cd,3
01E700: 73 20 74 6F 20 72 65 73 65 72 76 65 20 74 68 65 s to reserve the
01E710: 20 66 69 6C 65 20 62 75 66 66 65 72 73 20 61 74 file buffers at
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01E730: 66 20 74 68 65 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 2C 20 73 f the program, s
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01E800: 61 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 3A 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 a program:....
01E810: 20 20 20 53 59 4D 42 4F 4C 20 41 46 54 45 52 20 SYMBOL AFTER
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01E840: 43 4C 4F 53 45 4F 55 54 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 41 CLOSEOUT.... A
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01E940: 0D 0A 20 20 32 20 52 45 4D 20 41 6C 6C 6F 77 73 .. 2 REM Allows
01E950: 20 61 6C 6C 20 73 74 72 69 6E 67 20 65 78 70 72 all string expr
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01E980: 20 43 41 4C 4C 20 73 74 61 74 65 6D 65 6E 74 73 CALL statements
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01E9C0: 46 20 55 50 50 45 52 24 28 61 24 29 3D 22 59 22 F UPPER$(a$)="Y"
01E9D0: 20 54 48 45 4E 20 73 74 3D 26 42 45 43 30 3A 47 THEN st=&BEC0:G
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01E9F0: 54 22 41 73 73 65 6D 62 6C 79 20 61 64 64 72 65 T"Assembly addre
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01EA10: 24 29 3A 49 46 20 73 74 3C 3D 48 49 4D 45 4D 20 $):IF st<=HIMEM
01EA20: 74 68 65 6D 20 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 73 74 2D 31 them MEMORY st-1
01EA30: 0D 0A 20 34 30 20 46 4F 52 20 6E 3D 30 20 54 4F .. 40 FOR n=0 TO
01EA40: 20 36 3A 74 3D 30 0D 0A 20 35 30 20 46 4F 52 20 6:t=0.. 50 FOR
01EA50: 6D 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 38 3A 52 45 41 44 20 61 24 m=0 TO 8:READ a$
01EA60: 3A 78 3D 56 41 4C 28 22 26 22 2B 61 24 29 3A 74 :x=VAL("&"+a$):t
01EA70: 3D 74 2B 78 3A 50 4F 4B 45 20 73 74 2B 64 2C 78 =t+x:POKE st+d,x
01EA80: 3A 64 3D 64 2B 31 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 20 36 30 :d=d+1:NEXT.. 60
01EA90: 20 52 45 41 44 20 61 24 3A 49 46 20 56 41 4C 28 READ a$:IF VAL(
01EAA0: 22 26 22 2B 61 24 29 3D 74 20 54 48 45 4E 20 4E "&"+a$)=t THEN N
01EAB0: 45 58 54 20 45 4C 53 45 20 50 52 49 4E 54 22 45 EXT ELSE PRINT"E
01EAC0: 72 72 6F 72 20 69 6E 20 6C 69 6E 65 22 31 30 2A rror in line"10*
01EAD0: 6E 2B 39 30 3A 53 54 4F 50 0D 0A 20 37 30 20 46 n+90:STOP.. 70 F
01EAE0: 4F 52 20 6E 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 32 3A 50 4F 4B 45 OR n=0 TO 2:POKE
01EAF0: 20 73 74 2B 32 36 2B 6E 2C 50 45 45 4B 28 26 41 st+26+n,PEEK(&A
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01EC70: 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 41 6E 6F 74 68 65 72 20 62 75 ... Another bu
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01ECB0: 20 20 49 66 20 79 6F 75 20 68 61 76 65 6E 27 74 If you haven't
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01ED10: 20 43 41 4C 4C 20 73 74 2B 33 39 2C 73 74 3A 43 CALL st+39,st:C
01ED20: 4C 53 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 22 52 53 58 20 73 74 72 LS:PRINT"RSX str
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01ED50: 28 73 74 2C 34 29 22 2E 22 0D 0A 20 39 30 20 44 (st,4)".".. 90 D
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01ED70: 31 34 2C 65 31 2C 64 31 2C 64 35 2C 65 35 2C 35 14,e1,d1,d5,e5,5
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01EDB0: 20 44 41 54 41 20 63 31 2C 62 30 2C 65 31 2C 32 DATA c1,b0,e1,2
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01EF50: 1A 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 1A 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 ................
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01EFB0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
01EFC0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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01EFF0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
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01F460: 68 69 6C 6C 69 70 73 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 49 6E hillips.... In
01F470: 20 79 6F 75 72 20 6D 6F 72 65 20 69 64 6C 65 20 your more idle
01F480: 20 61 6E 64 20 20 6C 6F 6E 65 6C 79 20 20 6D 6F and lonely mo
01F490: 6D 65 6E 74 73 20 20 79 6F 75 20 20 6D 61 79 20 ments you may
01F4A0: 20 68 61 76 65 20 20 77 61 6E 74 65 64 20 20 74 have wanted t
01F4B0: 6F 20 68 6F 6C 64 20 61 0D 0A 20 20 20 63 6F 6E o hold a.. con
01F4C0: 76 65 72 73 61 74 69 6F 6E 20 77 69 74 68 20 79 versation with y
01F4D0: 6F 75 72 20 20 63 6F 6D 70 75 74 65 72 2E 20 20 our computer.
01F4E0: 20 4D 75 63 68 20 20 6F 66 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 Much of the
01F4F0: 74 69 6D 65 2C 20 20 68 6F 77 65 76 65 72 2C 20 time, however,
01F500: 69 74 20 77 69 6C 6C 0D 0A 20 20 20 73 69 6D 70 it will.. simp
01F510: 6C 79 20 20 72 65 73 70 6F 6E 64 20 20 74 6F 20 ly respond to
01F520: 20 79 6F 75 72 20 20 72 65 6D 61 72 6B 73 20 20 your remarks
01F530: 77 69 74 68 20 20 20 22 53 79 6E 74 61 78 20 20 with "Syntax
01F540: 65 72 72 6F 72 22 2E 20 20 20 46 6F 72 20 20 61 error". For a
01F550: 20 20 6D 6F 72 65 0D 0A 20 20 20 73 74 69 6D 75 more.. stimu
01F560: 6C 61 74 69 6E 67 20 65 78 63 68 61 6E 67 65 20 lating exchange
01F570: 20 79 6F 75 20 20 63 6F 75 6C 64 20 20 74 72 79 you could try
01F580: 20 20 6F 6E 65 20 20 6F 66 20 20 74 68 65 20 20 one of the
01F590: 70 73 79 63 68 69 61 74 72 69 63 20 69 6E 74 65 psychiatric inte
01F5A0: 72 76 69 65 77 0D 0A 20 20 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 rview.. progra
01F5B0: 6D 73 20 61 76 61 69 6C 61 62 6C 65 20 69 6E 20 ms available in
01F5C0: 74 68 65 20 50 44 20 6C 69 62 72 61 72 79 2C 20 the PD library,
01F5D0: 20 62 75 74 20 20 69 66 20 79 6F 75 27 72 65 20 but if you're
01F5E0: 61 6E 79 74 68 69 6E 67 20 6C 69 6B 65 20 6D 65 anything like me
01F5F0: 20 79 6F 75 0D 0A 20 20 20 67 65 74 20 73 69 63 you.. get sic
01F600: 31 30 20 44 45 46 49 4E 54 20 61 2D 7A 3A 4F 50 10 DEFINT a-z:OP
01F610: 45 4E 4F 55 54 22 64 22 3A 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 ENOUT"d":MEMORY
01F620: 48 49 4D 45 4D 2D 31 3A 43 4C 4F 53 45 4F 55 54 HIMEM-1:CLOSEOUT
01F630: 0D 0A 32 30 20 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 33 30 30 3A ..20 mwords=300:
01F640: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3D 32 30 3A 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 mlinks=20:nwords
01F650: 3D 30 0D 0A 33 30 20 44 49 4D 20 77 24 28 6D 77 =0..30 DIM w$(mw
01F660: 6F 72 64 73 29 2C 6C 6B 28 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 2C ords),lk(mwords,
01F670: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 2C 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 31 mlinks),tempw$(1
01F680: 32 38 29 0D 0A 34 30 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 50 28)..40 LINE INP
01F690: 55 54 22 22 2C 61 24 0D 0A 34 31 20 49 46 20 55 UT"",a$..41 IF U
01F6A0: 50 50 45 52 24 28 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 35 PPER$(LEFT$(a$,5
01F6B0: 29 29 3D 22 2A 4C 4F 41 44 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 ))="*LOAD" THEN
01F6C0: 47 4F 53 55 42 20 36 30 30 3A 47 4F 54 4F 20 34 GOSUB 600:GOTO 4
01F6D0: 30 0D 0A 34 32 20 49 46 20 55 50 50 45 52 24 28 0..42 IF UPPER$(
01F6E0: 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 35 29 29 3D 22 2A 53 LEFT$(a$,5))="*S
01F6F0: 41 56 45 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 47 4F 53 55 42 20 AVE" THEN GOSUB
01F700: 37 30 30 3A 47 4F 54 4F 20 34 30 0D 0A 35 30 20 700:GOTO 40..50
01F710: 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D 30 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 33 wcount=0:GOSUB 3
01F720: 30 30 3A 49 46 20 61 24 3C 3E 22 22 20 54 48 45 00:IF a$<>"" THE
01F730: 4E 20 47 4F 53 55 42 20 31 30 30 0D 0A 36 30 20 N GOSUB 100..60
01F740: 47 4F 53 55 42 20 32 30 30 3A 47 4F 54 4F 20 34 GOSUB 200:GOTO 4
01F750: 30 0D 0A 31 30 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 49 4E 53 0..100 WHILE INS
01F760: 54 52 28 61 24 2C 22 20 22 29 3E 30 3A 61 3D 49 TR(a$," ")>0:a=I
01F770: 4E 53 54 52 28 61 24 2C 22 20 22 29 0D 0A 31 31 NSTR(a$," ")..11
01F780: 30 20 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 29 0 tempw$(wcount)
01F790: 3D 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 61 2D 31 29 3A 61 =LEFT$(a$,a-1):a
01F7A0: 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C 61 2B 31 29 0D 0A $=MID$(a$,a+1)..
01F7B0: 31 32 30 20 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D 77 63 6F 75 6E 120 wcount=wcoun
01F7C0: 74 2B 31 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 33 30 30 3A 57 45 t+1:GOSUB 300:WE
01F7D0: 4E 44 0D 0A 31 33 30 20 49 46 20 61 24 3C 3E 22 ND..130 IF a$<>"
01F7E0: 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 77 63 " THEN tempw$(wc
01F7F0: 6F 75 6E 74 29 3D 61 24 3A 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D ount)=a$:wcount=
01F800: 31 30 20 44 45 46 49 4E 54 20 61 2D 7A 3A 4F 50 10 DEFINT a-z:OP
01F810: 45 4E 4F 55 54 22 64 22 3A 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 ENOUT"d":MEMORY
01F820: 48 49 4D 45 4D 2D 31 3A 43 4C 4F 53 45 4F 55 54 HIMEM-1:CLOSEOUT
01F830: 0D 0A 32 30 20 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 33 30 30 3A ..20 mwords=300:
01F840: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3D 32 30 3A 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 mlinks=20:nwords
01F850: 3D 30 0D 0A 33 30 20 44 49 4D 20 77 24 28 6D 77 =0..30 DIM w$(mw
01F860: 6F 72 64 73 29 2C 6C 6B 28 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 2C ords),lk(mwords,
01F870: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 2C 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 31 mlinks),tempw$(1
01F880: 32 38 29 0D 0A 34 30 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 50 28)..40 LINE INP
01F890: 55 54 22 22 2C 61 24 0D 0A 35 30 20 77 63 6F 75 UT"",a$..50 wcou
01F8A0: 6E 74 3D 30 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 33 30 30 3A 49 nt=0:GOSUB 300:I
01F8B0: 46 20 61 24 3C 3E 22 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 47 4F F a$<>"" THEN GO
01F8C0: 53 55 42 20 31 30 30 0D 0A 36 30 20 47 4F 53 55 SUB 100..60 GOSU
01F8D0: 42 20 32 30 30 3A 47 4F 54 4F 20 34 30 0D 0A 31 B 200:GOTO 40..1
01F8E0: 30 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 49 4E 53 54 52 28 61 00 WHILE INSTR(a
01F8F0: 24 2C 22 20 22 29 3E 30 3A 61 3D 49 4E 53 54 52 $," ")>0:a=INSTR
01F900: 28 61 24 2C 22 20 22 29 0D 0A 31 31 30 20 74 65 (a$," ")..110 te
01F910: 6D 70 77 24 28 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 29 3D 4C 45 46 mpw$(wcount)=LEF
01F920: 54 24 28 61 24 2C 61 2D 31 29 3A 61 24 3D 4D 49 T$(a$,a-1):a$=MI
01F930: 44 24 28 61 24 2C 61 2B 31 29 0D 0A 31 32 30 20 D$(a$,a+1)..120
01F940: 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 2B 31 3A wcount=wcount+1:
01F950: 47 4F 53 55 42 20 33 30 30 3A 57 45 4E 44 0D 0A GOSUB 300:WEND..
01F960: 31 33 30 20 49 46 20 61 24 3C 3E 22 22 20 54 48 130 IF a$<>"" TH
01F970: 45 4E 20 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 EN tempw$(wcount
01F980: 29 3D 61 24 3A 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D 77 63 6F 75 )=a$:wcount=wcou
01F990: 6E 74 2B 31 0D 0A 31 34 30 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3D nt+1..140 pword=
01F9A0: 30 3A 46 4F 52 20 69 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 77 63 6F 0:FOR i=0 TO wco
01F9B0: 75 6E 74 2D 31 3A 77 6F 72 64 24 3D 74 65 6D 70 unt-1:word$=temp
01F9C0: 77 24 28 69 29 0D 0A 31 35 30 20 63 77 6F 72 64 w$(i)..150 cword
01F9D0: 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 3A 57 48 49 4C 45 20 63 77 =nwords:WHILE cw
01F9E0: 6F 72 64 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 77 6F 72 64 24 3C ord>0 AND word$<
01F9F0: 3E 77 24 28 63 77 6F 72 64 29 3A 63 77 6F 72 64 >w$(cword):cword
01FA00: 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 2B 31 0D 0A 31 34 30 20 70 77 wcount+1..140 pw
01FA10: 6F 72 64 3D 30 3A 46 4F 52 20 69 3D 30 20 54 4F ord=0:FOR i=0 TO
01FA20: 20 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 2D 31 3A 77 6F 72 64 24 3D wcount-1:word$=
01FA30: 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 69 29 0D 0A 31 35 30 20 63 tempw$(i)..150 c
01FA40: 77 6F 72 64 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 3A 57 48 49 4C word=nwords:WHIL
01FA50: 45 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 77 6F E cword>0 AND wo
01FA60: 72 64 24 3C 3E 77 24 28 63 77 6F 72 64 29 3A 63 rd$<>w$(cword):c
01FA70: 77 6F 72 64 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 2D 31 3A 57 45 4E word=cword-1:WEN
01FA80: 44 0D 0A 31 36 30 20 49 46 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3D D..160 IF cword=
01FA90: 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 6E 77 0 THEN nwords=nw
01FAA0: 6F 72 64 73 2B 31 3A 77 24 28 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 ords+1:w$(nwords
01FAB0: 29 3D 77 6F 72 64 24 3A 63 77 6F 72 64 3D 6E 77 )=word$:cword=nw
01FAC0: 6F 72 64 73 0D 0A 31 37 30 20 47 4F 53 55 42 20 ords..170 GOSUB
01FAD0: 34 30 30 3A 70 77 6F 72 64 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 3A 400:pword=cword:
01FAE0: 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 31 38 30 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3D NEXT..180 cword=
01FAF0: 30 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 34 30 30 0D 0A 31 39 30 0:GOSUB 400..190
01FB00: 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 32 30 30 20 70 77 6F RETURN..200 pwo
01FB10: 72 64 3D 30 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 35 30 30 0D 0A rd=0:GOSUB 500..
01FB20: 32 31 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3E 210 WHILE pword>
01FB30: 30 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 20 77 24 28 70 77 6F 72 64 0:PRINT w$(pword
01FB40: 29 22 20 22 3B 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 35 30 30 3A )" ";:GOSUB 500:
01FB50: 57 45 4E 44 0D 0A 32 32 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 WEND..220 PRINT
01FB60: 43 48 52 24 28 38 29 3B 22 2E 22 3A 50 52 49 4E CHR$(8);".":PRIN
01FB70: 54 0D 0A 32 33 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 33 T..230 RETURN..3
01FB80: 30 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 00 WHILE LEFT$(a
01FB90: 24 2C 31 29 3D 22 20 22 3A 61 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 $,1)=" ":a$=MID$
01FBA0: 28 61 24 2C 32 29 3A 57 45 4E 44 3A 52 45 54 55 (a$,2):WEND:RETU
01FBB0: 52 4E 0D 0A 34 30 30 20 6A 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F RN..400 j=lk(pwo
01FBC0: 72 64 2C 30 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A 34 31 30 20 57 rd,0):x=1..410 W
01FBD0: 48 49 4C 45 20 6A 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 63 77 6F HILE j>0 AND cwo
01FBE0: 72 64 3C 3E 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 78 29 3A rd<>lk(pword,x):
01FBF0: 6A 3D 6A 2D 31 3A 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A 34 32 30 j=j-1:x=x+1..420
01FC00: 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 2D 31 3A 57 45 4E 44 0D 0A 31 =cword-1:WEND..1
01FC10: 36 30 20 49 46 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3D 30 20 54 48 60 IF cword=0 TH
01FC20: 45 4E 20 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 EN nwords=nwords
01FC30: 2B 31 3A 77 24 28 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 29 3D 77 6F +1:w$(nwords)=wo
01FC40: 72 64 24 3A 63 77 6F 72 64 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 rd$:cword=nwords
01FC50: 0D 0A 31 37 30 20 47 4F 53 55 42 20 34 30 30 3A ..170 GOSUB 400:
01FC60: 70 77 6F 72 64 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 3A 4E 45 58 54 pword=cword:NEXT
01FC70: 0D 0A 31 38 30 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3D 30 3A 47 4F ..180 cword=0:GO
01FC80: 53 55 42 20 34 30 30 0D 0A 31 39 30 20 52 45 54 SUB 400..190 RET
01FC90: 55 52 4E 0D 0A 32 30 30 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3D 30 URN..200 pword=0
01FCA0: 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 35 30 30 0D 0A 32 31 30 20 :GOSUB 500..210
01FCB0: 57 48 49 4C 45 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3E 30 3A 50 52 WHILE pword>0:PR
01FCC0: 49 4E 54 20 77 24 28 70 77 6F 72 64 29 22 20 22 INT w$(pword)" "
01FCD0: 3B 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 35 30 30 3A 57 45 4E 44 ;:GOSUB 500:WEND
01FCE0: 0D 0A 32 32 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 43 48 52 24 ..220 PRINT CHR$
01FCF0: 28 38 29 3B 22 2E 22 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 0D 0A 32 (8);".":PRINT..2
01FD00: 33 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 33 30 30 20 57 30 RETURN..300 W
01FD10: 48 49 4C 45 20 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 31 29 HILE LEFT$(a$,1)
01FD20: 3D 22 20 22 3A 61 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C =" ":a$=MID$(a$,
01FD30: 32 29 3A 57 45 4E 44 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 2):WEND:RETURN..
01FD40: 34 30 30 20 6A 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 400 j=lk(pword,0
01FD50: 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A 34 31 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 ):x=1..410 WHILE
01FD60: 20 6A 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3C 3E j>0 AND cword<>
01FD70: 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 78 29 3A 6A 3D 6A 2D lk(pword,x):j=j-
01FD80: 31 3A 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A 34 32 30 20 57 45 4E 1:x=x+1..420 WEN
01FD90: 44 3A 49 46 20 6A 3E 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 34 34 D:IF j>0 THEN 44
01FDA0: 30 0D 0A 34 33 30 20 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 0..430 lk(pword,
01FDB0: 30 29 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 0)=lk(pword,0)+1
01FDC0: 3A 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 78 29 3D 63 77 6F :lk(pword,x)=cwo
01FDD0: 72 64 0D 0A 34 34 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A rd..440 RETURN..
01FDE0: 35 30 30 20 69 3D 49 4E 54 28 52 4E 44 2A 6C 6B 500 i=INT(RND*lk
01FDF0: 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 29 0D 0A 35 31 (pword,0)+1)..51
01FE00: 20 57 45 4E 44 3A 49 46 20 6A 3E 30 20 54 48 45 WEND:IF j>0 THE
01FE10: 4E 20 34 34 30 0D 0A 34 33 30 20 6C 6B 28 70 77 N 440..430 lk(pw
01FE20: 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C ord,0)=lk(pword,
01FE30: 30 29 2B 31 3A 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 78 29 0)+1:lk(pword,x)
01FE40: 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 34 34 30 20 52 45 54 55 =cword..440 RETU
01FE50: 52 4E 0D 0A 35 30 30 20 69 3D 49 4E 54 28 52 4E RN..500 i=INT(RN
01FE60: 44 2A 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 29 D*lk(pword,0)+1)
01FE70: 0D 0A 35 31 30 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3D 6C 6B 28 70 ..510 pword=lk(p
01FE80: 77 6F 72 64 2C 69 29 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A word,i):RETURN..
01FE90: 36 30 30 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 600 file$=MID$(a
01FEA0: 24 2C 37 29 3A 49 46 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 22 $,7):IF file$=""
01FEB0: 20 54 48 45 4E 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 56 4F 43 THEN file$="VOC
01FEC0: 41 42 22 0D 0A 36 31 30 20 4F 50 45 4E 49 4E 20 AB"..610 OPENIN
01FED0: 66 69 6C 65 24 3A 49 4E 50 55 54 23 39 2C 6E 77 file$:INPUT#9,nw
01FEE0: 6F 72 64 73 0D 0A 36 32 30 20 46 4F 52 20 69 3D ords..620 FOR i=
01FEF0: 30 20 54 4F 20 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 3A 49 4E 50 55 0 TO nwords:INPU
01FF00: 54 23 39 2C 77 24 28 69 29 2C 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 T#9,w$(i),lk(i,0
01FF10: 29 0D 0A 36 33 30 20 46 4F 52 20 6A 3D 31 20 54 )..630 FOR j=1 T
01FF20: 4F 20 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 29 3A 49 4E 50 55 54 23 O lk(i,0):INPUT#
01FF30: 39 2C 6C 6B 28 69 2C 6A 29 3A 4E 45 58 54 3A 4E 9,lk(i,j):NEXT:N
01FF40: 45 58 54 0D 0A 36 34 30 20 43 4C 4F 53 45 49 4E EXT..640 CLOSEIN
01FF50: 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 37 30 30 20 66 69 6C :RETURN..700 fil
01FF60: 65 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C 37 29 3A 49 46 e$=MID$(a$,7):IF
01FF70: 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 66 file$="" THEN f
01FF80: 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 56 4F 43 41 42 22 0D 0A 37 31 ile$="VOCAB"..71
01FF90: 30 20 4F 50 45 4E 4F 55 54 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3A 0 OPENOUT file$:
01FFA0: 57 52 49 54 45 23 39 2C 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 0D 0A WRITE#9,nwords..
01FFB0: 37 32 30 20 46 4F 52 20 69 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 6E 720 FOR i=0 TO n
01FFC0: 77 6F 72 64 73 3A 57 52 49 54 45 23 39 2C 77 24 words:WRITE#9,w$
01FFD0: 28 69 29 2C 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 29 0D 0A 37 33 30 (i),lk(i,0)..730
01FFE0: 20 46 4F 52 20 6A 3D 31 20 54 4F 20 6C 6B 28 69 FOR j=1 TO lk(i
01FFF0: 2C 30 29 3A 57 52 49 54 45 23 39 2C 6C 6B 28 69 ,0):WRITE#9,lk(i
020000: 30 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 0 pword=lk(pword
020010: 2C 69 29 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 1A 52 59 20 ,i):RETURN...RY
020020: 48 49 4D 45 4D 2D 31 3A 43 4C 4F 53 45 4F 55 54 HIMEM-1:CLOSEOUT
020030: 0D 0A 32 30 20 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 33 30 30 3A ..20 mwords=300:
020040: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3D 32 30 3A 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 mlinks=20:nwords
020050: 3D 30 0D 0A 33 30 20 44 49 4D 20 77 24 28 6D 77 =0..30 DIM w$(mw
020060: 6F 72 64 73 29 2C 6C 6B 28 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 2C ords),lk(mwords,
020070: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 2C 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 31 mlinks),tempw$(1
020080: 53 55 42 20 34 30 30 0D 0A 31 39 30 20 52 45 54 SUB 400..190 RET
020090: 55 52 4E 0D 0A 32 30 30 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3D 30 URN..200 pword=0
0200A0: 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 35 30 30 0D 0A 32 31 30 20 :GOSUB 500..210
0200B0: 57 48 49 4C 45 20 70 77 6F 72 64 3E 30 3A 50 52 WHILE pword>0:PR
0200C0: 49 4E 54 20 77 24 28 70 77 6F 72 64 29 22 20 22 INT w$(pword)" "
0200D0: 3B 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 35 30 30 3A 57 45 4E 44 ;:GOSUB 500:WEND
0200E0: 0D 0A 32 32 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 43 48 52 24 ..220 PRINT CHR$
0200F0: 28 38 29 3B 22 2E 22 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 0D 0A 32 (8);".":PRINT..2
020100: 33 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 33 30 30 20 57 30 RETURN..300 W
020110: 48 49 4C 45 20 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 31 29 HILE LEFT$(a$,1)
020120: 3D 22 20 22 3A 61 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C =" ":a$=MID$(a$,
020130: 32 29 3A 57 45 4E 44 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 2):WEND:RETURN..
020140: 34 30 30 20 6A 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 400 j=lk(pword,0
020150: 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A 34 31 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 ):x=1..410 WHILE
020160: 20 6A 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 63 77 6F 72 64 3C 3E j>0 AND cword<>
020170: 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 78 29 3A 6A 3D 6A 2D lk(pword,x):j=j-
020180: 31 3A 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A 34 32 30 20 57 45 4E 1:x=x+1..420 WEN
020190: 44 3A 49 46 20 6A 3E 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 34 34 D:IF j>0 THEN 44
0201A0: 30 0D 0A 34 33 30 20 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 0..430 lk(pword,
0201B0: 30 29 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 0)=lk(pword,0)+1
0201C0: 3A 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 78 29 3D 63 77 6F :lk(pword,x)=cwo
0201D0: 72 64 0D 0A 34 34 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A rd..440 RETURN..
0201E0: 35 30 30 20 69 3D 49 4E 54 28 52 4E 44 2A 6C 6B 500 i=INT(RND*lk
0201F0: 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 29 0D 0A 35 31 (pword,0)+1)..51
020200: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
020210: 1B 00 01 00 02 09 4E E5 1B 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 ......N.........
020220: 1B 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 1B 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 ................
020230: 1B 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 1B 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 ................
020240: 1B 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 1B 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 ................
020250: 1B 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 1B 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 ................
020260: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
020270: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
020280: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
020290: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0202A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0202B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0202C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0202D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0202E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0202F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
020300: 28 61 2C 31 29 20 20 6C 6B 28 61 2C 32 29 0D 0A (a,1) lk(a,2)..
020310: 09 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D .---------------
020320: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D ----------------
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0268C0: 3D 22 22 3A 6C 6B 28 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 2C 30 29 ="":lk(nwords,0)
0268D0: 3D 30 0D 0A 34 34 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A =0..440 RETURN..
0268E0: 35 30 30 20 69 3D 49 4E 54 28 52 4E 44 2A 6C 6B 500 i=INT(RND*lk
0268F0: 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 29 0D 0A 35 30 (pword,0)+1)..50
026900: 35 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 69 3E 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 5 WHILE i>=mlink
026910: 73 3A 69 3D 31 2B 69 2D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3A 70 s:i=1+i-mlinks:p
026920: 77 6F 72 64 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 6D 6C word=lk(pword,ml
026930: 69 6E 6B 73 29 3A 57 45 4E 44 0D 0A 35 31 30 20 inks):WEND..510
026940: 70 77 6F 72 64 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 69 pword=lk(pword,i
026950: 29 3A 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 36 30 30 20 66 69 ):RETURN..600 fi
026960: 6C 65 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C 37 29 3A 49 le$=MID$(a$,7):I
026970: 46 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 F file$="" THEN
026980: 66 69 6C 65 24 3D 22 56 4F 43 41 42 22 0D 0A 36 file$="VOCAB"..6
026990: 31 30 20 4F 50 45 4E 49 4E 20 66 69 6C 65 24 3A 10 OPENIN file$:
0269A0: 49 4E 50 55 54 23 39 2C 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 0D 0A INPUT#9,nwords..
0269B0: 36 32 30 20 46 4F 52 20 69 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 6E 620 FOR i=0 TO n
0269C0: 77 6F 72 64 73 3A 49 4E 50 55 54 23 39 2C 77 24 words:INPUT#9,w$
0269D0: 28 69 29 2C 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 29 0D 0A 36 33 30 (i),lk(i,0)..630
0269E0: 20 6A 3D 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 29 3A 79 3D 69 3A 78 j=lk(i,0):y=i:x
0269F0: 3D 31 3A 57 48 49 4C 45 20 6A 3E 30 3A 6A 3D 6A =1:WHILE j>0:j=j
026A00: 78 29 3A 6A 3D 6A 2D 31 3A 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A x):j=j-1:x=x+1..
026A10: 20 20 20 34 31 35 20 49 46 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 415 IF x=mlin
026A20: 6B 73 20 54 48 45 4E 20 79 3D 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 ks THEN y=lk(y,x
026A30: 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A 20 20 20 34 33 30 20 6C 6B ):x=1.. 430 lk
026A40: 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 3D 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F (pword,0)=lk(pwo
026A50: 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 3A 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3D rd,0)+1:lk(y,x)=
026A60: 63 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 20 20 20 34 33 35 20 49 46 cword.. 435 IF
026A70: 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 2D 31 20 54 48 45 4E x=mlinks-1 THEN
026A80: 20 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 2B 31 nwords=nwords+1
026A90: 3A 6C 6B 28 79 2C 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 3D 6E 77 :lk(y,mlinks)=nw
026AA0: 6F 72 64 73 0D 0A 20 20 20 35 30 35 20 57 48 49 ords.. 505 WHI
026AB0: 4C 45 20 69 3E 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3A 69 3D 31 LE i>=mlinks:i=1
026AC0: 2B 69 2D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3A 70 77 6F 72 64 3D +i-mlinks:pword=
026AD0: 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 lk(pword,mlinks)
026AE0: 3A 57 45 4E 44 0D 0A 20 20 20 36 33 30 20 6A 3D :WEND.. 630 j=
026AF0: 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 29 3A 79 3D 69 3A 78 3D 31 3A lk(i,0):y=i:x=1:
026B00: 57 48 49 4C 45 20 6A 3E 30 3A 6A 3D 6A 2D 31 3A WHILE j>0:j=j-1:
026B10: 49 4E 50 55 54 23 39 2C 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A INPUT#9,lk(y,x):
026B20: 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A 20 20 20 36 33 35 20 49 46 x=x+1.. 635 IF
026B30: 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 20 54 48 45 4E 20 49 x=mlinks THEN I
026B40: 4E 50 55 54 23 39 2C 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 79 NPUT#9,lk(y,x):y
026B50: 3D 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A 20 20 =lk(y,x):x=1..
026B60: 20 36 33 36 20 57 45 4E 44 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 636 WEND:NEXT..
026B70: 20 20 20 37 33 30 20 6A 3D 6C 6B 28 69 2C 30 29 730 j=lk(i,0)
026B80: 3A 79 3D 69 3A 78 3D 31 3A 57 48 49 4C 45 20 6A :y=i:x=1:WHILE j
026B90: 3E 30 3A 6A 3D 6A 2D 31 3A 57 52 49 54 45 23 39 >0:j=j-1:WRITE#9
026BA0: 2C 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A ,lk(y,x):x=x+1..
026BB0: 20 20 20 37 33 35 20 49 46 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 735 IF x=mlin
026BC0: 6B 73 20 54 48 45 4E 20 57 52 49 54 45 23 39 2C ks THEN WRITE#9,
026BD0: 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 79 3D 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 lk(y,x):y=lk(y,x
026BE0: 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A 20 20 20 37 33 36 20 57 45 ):x=1.. 736 WE
026BF0: 4E 44 3A 4E 45 58 54 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 2D 2D ND:NEXT.... --
026C00: 77 69 74 68 20 73 65 74 74 69 6E 67 20 6D 6C 69 with setting mli
026C10: 6E 6B 73 20 20 74 6F 20 20 32 30 2C 20 20 77 68 nks to 20, wh
026C20: 69 63 68 20 20 72 65 71 75 69 72 65 73 20 61 74 ich requires at
026C30: 20 6C 65 61 73 74 20 66 69 66 74 79 0D 0A 20 20 least fifty..
026C40: 20 62 79 74 65 73 20 70 65 72 20 77 6F 72 64 2E bytes per word.
026C50: 20 20 42 79 20 72 65 64 75 63 69 6E 67 20 6D 6C By reducing ml
026C60: 69 6E 6B 73 20 74 6F 20 36 20 20 66 72 6F 6D 20 inks to 6 from
026C70: 32 30 20 77 65 20 63 61 6E 20 66 69 74 20 74 77 20 we can fit tw
026C80: 69 63 65 20 61 73 20 6D 61 6E 79 0D 0A 20 20 20 ice as many..
026C90: 77 6F 72 64 73 20 69 6E 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 79 2E words in memory.
026CA0: 20 20 20 43 65 72 74 61 69 6E 6C 79 20 20 6D 77 Certainly mw
026CB0: 6F 72 64 73 20 20 63 6F 75 6C 64 20 20 62 65 20 ords could be
026CC0: 20 73 65 74 20 20 74 6F 20 20 73 6F 6D 65 74 68 set to someth
026CD0: 69 6E 67 20 6F 76 65 72 20 61 0D 0A 20 20 20 74 ing over a.. t
026CE0: 68 6F 75 73 61 6E 64 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 49 housand..... I
026CF0: 66 20 79 6F 75 20 61 6C 74 65 72 20 6D 6C 69 6E f you alter mlin
026D00: 6B 73 2C 20 20 74 68 65 6E 20 20 76 6F 63 61 62 ks, then vocab
026D10: 75 6C 61 72 79 20 20 73 61 76 65 64 20 20 74 6F ulary saved to
026D20: 20 20 64 69 73 63 20 20 77 68 65 6E 20 6D 6C 69 disc when mli
026D30: 6E 6B 73 20 77 61 73 20 61 0D 0A 20 20 20 64 69 nks was a.. di
026D40: 66 66 65 72 65 6E 74 20 76 61 6C 75 65 20 77 69 fferent value wi
026D50: 6C 6C 20 6E 6F 74 20 6C 6F 61 64 20 20 69 6E 20 ll not load in
026D60: 20 63 6F 72 72 65 63 74 6C 79 2C 20 20 73 6F 20 correctly, so
026D70: 20 69 74 20 20 69 73 20 77 69 73 65 20 74 6F 20 it is wise to
026D80: 63 68 6F 6F 73 65 20 61 0D 0A 20 20 20 73 75 69 choose a.. sui
026D90: 74 61 62 6C 65 20 76 61 6C 75 65 20 66 6F 72 20 table value for
026DA0: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 20 61 6E 64 20 73 74 69 63 6B mlinks and stick
026DB0: 20 74 6F 20 74 68 61 74 2E 20 20 20 49 20 77 69 to that. I wi
026DC0: 6C 6C 20 62 65 20 75 73 69 6E 67 20 36 20 69 6E ll be using 6 in
026DD0: 20 66 75 74 75 72 65 0D 0A 20 20 20 65 78 61 6D future.. exam
026DE0: 70 6C 65 73 2C 20 62 75 74 20 79 6F 75 20 63 61 ples, but you ca
026DF0: 6E 20 65 61 73 69 6C 79 20 61 6C 74 65 72 20 69 n easily alter i
026E00: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D ----------------
026E10: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D ----------------
026E20: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D ----------------
026E30: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D ----------------
026E40: 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 2D 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 46 --------.... F
026E50: 69 67 75 72 65 20 32 3A 20 54 68 65 20 6E 65 77 igure 2: The new
026E60: 20 73 75 62 72 6F 75 74 69 6E 65 20 61 74 20 34 subroutine at 4
026E70: 30 30 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 34 30 30 20 6A 3D 6C 00.... 400 j=l
026E80: 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 3A 78 3D 31 3A 79 k(pword,0):x=1:y
026E90: 3D 70 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 20 20 20 34 31 30 20 57 =pword.. 410 W
026EA0: 48 49 4C 45 20 6A 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 63 77 6F HILE j>0 AND cwo
026EB0: 72 64 3C 3E 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 6A 3D 6A 2D rd<>lk(y,x):j=j-
026EC0: 31 3A 78 3D 78 2B 31 0D 0A 20 20 20 34 31 35 20 1:x=x+1.. 415
026ED0: 49 46 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 20 54 48 45 4E IF x=mlinks THEN
026EE0: 20 79 3D 6C 6B 28 79 2C 78 29 3A 78 3D 31 0D 0A y=lk(y,x):x=1..
026EF0: 20 20 20 34 32 30 20 57 45 4E 44 3A 49 46 20 6A 420 WEND:IF j
026F00: 3E 30 20 54 48 45 4E 20 34 34 30 0D 0A 20 20 20 >0 THEN 440..
026F10: 34 33 30 20 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 3D 430 lk(pword,0)=
026F20: 6C 6B 28 70 77 6F 72 64 2C 30 29 2B 31 3A 6C 6B lk(pword,0)+1:lk
026F30: 28 79 2C 78 29 3D 63 77 6F 72 64 0D 0A 20 20 20 (y,x)=cword..
026F40: 34 33 35 20 49 46 20 78 3D 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 2D 435 IF x=mlinks-
026F50: 31 20 54 48 45 4E 20 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 6E 77 1 THEN nwords=nw
026F60: 6F 72 64 73 2B 31 3A 6C 6B 28 79 2C 6D 6C 69 6E ords+1:lk(y,mlin
026F70: 6B 73 29 3D 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 0D 0A 20 20 20 34 ks)=nwords.. 4
026F80: 34 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D 0A 1A 24 FF 00 FF 40 RETURN...$...
026F90: 74 63 68 20 31 37 20 2D 20 57 41 43 43 49 20 31 tch 17 - WACCI 1
026FA0: 32 36 0D 0A 20 20 20 50 52 4F 47 52 41 4D 4D 45 26.. PROGRAMME
026FB0: 52 53 27 20 50 41 54 43 48 20 31 37 0D 0A 20 20 RS' PATCH 17..
026FC0: 20 42 79 20 4D 61 74 74 68 65 77 20 50 68 69 6C By Matthew Phil
026FD0: 6C 69 70 73 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 54 68 65 20 73 lips.... The s
026FE0: 75 6E 20 62 65 61 74 20 64 6F 77 6E 20 6F 6E 20 un beat down on
026FF0: 74 68 65 20 77 69 64 65 20 20 64 65 73 65 72 74 the wide desert
027000: 74 20 74 6F 20 77 68 61 74 65 76 65 72 20 79 6F t to whatever yo
027010: 75 20 68 61 76 65 20 73 65 6C 65 63 74 65 64 2E u have selected.
027020: 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 54 68 69 73 20 73 6F 72 74 .... This sort
027030: 20 6F 66 20 63 61 6C 63 75 6C 61 74 69 6F 6E 2C of calculation,
027040: 20 6F 70 74 69 6D 69 73 69 6E 67 20 74 68 65 20 optimising the
027050: 20 6D 65 74 68 6F 64 20 66 6F 72 20 73 74 6F 72 method for stor
027060: 69 6E 67 20 79 6F 75 72 20 64 61 74 61 2C 20 69 ing your data, i
027070: 73 0D 0A 20 20 20 6F 66 74 65 6E 20 6E 65 65 64 s.. often need
027080: 65 64 20 77 68 65 6E 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 6D ed when programm
027090: 69 6E 67 20 6D 61 63 68 69 6E 65 73 20 77 69 74 ing machines wit
0270A0: 68 20 72 65 6C 61 74 69 76 65 6C 79 20 6C 69 74 h relatively lit
0270B0: 74 6C 65 20 6D 65 6D 6F 72 79 2C 20 6C 69 6B 65 tle memory, like
0270C0: 0D 0A 20 20 20 6F 75 72 20 41 6D 73 74 72 61 64 .. our Amstrad
0270D0: 73 2E 20 20 49 74 20 69 73 20 61 6C 73 6F 20 61 s. It is also a
0270E0: 20 67 6F 6F 64 20 20 68 61 62 69 74 20 20 74 6F good habit to
0270F0: 20 67 65 74 20 69 6E 74 6F 20 77 68 65 6E 20 70 get into when p
027100: 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 6D 69 6E 67 20 6D 6F 72 65 0D rogramming more.
027110: 0A 20 20 20 70 6F 77 65 72 66 75 6C 20 6D 61 63 . powerful mac
027120: 68 69 6E 65 73 2E 20 20 53 61 64 6C 79 2C 20 6D hines. Sadly, m
027130: 6F 73 74 20 63 6F 6D 6D 65 72 63 69 61 6C 20 20 ost commercial
027140: 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 73 20 20 66 6F 72 20 57 69 programs for Wi
027150: 6E 64 6F 77 73 20 50 43 73 20 74 65 6E 64 0D 0A ndows PCs tend..
027160: 20 20 20 74 6F 20 63 6F 6D 70 65 74 65 20 6F 6E to compete on
027170: 20 74 68 65 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 20 74 68 the features th
027180: 65 79 20 20 70 72 6F 76 69 64 65 2C 20 20 72 61 ey provide, ra
027190: 74 68 65 72 20 20 74 68 61 6E 20 74 68 65 20 73 ther than the s
0271A0: 70 65 65 64 20 61 74 20 77 68 69 63 68 0D 0A 20 peed at which..
0271B0: 20 20 74 68 65 79 20 72 75 6E 2E 20 20 4E 65 77 they run. New
0271C0: 65 72 20 76 65 72 73 69 6F 6E 73 20 68 61 76 65 er versions have
0271D0: 20 20 6D 6F 72 65 20 20 66 65 61 74 75 72 65 73 more features
0271E0: 2C 20 20 62 75 74 20 6F 66 74 65 6E 20 72 75 6E , but often run
0271F0: 20 6D 6F 72 65 20 73 6C 6F 77 6C 79 0D 0A 20 20 more slowly..
027200: 31 30 20 44 45 46 49 4E 54 20 61 2D 7A 3A 4F 50 10 DEFINT a-z:OP
027210: 45 4E 4F 55 54 22 64 22 3A 4D 45 4D 4F 52 59 20 ENOUT"d":MEMORY
027220: 48 49 4D 45 4D 2D 31 3A 43 4C 4F 53 45 4F 55 54 HIMEM-1:CLOSEOUT
027230: 0D 0A 32 30 20 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 3D 31 30 30 30 ..20 mwords=1000
027240: 3A 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 3D 36 3A 6E 77 6F 72 64 73 :mlinks=6:nwords
027250: 3D 30 0D 0A 33 30 20 44 49 4D 20 77 24 28 6D 77 =0..30 DIM w$(mw
027260: 6F 72 64 73 29 2C 6C 6B 28 6D 77 6F 72 64 73 2C ords),lk(mwords,
027270: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 2C 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 31 mlinks),tempw$(1
027280: 32 38 29 0D 0A 34 30 20 4C 49 4E 45 20 49 4E 50 28)..40 LINE INP
027290: 55 54 22 22 2C 61 24 0D 0A 34 31 20 49 46 20 55 UT"",a$..41 IF U
0272A0: 50 50 45 52 24 28 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 35 PPER$(LEFT$(a$,5
0272B0: 29 29 3D 22 2A 4C 4F 41 44 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 ))="*LOAD" THEN
0272C0: 47 4F 53 55 42 20 36 30 30 3A 47 4F 54 4F 20 34 GOSUB 600:GOTO 4
0272D0: 30 0D 0A 34 32 20 49 46 20 55 50 50 45 52 24 28 0..42 IF UPPER$(
0272E0: 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 35 29 29 3D 22 2A 53 LEFT$(a$,5))="*S
0272F0: 41 56 45 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 47 4F 53 55 42 20 AVE" THEN GOSUB
027300: 37 30 30 3A 47 4F 54 4F 20 34 30 0D 0A 35 30 20 700:GOTO 40..50
027310: 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D 30 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 33 wcount=0:GOSUB 3
027320: 30 30 3A 49 46 20 61 24 3C 3E 22 22 20 54 48 45 00:IF a$<>"" THE
027330: 4E 20 47 4F 53 55 42 20 31 30 30 0D 0A 36 30 20 N GOSUB 100..60
027340: 47 4F 53 55 42 20 32 30 30 3A 47 4F 54 4F 20 34 GOSUB 200:GOTO 4
027350: 30 0D 0A 31 30 30 20 57 48 49 4C 45 20 49 4E 53 0..100 WHILE INS
027360: 54 52 28 61 24 2C 22 20 22 29 3E 30 3A 61 3D 49 TR(a$," ")>0:a=I
027370: 4E 53 54 52 28 61 24 2C 22 20 22 29 0D 0A 31 31 NSTR(a$," ")..11
027380: 30 20 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 29 0 tempw$(wcount)
027390: 3D 4C 45 46 54 24 28 61 24 2C 61 2D 31 29 3A 61 =LEFT$(a$,a-1):a
0273A0: 24 3D 4D 49 44 24 28 61 24 2C 61 2B 31 29 0D 0A $=MID$(a$,a+1)..
0273B0: 31 32 30 20 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D 77 63 6F 75 6E 120 wcount=wcoun
0273C0: 74 2B 31 3A 47 4F 53 55 42 20 33 30 30 3A 57 45 t+1:GOSUB 300:WE
0273D0: 4E 44 0D 0A 31 33 30 20 49 46 20 61 24 3C 3E 22 ND..130 IF a$<>"
0273E0: 22 20 54 48 45 4E 20 74 65 6D 70 77 24 28 77 63 " THEN tempw$(wc
0273F0: 6F 75 6E 74 29 3D 61 24 3A 77 63 6F 75 6E 74 3D ount)=a$:wcount=
027400: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
027410: 21 00 01 00 02 09 4E E5 21 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 !.....N.!.......
027420: 21 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 21 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 !.......!.......
027430: 21 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 21 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 !.......!.......
027440: 21 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 21 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 !.......!.......
027450: 21 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 21 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 !.......!.......
027460: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
027470: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
027480: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
027490: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0274A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0274B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0274C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0274D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0274E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
0274F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
027500: 77 6F 72 64 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 6E 63 74 69 6F word the functio
027510: 6E 20 77 69 6C 6C 0D 0A 20 20 20 61 6C 77 61 79 n will.. alway
027520: 73 20 63 68 75 72 6E 20 6F 75 74 20 74 68 65 20 s churn out the
027530: 73 61 6D 65 20 20 6E 75 6D 62 65 72 2C 20 20 62 same number, b
027540: 75 74 20 20 69 74 20 20 69 73 20 75 6E 70 72 65 ut it is unpre
027550: 64 69 63 74 61 62 6C 65 20 69 6E 20 74 68 65 20 dictable in the
027560: 73 65 6E 73 65 0D 0A 20 20 20 74 68 61 74 20 69 sense.. that i
027570: 66 20 79 6F 75 20 67 61 76 65 20 6D 65 20 61 20 f you gave me a
027580: 77 6F 72 64 20 49 20 77 6F 75 6C 64 20 6E 6F 74 word I would not
027590: 20 62 65 20 61 62 6C 65 20 74 6F 20 67 75 65 73 be able to gues
0275A0: 73 20 77 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 74 68 65 20 6E 75 s whether the nu
0275B0: 6D 62 65 72 0D 0A 20 20 20 77 6F 75 6C 64 20 62 mber.. would b
0275C0: 65 20 6E 65 61 72 65 72 20 31 20 6F 72 20 31 30 e nearer 1 or 10
0275D0: 30 30 20 77 69 74 68 6F 75 74 20 77 6F 72 6B 69 00 without worki
0275E0: 6E 67 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 6E 63 74 69 6F 6E 20 ng the function
0275F0: 6F 75 74 20 6D 79 73 65 6C 66 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 out myself.....
027600: 20 20 4D 41 4B 49 4E 47 20 41 20 48 41 53 48 20 MAKING A HASH
027610: 4F 46 20 49 54 0D 0A 20 20 20 4C 69 6E 65 20 38 OF IT.. Line 8
027620: 30 30 20 69 73 20 77 68 65 72 65 20 74 68 65 20 00 is where the
027630: 68 61 73 68 20 66 75 6E 63 74 69 6F 6E 20 20 63 hash function c
027640: 6F 6D 65 73 20 20 69 6E 20 6F 75 72 20 65 78 61 omes in our exa
027650: 6D 70 6C 65 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 2E 20 20 49 mple program. I
027660: 74 20 69 73 0D 0A 20 20 20 71 75 69 74 65 20 63 t is.. quite c
027670: 6F 6D 70 6C 69 63 61 74 65 64 2C 20 62 75 74 20 omplicated, but
027680: 69 74 20 6E 65 65 64 73 20 74 6F 20 75 73 65 20 it needs to use
027690: 20 61 20 20 67 6F 6F 64 20 73 70 72 65 61 64 20 a good spread
0276A0: 6F 66 20 6C 65 74 74 65 72 73 20 66 72 6F 6D 20 of letters from
0276B0: 61 6C 6C 0D 0A 20 20 20 62 69 74 73 20 6F 66 20 all.. bits of
0276C0: 74 68 65 20 77 6F 72 64 2E 20 20 20 49 20 20 6A the word. I j
0276D0: 75 73 74 20 20 6D 61 64 65 20 20 69 74 20 20 75 ust made it u
0276E0: 70 20 20 79 65 73 74 65 72 64 61 79 2C 20 20 73 p yesterday, s
0276F0: 6F 20 74 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 6E 6F 74 68 69 o there is nothi
027700: 67 20 66 6F 72 20 77 6F 72 64 73 2E 20 20 45 76 g for words. Ev
027710: 65 72 79 20 74 69 6D 65 20 77 65 20 74 79 70 65 ery time we type
027720: 20 61 20 73 65 6E 74 65 6E 63 65 20 69 6E 20 41 a sentence in A
027730: 49 2C 0D 0A 20 20 20 69 74 20 68 61 73 20 74 6F I,.. it has to
027740: 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 20 74 6F 20 73 65 65 20 77 search to see w
027750: 68 65 74 68 65 72 20 77 65 20 68 61 76 65 20 75 hether we have u
027760: 73 65 64 20 65 61 63 68 20 77 6F 72 64 20 61 6C sed each word al
027770: 72 65 61 64 79 20 69 6E 20 6F 72 64 65 72 20 74 ready in order t
027780: 6F 0D 0A 20 20 20 61 64 64 20 74 68 65 20 6E 65 o.. add the ne
027790: 77 20 77 6F 72 64 73 20 61 6E 64 20 63 72 65 61 w words and crea
0277A0: 74 65 20 6C 69 6E 6B 73 20 62 65 74 77 65 65 6E te links between
0277B0: 20 74 68 65 6D 20 61 6E 64 20 74 68 65 20 65 78 them and the ex
0277C0: 69 73 74 69 6E 67 20 6F 6E 65 73 2E 20 20 49 6E isting ones. In
0277D0: 0D 0A 20 20 20 74 68 65 20 6F 72 69 67 69 6E 61 .. the origina
0277E0: 6C 20 41 49 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 2C 20 20 74 l AI program, t
0277F0: 68 65 20 20 73 65 61 72 63 68 69 6E 67 20 20 61 he searching a
027800: 63 63 6F 75 6E 74 65 64 20 20 66 6F 72 20 20 6D ccounted for m
027810: 6F 73 74 20 6F 66 20 74 68 65 20 74 69 6D 65 0D ost of the time.
027820: 0A 20 20 20 74 61 6B 65 6E 20 70 72 6F 63 65 73 . taken proces
027830: 73 69 6E 67 20 74 68 65 20 75 73 65 72 27 73 20 sing the user's
027840: 20 73 65 6E 74 65 6E 63 65 73 2E 20 20 20 54 68 sentences. Th
027850: 65 20 20 62 69 6E 61 72 79 20 20 74 72 65 65 20 e binary tree
027860: 73 79 73 74 65 6D 20 74 68 61 74 20 77 65 0D 0A system that we..
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029AA0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AB0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AC0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AD0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AE0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029AF0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
029B00: 0A 1A 4C 49 53 54 45 58 20 20 24 24 24 FF 00 FF ..LISTEX $$$...
029B10: 00 F9 00 06 00 C8 00 C9 00 00 00 1A 0A 32 30 20 .............20
029B20: 46 4F 52 20 78 3D 31 20 54 4F 20 35 0D 0A 33 30 FOR x=1 TO 5..30
029B30: 20 52 45 41 44 20 6E 61 6D 65 24 28 78 29 3A 47 READ name$(x):G
029B40: 4F 53 55 42 20 31 34 30 0D 0A 34 30 20 4E 45 58 OSUB 140..40 NEX
029B50: 54 0D 0A 35 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 22 20 78 20 6E T..50 PRINT" x n
029B60: 61 6D 65 24 28 78 29 22 54 41 42 28 31 35 29 22 ame$(x)"TAB(15)"
029B70: 6E 65 78 74 6E 61 6D 65 28 78 29 22 0D 0A 36 30 nextname(x)"..60
029B80: 20 46 4F 52 20 78 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 35 0D 0A 37 FOR x=0 TO 5..7
029B90: 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 78 3B 6E 61 6D 65 24 28 0 PRINT x;name$(
029BA0: 78 29 3B 54 41 42 28 31 34 29 3B 6E 65 78 74 6E x);TAB(14);nextn
029BB0: 61 6D 65 28 78 29 0D 0A 38 30 20 4E 45 58 54 0D ame(x)..80 NEXT.
029BC0: 0A 39 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 22 .90 PRINT:PRINT"
029BD0: 49 6E 20 6F 72 64 65 72 3A 22 0D 0A 31 30 30 20 In order:"..100
029BE0: 78 3D 30 3A 57 48 49 4C 45 20 6E 65 78 74 6E 61 x=0:WHILE nextna
029BF0: 6D 65 28 78 29 3E 30 0D 0A 31 31 30 20 78 3D 6E me(x)>0..110 x=n
029C00: 65 78 74 6E 61 6D 65 28 78 29 3A 50 52 49 4E 54 extname(x):PRINT
029C10: 20 6E 61 6D 65 24 28 78 29 0D 0A 31 32 30 20 57 name$(x)..120 W
029C20: 45 4E 44 3A 45 4E 44 0D 0A 31 33 30 20 44 41 54 END:END..130 DAT
029C30: 41 20 45 67 62 65 72 74 2C 41 6C 66 72 65 64 2C A Egbert,Alfred,
029C40: 43 68 61 72 6C 69 65 2C 42 65 72 74 72 61 6E 64 Charlie,Bertrand
029C50: 2C 44 65 73 6D 6F 6E 64 0D 0A 31 34 30 20 52 45 ,Desmond..140 RE
029C60: 4D 20 69 6E 73 65 72 74 20 69 6E 74 6F 20 6C 69 M insert into li
029C70: 73 74 0D 0A 31 35 30 20 79 3D 6E 65 78 74 6E 61 st..150 y=nextna
029C80: 6D 65 28 30 29 3A 70 79 3D 30 0D 0A 31 36 30 20 me(0):py=0..160
029C90: 57 48 49 4C 45 20 79 3E 30 20 41 4E 44 20 6E 61 WHILE y>0 AND na
029CA0: 6D 65 24 28 79 29 3C 6E 61 6D 65 24 28 78 29 0D me$(y)<name$(x).
029CB0: 0A 31 37 30 20 70 79 3D 79 3A 79 3D 6E 65 78 74 .170 py=y:y=next
029CC0: 6E 61 6D 65 28 79 29 0D 0A 31 38 30 20 57 45 4E name(y)..180 WEN
029CD0: 44 0D 0A 31 39 30 20 6E 65 78 74 6E 61 6D 65 28 D..190 nextname(
029CE0: 70 79 29 3D 78 3A 6E 65 78 74 6E 61 6D 65 28 78 py)=x:nextname(x
029CF0: 29 3D 79 0D 0A 32 30 30 20 52 45 54 55 52 4E 0D )=y..200 RETURN.
029D00: 20 EB 20 9F 20 1E 64 00 00 18 00 3C 00 A1 20 0D . . .d....<.. .
029D10: 00 00 6E 77 6F 72 64 F3 20 EB 20 9F 20 1E C8 00 ..nword. . . ...
029D20: 00 0A 00 46 00 A0 20 1E 28 00 00 27 00 64 00 D6 ...F.. .(..'.d..
029D30: 20 FF 74 28 03 00 00 E1 2C 22 20 22 29 EE 0E 01 .t(....," ")...
029D40: 0D 00 00 E1 EF FF 74 28 03 00 00 E1 2C 22 20 22 ......t(....," "
029D50: 29 00 3C 00 6E 00 03 00 00 74 65 6D 70 F7 28 0D ).<.n....temp.(.
029D60: 00 00 77 63 6F 75 6E F4 29 EF FF 75 28 03 00 00 ..wcoun.)..u(...
029D70: E1 2C 0D 00 00 E1 F5 0F 29 01 03 00 00 E1 EF AC .,......).......
029D80: 28 03 00 00 E1 2C 0D 00 00 E1 F4 0F 29 00 22 00 (....,......).".
029D90: 78 00 0D 00 00 77 63 6F 75 6E F4 EF 0D 00 00 77 x....wcoun.....w
029DA0: 63 6F 75 6E F4 F4 0F 01 9F 20 1E 2C 01 01 D5 00 coun..... .,....
029DB0: 3F 00 82 00 A1 20 03 00 00 E1 F2 22 22 20 EB 20 ?.... ....."" .
029DC0: 03 00 00 74 65 6D 70 F7 28 0D 00 00 77 63 6F 75 ...temp.(...wcou
029DD0: 6E F4 29 EF 03 00 00 E1 01 0D 00 00 77 63 6F 75 n.).........wcou
029DE0: 6E F4 EF 0D 00 00 77 63 6F 75 6E F4 F4 0F 00 3D n.....wcoun....=
029DF0: 00 8C 00 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 EF 0E 01 9E 20 ......pwor.....
029E00: 0D 00 00 E9 EF 0E 20 EC 20 0D 00 00 77 63 6F 75 ...... . ...wcou
029E10: 6E F4 F5 0F 01 03 00 00 77 6F 72 E4 EF 03 00 00 n.......wor.....
029E20: 74 65 6D 70 F7 28 0D 00 00 E9 29 00 0A 00 96 00 temp.(....).....
029E30: 9F 20 1E 20 03 00 5B 00 A0 00 A1 20 03 00 00 F7 . . ..[.... ....
029E40: 28 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 29 EF 22 22 20 EB 20 (...cwor.)."" .
029E50: 0D 00 00 6E 77 6F 72 64 F3 EF 0D 00 00 6E 77 6F ...nword.....nwo
029E60: 72 64 F3 F4 0F 01 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 63 77 rd........(...cw
029E70: 6F 72 E4 29 EF 03 00 00 77 6F 72 E4 01 0D 00 00 or.)....wor.....
029E80: 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 2C 0E 29 EF 0E l.(...cwor.,.)..
029E90: 00 1E 00 AA 00 9F 20 1E 90 01 01 0D 00 00 70 77 ...... .......pw
029EA0: 6F 72 E4 EF 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 01 B0 00 15 or.....cwor.....
029EB0: 00 B4 00 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 EF 0E 01 9F 20 ......cwor.....
029EC0: 1E 90 01 00 06 00 BE 00 C9 00 15 00 C8 00 0D 00 ................
029ED0: 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 EF 0E 01 9F 20 1E F4 01 00 2E .pwor..... .....
029EE0: 00 D2 00 D6 20 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 EE 0E 01 .... ...pwor....
029EF0: BF 20 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 29 . ....(...pwor.)
029F00: BC 02 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF AC 28 03 00 00 E1 .....fil...(....
029F10: 2C 15 29 01 A1 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 22 ,.).. ...fil..""
029F20: 20 EB 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 56 4F 43 41 . ...fil.."VOCA
029F30: 42 22 00 1C 00 C6 02 B7 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 B"...... ...fil.
029F40: 01 D9 23 17 2C 0D 00 00 6E 77 6F 72 64 F3 00 38 ..#.,...nword..8
029F50: 00 D0 02 9E 20 0D 00 00 E9 EF 0E 20 EC 20 0D 00 .... ...... . ..
029F60: 00 6D 77 6F 72 64 F3 F5 0F 01 D9 23 17 2C 03 00 .mword.....#.,..
029F70: 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 E9 29 2C 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D ..(....),...l.(.
029F80: 00 00 E9 2C 0E 29 00 5E 00 DA 02 0D 00 00 EA EF ...,.).^........
029F90: 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 E9 2C 0E 29 01 0D 00 ...l.(....,.)...
029FA0: 00 F9 EF 0D 00 00 E9 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0F 01 D6 ................
029FB0: 20 0D 00 00 EA EE 0E 01 0D 00 00 EA EF 0D 00 00 ...............
029FC0: EA F5 0F 01 D9 23 17 2C 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 .....#.,...l.(..
029FD0: 00 F9 2C 0D 00 00 F8 29 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0D 00 ..,....)........
029FE0: 00 F8 F4 0F 00 49 00 DF 02 A1 20 0D 00 00 F8 EF .....I.... .....
029FF0: 0D 00 00 6D 6C 69 6E 6B F3 20 EB 20 D9 23 17 2C ...mlink. . .#.,
02A000: 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F9 2C 0D 00 00 F8 29 ...l.(....,....)
02A010: 01 0D 00 00 F9 EF 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F9 .........l.(....
02A020: 2C 0D 00 00 F8 29 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0F 00 08 00 ,....)..........
02A030: E0 02 D5 01 B0 00 08 00 E4 02 89 01 C9 00 8B 00 ................
02A040: 20 03 0D 00 00 E1 EF FF 01 28 FF 79 28 03 00 00 ........(.y(...
02A050: 77 6F 72 E4 2C 0F 29 29 F4 FF 01 28 FF 79 28 03 wor.,.))...(.y(.
02A060: 00 00 77 6F 72 E4 2C 11 29 29 01 0D 00 00 E2 EF ..wor.,.))......
02A070: FF 01 28 FF 79 28 03 00 00 77 6F 72 E4 2C 12 29 ..(.y(...wor.,.)
02A080: 29 F4 FF 01 28 03 00 00 77 6F 72 E4 29 01 0D 00 )...(...wor.)...
02A090: 00 E3 EF 28 0D 00 00 E1 20 FB 20 1A 00 01 29 F6 ...(.... . ...).
02A0A0: 19 80 F4 28 0D 00 00 E2 20 FB 20 19 80 29 01 0D ...(.... . ..)..
02A0B0: 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 EF 0D 00 00 E3 20 FB 20 0D ..cwor...... . .
02A0C0: 00 00 6D 77 6F 72 64 F3 00 63 00 2A 03 D6 20 03 ..mword..c.*.. .
02A0D0: 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 29 F2 03 00 ...(...cwor.)...
02A0E0: 00 77 6F 72 E4 20 FA 20 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 .wor. . ....(...
02A0F0: 63 77 6F 72 E4 29 F2 22 22 01 0D 00 00 63 77 6F cwor.).""....cwo
02A100: 22 20 22 3B 01 9F 20 1E F4 01 01 D5 00 12 00 DC " ";.. .........
02A110: 00 BF 20 FF 03 28 16 29 3B 22 2E 22 01 BF 00 06 .. ..(.);"."....
02A120: 00 E6 00 C9 00 28 00 2C 01 D6 20 FF 75 28 03 00 .....(.,.. .u(..
02A130: 00 E1 2C 0F 29 EF 22 20 22 01 03 00 00 E1 EF AC ..,.)." ".......
02A140: 28 03 00 00 E1 2C 10 29 01 D5 01 C9 00 30 00 90 (....,.).....0..
02A150: 01 0D 00 00 EA EF 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 70 .........l.(...p
02A160: 77 6F 72 E4 2C 0E 29 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0F 01 0D wor.,.).........
02A170: 00 00 F9 EF 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 00 41 00 9A .......pwor..A..
02A180: 01 D6 20 0D 00 00 EA EE 0E 20 FA 20 0D 00 00 63 .. ...... . ...c
02A190: 77 6F 72 E4 F2 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F9 2C wor.....l.(....,
02A1A0: 0D 00 00 F8 29 01 0D 00 00 EA EF 0D 00 00 EA F5 ....)...........
02A1B0: 0F 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0D 00 00 F8 F4 0F 00 34 00 ..............4.
02A1C0: 9F 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0D 00 00 6D 6C 69 6E ... ........mlin
02A1D0: 6B F3 20 EB 20 0D 00 00 F9 EF 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 k. . ........l.(
02A1E0: 0D 00 00 F9 2C 0D 00 00 F8 29 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF ....,....)......
02A1F0: 0F 00 15 00 A4 01 D5 01 A1 20 0D 00 00 EA EE 0E ......... ......
02A200: 20 EB 20 1E B8 01 00 44 00 AE 01 0D 00 00 6C EB . ....D......l.
02A210: 28 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 2C 0E 29 EF 0D 00 00 (...pwor.,.)....
02A220: 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 2C 0E 29 F4 0F l.(...pwor.,.)..
02A230: 01 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F9 2C 0D 00 00 F8 ....l.(....,....
02A240: 29 EF 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 00 D5 00 B3 01 A1 )....cwor.......
02A250: 20 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0D 00 00 6D 6C 69 6E 6B F3 F5 ........mlink..
02A260: 0F 20 EB 20 0D 00 00 6E 77 6F 72 64 F3 EF 0D 00 . . ...nword....
02A270: 00 6E 77 6F 72 64 F3 F4 0F 01 0D 00 00 EA EF FF .nword..........
02A280: 01 28 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 29 .(....(...cwor.)
02A290: F4 22 20 22 29 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 28 0D 00 00 63 ." ")......(...c
02A2A0: 77 6F 72 E4 F4 0D 00 00 EA 29 20 FB 20 0D 00 00 wor......) . ...
02A2B0: 6D 77 6F 72 64 F3 01 D6 20 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 mword... ....(..
02A2C0: 00 F8 29 EE 22 22 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 28 0D 00 00 ..).""......(...
02A2D0: F8 F4 0D 00 00 EA 29 20 FB 20 0D 00 00 6D 77 6F ......) . ...mwo
02A2E0: 72 64 F3 01 D5 01 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F9 rd.......l.(....
02A2F0: 2C 0D 00 00 6D 6C 69 6E 6B F3 29 EF 0D 00 00 F8 ,...mlink.).....
02A300: 72 E4 EF 28 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 F4 0D 00 00 r..(...cwor.....
02A310: E2 29 20 FB 20 0D 00 00 6D 77 6F 72 64 F3 01 BF .) . ...mword...
02A320: 20 FF 03 28 15 29 3B 01 D5 01 C9 00 50 00 84 03 ..(.);.....P...
02A330: 9E 20 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0E 20 EC 20 0D 00 00 6D 77 . ...... . ...mw
02A340: 6F 72 64 F3 01 A1 20 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 F8 ord... ....(....
02A350: 29 EE 22 22 20 EB 20 BF 20 0D 00 00 F8 3B 22 3A )."" . . ....;":
02A360: 22 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 F8 29 22 3A 22 0D 00 "....(....)":"..
02A370: 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F8 2C 0E 29 00 08 00 8E 03 .l.(....,.).....
02A380: B0 01 C9 00 6C 00 98 03 AD 20 10 01 AE 20 0E 2C ....l.... ... .,
02A390: 1A 2C 01 01 94 20 1A 58 02 2C 1A 2C 01 2C 0F 01 .,... .X.,.,.,..
02A3A0: AE 20 0E 2C 19 C8 01 94 20 1A 99 01 2C 19 C8 2C . .,.... ...,..,
02A3B0: 0F 01 9E 20 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0E 20 EC 20 1A E8 03 ... ...... . ...
02A3C0: 20 E6 20 19 32 01 AE 20 0D 00 00 F8 20 FB 20 1A . .2.. .... . .
02A3D0: 58 02 2C 1A 2C 01 F5 19 64 F6 28 0D 00 00 F8 F9 X.,.,...d.(.....
02A3E0: 1A 58 02 29 01 95 20 0E 2C F5 14 2C 0F 01 B0 00 .X.).. .,..,....
02A3F0: 53 00 A2 03 9E 20 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0E 20 EC 20 0D S.... ...... . .
02A400: 00 00 6D 77 6F 72 64 F3 01 A1 20 03 00 00 F7 28 ..mword... ....(
02A410: 0D 00 00 F8 29 EE 22 22 20 EB 20 AE 20 0D 00 00 ....)."" . . ...
02A420: F8 20 FB 20 1A 58 02 2C 1A 2C 01 F5 19 64 F6 28 . . .X.,.,...d.(
02A430: 0D 00 00 F8 F9 1A 58 02 29 01 95 20 0E 2C 19 10 ......X.).. .,..
02A440: 2C 0F 00 0F 00 AC 03 B0 01 A9 20 0F 2C 19 14 01 ,......... .,...
02A450: C9 00 00 00 1A 30 20 44 49 4D 20 77 24 28 6D 77 .....0 DIM w$(mw
02A460: 6F 72 64 73 2D 31 29 2C 6C 6B 28 6D 77 6F 72 64 ords-1),lk(mword
02A470: 73 2D 31 2C 6D 6C 69 6E 6B 73 29 2C 74 65 6D 70 s-1,mlinks),temp
02A480: 29 F4 FF 01 28 03 00 00 77 6F 72 E4 29 01 0D 00 )...(...wor.)...
02A490: 00 E3 EF 28 0D 00 00 E1 20 FB 20 1A 00 01 29 F6 ...(.... . ...).
02A4A0: 19 80 F4 28 0D 00 00 E2 20 FB 20 19 80 29 01 0D ...(.... . ..)..
02A4B0: 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 EF 0D 00 00 E3 20 FB 20 0D ..cwor...... . .
02A4C0: 00 00 6D 77 6F 72 64 F3 00 63 00 2A 03 D6 20 03 ..mword..c.*.. .
02A4D0: 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 63 77 6F 72 E4 29 F2 03 00 ...(...cwor.)...
02A4E0: 00 77 6F 72 E4 20 FA 20 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 .wor. . ....(...
02A4F0: 63 77 6F 72 E4 29 F2 22 22 01 0D 00 00 63 77 6F cwor.).""....cwo
02A500: 01 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F8 2C 0E 29 EF 0E ....l.(....,.)..
02A510: 01 03 00 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 F8 29 EF 22 20 22 00 .....(....)." ".
02A520: 06 00 B8 01 C9 00 24 00 F4 01 0D 00 00 E9 EF FF ......$.........
02A530: 0C 28 FF 45 F6 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 70 77 .(.E....l.(...pw
02A540: 6F 72 E4 2C 0E 29 F4 0F 29 00 50 00 F9 01 D6 20 or.,.)..).P....
02A550: 0D 00 00 E9 F0 0D 00 00 6D 6C 69 6E 6B F3 01 0D ........mlink...
02A560: 00 00 E9 EF 0F F4 0D 00 00 E9 F5 0D 00 00 6D 6C ..............ml
02A570: 69 6E 6B F3 01 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 EF 0D 00 ink.....pwor....
02A580: 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 2C 0D 00 00 .l.(...pwor.,...
02A590: 6D 6C 69 6E 6B F3 29 01 D5 00 24 00 FE 01 0D 00 mlink.)...$.....
02A5A0: 00 70 77 6F 72 E4 EF 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 .pwor.....l.(...
02A5B0: 70 77 6F 72 E4 2C 0D 00 00 E9 29 01 C9 00 35 00 pwor.,....)...5.
02A5C0: 58 02 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF AC 28 03 00 00 E1 X....fil...(....
02A5D0: 2C 15 29 01 A1 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 22 ,.).. ...fil..""
02A5E0: 20 EB 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 EF 22 56 4F 43 41 . ...fil.."VOCA
02A5F0: 42 22 00 1C 00 62 02 B6 20 03 00 00 66 69 6C E5 B"...b.. ...fil.
02A600: 01 A3 23 17 2C 0D 00 00 6E 77 6F 72 64 F3 00 38 .£#.,...nword..8
02A610: 00 6C 02 9E 20 0D 00 00 E9 EF 0E 20 EC 20 0D 00 .l.. ...... . ..
02A620: 00 6D 77 6F 72 64 F3 F5 0F 01 A3 23 17 2C 03 00 .mword....£#.,..
02A630: 00 F7 28 0D 00 00 E9 29 2C 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D ..(....),...l.(.
02A640: 00 00 E9 2C 0E 29 00 5E 00 76 02 0D 00 00 EA EF ...,.).^.v......
02A650: 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 E9 2C 0E 29 01 0D 00 ...l.(....,.)...
02A660: 00 F9 EF 0D 00 00 E9 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0F 01 D6 ................
02A670: 20 0D 00 00 EA EE 0E 01 0D 00 00 EA EF 0D 00 00 ...............
02A680: EA F5 0F 01 A3 23 17 2C 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 ....£#.,...l.(..
02A690: 00 F9 2C 0D 00 00 F8 29 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0D 00 ..,....)........
02A6A0: 00 F8 F4 0F 00 49 00 7B 02 A1 20 0D 00 00 F8 EF .....I.{.. .....
02A6B0: 0D 00 00 6D 6C 69 6E 6B F3 20 EB 20 A3 23 17 2C ...mlink. . £#.,
02A6C0: 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F9 2C 0D 00 00 F8 29 ...l.(....,....)
02A6D0: 01 0D 00 00 F9 EF 0D 00 00 6C EB 28 0D 00 00 F9 .........l.(....
02A6E0: 2C 0D 00 00 F8 29 01 0D 00 00 F8 EF 0F 00 08 00 ,....)..........
02A6F0: 7C 02 D5 01 B0 00 08 00 80 02 88 01 C9 00 35 00 |.............5.
02A700: 64 6F 20 20 6E 6F 74 20 20 77 6F 72 6B 20 20 73 do not work s
02A710: 6F 20 77 65 6C 6C 20 77 68 65 6E 20 74 68 65 79 o well when they
02A720: 20 61 72 65 0D 0A 20 20 20 66 75 6C 6C 20 74 68 are.. full th
02A730: 6F 75 67 68 2C 20 73 6F 20 79 6F 75 20 6D 61 79 ough, so you may
02A740: 20 20 66 69 6E 64 20 20 74 68 69 6E 67 73 20 20 find things
02A750: 63 6C 6F 67 67 69 6E 67 20 20 75 70 20 20 69 66 clogging up if
02A760: 20 79 6F 75 20 73 70 65 6E 64 20 74 6F 6F 20 6C you spend too l
02A770: 6F 6E 67 0D 0A 20 20 20 74 61 6C 6B 69 6E 67 20 ong.. talking
02A780: 74 6F 20 79 6F 75 72 20 63 6F 6D 70 75 74 65 72 to your computer
02A790: 2E 20 20 49 20 68 61 76 65 20 69 6E 63 6C 75 64 . I have includ
02A7A0: 65 64 20 61 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 43 48 52 24 28 ed a PRINT CHR$(
02A7B0: 37 29 20 69 6E 20 6C 69 6E 65 20 38 31 30 2C 20 7) in line 810,
02A7C0: 73 6F 0D 0A 20 20 20 69 74 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 62 so.. it will b
02A7D0: 65 65 70 20 65 76 65 72 79 20 74 69 6D 65 20 74 eep every time t
02A7E0: 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 20 61 20 63 6F 6C 6C 69 here is a colli
02A7F0: 73 69 6F 6E 2E 20 20 57 68 65 6E 20 79 6F 75 20 sion. When you
02A800: 68 61 76 65 20 62 65 65 6E 20 74 61 6C 6B 69 6E have been talkin
02A810: 67 0D 0A 20 20 20 66 6F 72 20 61 20 77 68 69 6C g.. for a whil
02A820: 65 20 79 6F 75 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 67 65 74 20 61 e you will get a
02A830: 20 6C 6F 74 20 6D 6F 72 65 20 62 65 65 70 73 2E lot more beeps.
02A840: 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 54 68 61 74 27 73 20 61 6C .... That's al
02A850: 6C 20 75 6E 74 69 6C 20 6E 65 78 74 20 6D 6F 6E l until next mon
02A860: 74 68 2C 20 77 68 65 6E 20 79 6F 75 20 77 69 6C th, when you wil
02A870: 6C 20 20 62 65 20 61 73 6B 65 64 20 74 6F 20 64 l be asked to d
02A880: 75 73 74 20 6F 66 66 20 79 6F 75 72 20 43 50 2F ust off your CP/
02A890: 4D 0D 0A 20 20 20 73 79 73 74 65 6D 20 64 69 73 M.. system dis
02A8A0: 63 73 20 28 63 75 65 20 73 6F 75 6E 64 20 65 66 cs (cue sound ef
02A8B0: 66 65 63 74 73 20 6F 66 20 20 52 69 63 68 61 72 fects of Richar
02A8C0: 64 20 46 61 69 72 68 75 72 73 74 20 67 6E 61 73 d Fairhurst gnas
02A8D0: 68 69 6E 67 20 68 69 73 20 74 65 65 74 68 29 2E hing his teeth).
02A8E0: 0D 0A 20 20 20 53 65 65 20 79 6F 75 20 74 68 65 .. See you the
02A8F0: 6E 2E 0D 0A 1A 6E 63 74 69 6F 6E 20 63 6F 6D 65 n....nction come
02A900: 31 30 20 44 49 4D 20 6E 61 6D 65 24 28 35 29 2C 10 DIM name$(5),
02A910: 6E 65 78 74 6E 61 6D 65 28 35 29 0D 0A 32 30 20 nextname(5)..20
02A920: 46 4F 52 20 78 3D 31 20 54 4F 20 35 0D 0A 33 30 FOR x=1 TO 5..30
02A930: 20 52 45 41 44 20 6E 61 6D 65 24 28 78 29 3A 47 READ name$(x):G
02A940: 4F 53 55 42 20 31 34 30 0D 0A 34 30 20 4E 45 58 OSUB 140..40 NEX
02A950: 54 0D 0A 35 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 22 20 78 20 6E T..50 PRINT" x n
02A960: 61 6D 65 24 28 78 29 22 54 41 42 28 31 35 29 22 ame$(x)"TAB(15)"
02A970: 6E 65 78 74 6E 61 6D 65 28 78 29 22 0D 0A 36 30 nextname(x)"..60
02A980: 20 46 4F 52 20 78 3D 30 20 54 4F 20 35 0D 0A 37 FOR x=0 TO 5..7
02A990: 30 20 50 52 49 4E 54 20 78 3B 6E 61 6D 65 24 28 0 PRINT x;name$(
02A9A0: 78 29 3B 54 41 42 28 31 34 29 3B 6E 65 78 74 6E x);TAB(14);nextn
02A9B0: 61 6D 65 28 78 29 0D 0A 38 30 20 4E 45 58 54 0D ame(x)..80 NEXT.
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02F7D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F810: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F820: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F830: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=296 CHEA=1 COD=19 MUSI=8 COP=39 GRA=235 WRIT=49 198=4 199=19 STARTER=0 KBI=6 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
PRO=296 CHEA=1 COD=19 MUSI=8 COP=39 GRA=235 WRIT=49 198=4 199=19 STARTER=0 KBI=6 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
EXTENDED CPC DSK File SAMdisk141208( N8 614 618 a08 9431 B a09 596 621 a09
8473 B a10 4852 4858 a10 9828 B a10 9282 9294 a10 10101 B a11 451 459 a11 813
1 B a11 532 540 a11 9079 B a12 3810 3818 a12 10511 B a12 8454 8460 a12 11768
B a13 2075 2083 a13 6302 B a13 2804 2811 a13 5971 B a14 1364 1370 a14t1 0 B
a15 5027 5035 464rsx.bas 0 B a16 543 549 ai1.bas 0 B a16 952 959 a16 10514 B
a16 10444 10464 a16a 0 B a16a 469 475 ai2.bas 0 B a17 3709 3716 a17 10905 B a
17 5011 5018 a17 11594 B a21 4322 4328 ai6.log 0 B a21 4334 4344 64kbitsDISC
BASp**( ,() ,"loom.bin"est the machine ( ,() ,"loom.bin"est the machine upon
exit' ,() ,"lll.bin"apted from "Lear$6" !"H!d#""/!f#6"T!f#6'!f#Q!f#4g" dgA2j#w"
m#2#b! $p+q*$2#2x#!!$q!$ !#$p+q*"$!%$p+q*$$DM!#6# !'DISC BASLINKBASETXT LOOM
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a123456789A13 VABCDEFGHHELP TXT IJAI4 BASKQRSCAN464 BASLSCAN4
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aVWXYZabA14T1 cdefA15 cghijklmnopqrs464RSX BAStAI1 BASuvAI2
BAS wxA16 XyzA16A A17 AI3 BASA21 £LISTEX BASAI6
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000%s!0*v!78*c!p3R!nfOutnfV10%s !0*x!1 %s !1*z!*c**c*£c*cjnf"!b101!z1 %s %s
%s!m1*!c* 1RQ!1Uu&61n&Q Nnf"c!c!n&&5nf!nf"c!cn& nf*cRR!nfn&n&f6nfnfn&6!!r! !n
fR"c*c#V*F"F*"c*cc6*c#V*c(!J76*cK"c*c#V*c7*cc67*c#V*c(!(!H7J7*cK*c*c#V7*c*cK#VKj
*c*cKKj7*c*cUnable to initialise stack. No more space on stack. No more room f
or string on stack. Unable to initialise list. Unable to add to list. No room
for string in list. Unable to initialise text buffer. Press any key to quit.
Printer not ready. Free ENTER - follow link, B - go back, P - print, H - he
lp, Q - quit You cannot go further back. You are outside the text area. Pos
ition There is no link there. links here. Out of memory when loading linkbase
. Loading Error in linkbase F command Kj*cK*cc8*c*c#VKj*c*cKj+8*c*cj*c"!!O! O
nf ERROR EXIT %d EXIT OK Please press any key&DDDD(D0DDDDDDDDDDOD"""DDFD LdDgin
t long registerreturn short sizeo£ccFY$& "7gvj3,*cS 6M(j,U!+ £viOWA268
47takes one parameter. B command takes five parameters. unknown command. Fail
ed to load first file. File error. Memory exhausted. Could not find (R)etry,
or (Q)uit Try again (Y/N) Re-loading old file. ck. Unable to initialise lis
t. Unable to ae 1 $$$PATCH 5 By Stephen and Matthew Phillips Wha
t gastronomic delights await us for the final course CHR$(215)p(x160)*20+1
q(400-y)16+1LOCATE p,q CALL a,f$WENDTAGOFFIF MID$(f$,9,1)"." THEN MEMORY HIM
EM+34CALL &'6Uze'$p3kMgE£Dz £WhiLsQvK sROZ&1*m8EoY0snjP9AE*RB%oIzSl#46Oy 57xX0qs
f6fC5Vx)bzM(zAesDbQfA6(OVJ.T2pV6ssfc736on!ZdJ8"0"cB ".cP!khV,1 /s!v"s3xq)K#Welco
me to the Programmers' Patch disc PROGRAMMERS' PATCH By Stephen, Matthew and H
ilary Phillips The Programmers' Patch disc features all the articles and prog
rams from the acclaimed WACCI series. The files on this disc are copyright Ste
phen, Matthew and Hilary Phillips. Permission is granted to distribute copies
of the complete disc, to print out the articles and listings for personal use,
and to incorporate the programming examples in your own programs. ALL OTHER RI
GHTS RESERVED. You canP,7yH%nD37Ps#9itmkCq*soJ'f NF/Ih2MSXr g,5u/"""DD LdDgi
nt long registerreturn short sizeocc mb1 mb,, mco mb,( m) dela
md ()()50O 14READ a$POKE a+x,VAL("&"+a$)NEXT 110 MODE 2PRINT"Silly string"
120 a$" "LOCATE 1,1CALL &9000,a$ 130 PRINT14!!!P!!!14!!!! !!!2!+14143333!
nfn&4nf4q4%s %s!i4*Z*4RQ!4Uu&64Rn&4!4!44R4Q!4!!!5r!5Fut#5!78!utnf5O5!!!Onfnf!J!
6 jnf!JK!5nfO! Noom README.this file Other files on side A of the disc B
SIDE.BASthe BSIDE program for copying side B BSIDE.BINditto DISCMENU.BASthe pr
ogram featured in articles 1,2,4 and 5 FIG161.subroutine featured in article 2
FIG1618 .another subroutine featured in article 2 FIG2.an example from article
3 FIG27.another example from article 3 FIG271.an example from articles 3 and
4 FIG2718.another example from article 4 MENUEX1.BASthe listing from article 6
MENUEX2.BASlisting 1 fro read the articles by using the Loom hypertext viewer,
which will also print them out if you have a printer. To do this, just RUN"DI
SC and Loom will start up. The following headings then become hyperlinks which
can be followed by moving the cursor over the link and pressing ENTER. The
articles can also be viewed with a text editor or wordprocessor such as Protext
. If this has been supplied on a 3.5" disc and you do not have a side switch,
RUN"BSIDE to copy the B side of the disc onto a disc in m article 7 MENUEX3 .
BASlisting 2 from article 7 MENUEX4 .BASlisting 2 modified to use the SHIFT key
MENUSUB .the menu subroutine featured in articles 6-8 MIDI1.BASlisting from a
rticle 10 a program to play a middle C PELMAN.BASthe card game featured in arti
cle 9 SEND.ASMassembly listing for MIDI SEND RSX SEND.BASBASIC loader for MIDI
SEND RSX (see article 11) Other files on side B of the disc 464RSX.BASlis
ting 1 from article 15 which improves 464 RSX handling 64KBITS.LOGLogoyour A dr
ive. Turn the disc over before following these links Article 1 - introduc
ing a disc menu Article 2 - line 40, testing keys and moving the cursor Art
icle 3 - getting BASIC and machine code to work together (part 1) Article 4
- part 2, and the machine code from the disc menu Article 5 - final artic
le on the disc menu Article 6 - a general purpose menu subroutine Article 7
- how to get the most out of the menu subroutine Article 8 - how the menu
subroutine works Arti definitions for the 464 and 664 (see article 21) A14T1ta
ble from article 14 with syntax of BASIC 1.1 commands AI1.BASlisting from artic
le 16 AI2.BASlisting from article 16 with vocabulary saving AI3.BASimproved ve
rsion of AI from article 17 AI4.BASAI with a binary tree (see article 19) AI5.
BASAI with a hash table (from article 20) AI6.LOGAI in Logo - the version publi
shed in WACCI AI7.LOGAI in Logo - an improved version using property lists LIS
TEX.BASexample linked list from article 9 - a card game Article 10 - programmi
ng a MIDI interface Article 11 - the main MIDI messages, and an RSX to send t
hem Links to articles on this side of the disc Article 12 - other M
IDI messages, and a program to play a tune Article 13 - how to adapt 6128 progr
ams for the 464, with an RSX to help Article 14 - commands added in BASIC 1.1
, and what to do with most of them Article 15 - bugs in 464 BASIC, and how to
deal with them Article 16 - AI an "artificial intelligence" convcle 18 SCAN46
4.BASRSX to scan for 464-unfriendly BASIC (see article 13) SCAN464.BINbinary fi
le for the above SCAN6128.BASversion of SCAN464 to run on BASIC 1.1 machines S
CAN6128.BINbinary file for the above TUNE.BASprogram to play a tune from articl
e 12 ---- * See "Blast from the Past", WACCI 118, Jan 1998, p. 27-29. nd Hi
lary Phillips The Programmers' Patch don published in WACCI AI7.LOGAI in Log
o - an improved version using property lists LISTEX.BASexample linked list from
artiersation program Article 17 - improving the program using a linked list
Article 18 - more about linked lists, and Mr Black the newsagent Article 19
- improving search speeds with binary trees Article 20 - using hash tables
to reduce searching time Article 21 - AI in Logo Other files on both sides
of the disc DISC.BASruns the Loom hypertext viewer HELP.TXTthe help text fo
r Loom LINKBASE.TXTthe linkage data for Loom LOOM.BINthe Loom program MESSAGE
S.TXTthe message texts for Lt month's Blast from the Past are anything to go by
, we have plenty of reason to celebrate. Then again, I have run out of
inspiration for subheads this month... SO WHAT IS MIDI THEN I supp
ose we ought to start with the obligatory explanation that MIDI stands
for Musical Instrument Digital Interface, and is a standard for control
and communication developed by the major keyboard manufacturers. All moder
n keyboards (except the cheaper models) have MIDI socke N left of "is" is
"how", and to the right of "is" is "trees". CLIMBING TREES Thi
s structure means that we can search for a word very quickly. Suppose we w
anted to search for the word "how". Starting at the top of the tree, we ha
ve the word "This". We move right, because "how" comes after "This" in ASC
II order. Moving right we come to "is". This time "how" comes before
the word, so we move left, and find the word we want. Try it yourself
with one of tat the top and grow downwards, with the leaves at the bottom.
We are just going to look at binary trees, which are the easiest to underst
and. There are other sorts of tree, but they are much harder to cultivate
using BASIC. We are going to use a binary tree to keep the words in AI i
n alphabetical order. The diagram shows a tree with five words in - "This
is how trees grow". The words would be stored in a string array, (w
$ in the AI program), and would be at thehe other words in the tree.
What happens when we search for a word which is not in the tree Let us tr
y with the word "leaves". It is right of "This", so we move to "is". It
is right of "is", so we move to "trees". It is left of "trees", but ther
e isn't anything left of "trees" because le(4) is zero. From this we know
that "leaves" cannot be in the tree. In AI, we add new words to the voca
bulary. By searching for "leaves" we have found that "leaves" is not in p
ositions shown by the numbers at the top left of each box. So w$(2) would
be "is", for example. We also have two numeric arrays, "le" and "ri".
These are used to point to the parts of the tree which are down to the lef
t and down to the right of the current word. Looking at the word "is" at w$
(2) again, le(2) is 3, pointing down and left to w$(3) which is "how". D
own and to the right, ri(2) is 4, pointing to w$(4), which is "trees".
1 This #Programmers' Patch 19 - WACCI 128, Feb/Mar 1999, p.
26-28 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 19 By Matthew Phillips We return to the
computer chat program, AI, which we first looked at in the October issue.
We are going to add quite a bit more to the program this month, so the
whole listing has been reprinted to make things easier. It is saved on disc
as AI4.BAS The main changes are a couple of new subroutines, at 800 and 9
00, but a few other lines have been altered too, so le 0 ri 2
2 is le 3 ri
4 / 3 how 4 tr
ees le 5 ri 0 le 0 ri 0 / 5
grow le 0 ri 0 If there is nothing further down the tree, then w
e store 0 in le or ri to show that there are no further branches in that di
rection. So le(1) is 0 to show that there is nothing down to the le if you
are going to load up an older version of the program, make sure you check a
ll the lines for changes carefully. HIDE AND SEEK If you have spent a
long time talking to the computer with the AI program, you will have found t
hat the computer takes an increasingly long time to respond to each new se
ntence. As you use new words, its vocabulary grows, and it takes longer to
go through the array of words to match up those you type with the ones it kn
ows. If you have taughft of "This". We are using the tree to keep the wo
rds in alphabetical order. Actually I mean ASCII order, because that's wha
t the computer can do most easily. The main difference is that all the c
apital letters come before the small letters, so "This" comes before "is".
The tree has been constructed in such a way that if you look at any word
you will see that the word to the right of it comes after it in ASCII orde
r, and the word to the left comes before it. To thet it 300 words and you u
se a new one, it will have to look through all the other 300 words firs
t before adding the new word on the end. We need a method of searching
for words that will work quickly even when there are a lot of words to se
arch through. NUMBER ONE THE LARCH As I hinted last time, this month w
e are going to look at trees. The tree is a very useful data structure, but
for some reason, all trees grown by computer scientists start with their
roots N when searching for a new word, but in fact it would probabl
y be more like nine words! This is because with each new layer on the tree
we can add twice as many words as were in the previous layer, so while a 2
-layer tree can have at most 3 words in it, a 9-layer tree can have 511.
When searching for a word we just move from the top layer downwards l
ooking at one word on each layer. Computer scientists say that searching
a binary tree has "order log n", whi and 160. Line 150 used to have a l
oop looking through the whole of the w$ array for the word in question.
Instead we just GOSUB 800. Line 160 uses the information returned from t
he subroutine. If cword is not zero, the computer had already met the wor
d. We proceed to line 170 to make the link as before. If cword is zero
, it is a new word. We increase nwords and store word$ in the w$ array,
setting other variables, including le and ri, to zero. We point cwordch bas
ically means it's a Good Thing. FROM LITTLE ACORNS... The main routine
added to the program is found in lines 800 to 830, which searches the tree
for a given word. The idea is that you store the word in the variable "w
ord$", and then GOSUB 800 to call the routine. The routine searches th
e tree. If the word is found, then the variable cword is set to the number
of that word. Otherwise when the subroutine ends, cword is equal to zer
o, and the variable "pa at the newly added word, and GOSUB 840, another n
ew subroutine. Remember that parent points to the last word that we lo
oked at in the tree. Our new word needs to be attached to the tree a
t this point - the only question is whether it is a left branch or a right
branch. Line 840 compares the new word with the parent word, and sets up
le(parent) or ri(parent) as appropriate. I said I would explain the start
of line 800. Why do we set up parent as zero and cwrent" points to the pa
rt of the tree that the word should be attached to. Let's see how it d
oes it. Line 800 sets up parent to be zero, and cword to be ri(0). I wil
l explain why later, but it basically means that cword starts off at the to
p of the tree. We then have a WHILE-WEND loop, which keeps going until cwo
rd0. Just within the loop, parent is set to equal cword. This means that
parent is one step behind cword - it points to what cword was last time
round. ord as ri(0) Well, remember that to start with there will be noth
ing in the tree. Our routine has to cope with starting a tree from scrat
ch. Let's see what happens. The variable ri(0) starts as zero when we fir
st run the program. This means that when we search for the first word ev
er, the loop in line 800 will never get started, as cword is zero straight
away. We return from the subroutine with parent and cword equal to zero.
Line 160 adds the first word to the arr Line 810 is straightforward. If th
e word we are looking for, word$, is equal to the word we are pointing t
o in the tree, then we exit from the subroutine. This means that cword (a
nd parent) are equal to the number of the word as found in the w$ array.
If we get to line 820, then word$ must either come before or after the
word in the tree. If it comes before, then cword is set to le(parent) to
go left, otherwise we go right. We then come to the WEND, which the vo
cabulary, but when we got stuck trying to move left from "trees" we also
found the place that "leaves" would go in the tree. If we put "leaves" in
at w$(6), we can set le(4) to 6 to point from "trees" left to the word "leav
es". Notice that we only looked at three of the five words in the tree
when searching for "leaves". This improves the speed of searching for wo
rds. If we had five hundred words, you might expect to have to look at th
ree hundred of themwill return us to the start of the loop provided t
hat cword is not zero. If cword is zero this means that we have come to the
end of the tree. We have not found the word, and there is no point in sea
rching further. The loop ends, and we RETURN from the subroutine wi
th cword equal to zero, and parent pointing to the last word that we looked
at in the tree. ...MIGHTY OAKS DO GROW How does this tie in with the
main program Here the main lines to change are 150 N#Programmers' Patch 18
- WACCI 127, Jan 1999, p. 22-24 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 18 By Matthew Philli
ps Have you ever thought how boring your computer's memory is To the Z
80 processor it just looks like 65536 bytes, one after the other. That's al
l very well for storing the National Lottery results for the next 90 years,
but to do something useful with it, we have to impose some sort of
structure so that we can store, retrieve and manipulate complex data.
Read oay at w$(1), cword is set to 1, and we GOSUB 840. The new word i
s compared with w$(parent), which is w$(0), and always the empty string. T
he new word is therefore greater than w$(parent), and so ri(0) is set to 1,
the value of cword. And that's all there is to it next time 800 is calle
d, cword will start off as 1, the top of the tree, and everything will work
as described. BONSAI BEECH The other alterations to the program includ
e lines 620 and 625, which are partn to learn about Mr Black the newsagen
t and his imaginative use of arrays and linked lists. ENTOMOLOGY CORNE
R Well, I promised an answer to the puzzle I set last month. The program as
it stood contained a bug, which could be cured by adding these commands to
the end of line 435 w$(nwords)""lk(nwords,0)0 It might seem un
neccessary to set a previously unused element of a string array to the emp
ty string, and to set a previously unused numerical variab of the load
ing routine. When loading a saved vocabulary from disc we have to build up
the tree properly. It uses the same routines, but can be simpler because we
know that each word read in from disc will be a new one. I have a
lso added a subroutine at 900, which is called by line 43. If you type "*SH
OWTREE" instead of a sentence, the subroutine will display a representa
tion of the first five layers of the tree on screen. You can use this to
see how the tree grle to zero, because when you dimension arrays in BASIC tha
t is how the variables start out. In fact, it would be unneccesary, but t
here is one circumstance in which these variables might have been used befo
re and might have acquired different values. Normally the value of nwo
rds will just increase, but if we had built up a large vocabulary in memory
, and then loaded an older smaller vocabulary file from disc, nwords woul
d decrease. All the extra words we had taught ows as you add new sentence
s. Try it with "This is how trees grow", and you should get the same
tree as in the diagram. $$$PATCH By Matthew Phillips We return to
the computer chat program, AI, which we first looked at in added a subrouti
ne at 900, which is called by line 43. If you type "*SHOWTREE" instead of
a sentence, the subroutine will display a representation of the first fi
ve layers of the tree on screen. You can use this to see how the tree gr
it would still be there in memory, but are not looked at because the p
rogram only looks at the w$ and lk arrays up to the point set by nwords. If
we then taught it a new word, or required a new dummy link (which is wha
t line 435 is dealing with), nwords would increase again, and we have to m
ake sure that any data remaining from the larger vocabulary are wiped so th
at they do not interfere with the correct operation of the program. That i
s why we need to add those coe job. Listing 1 is a piece of BASIC which i
nstalls a couple of RSX commands, and Listing 2 is the assembly language for
the RSXs. They are saved on the disc as SEND.BAS and SEND.ASM To use
the RSX commands, type in Listing 1 and run it. If you have made any mis
takes in the typing, these will be spotted when you run the program.
Once the RSXs are installed, you need to use the CHOUT command to select
the type of MIDI interface you are using. CHOUT,0 mmands to the end of
line 435. In fact, there is another line that needs altering. Line 160 sh
ould read 160 IF cword0 THEN nwordsnwords+1w$(nwords)word$ lk(nwor
ds,0)0cwordnwords The fully debugged version is on the current Progra
mmers' Patch disc, WACCI PD 98. While we are talking about bugs, I unearthe
d one in the SCAN RSX that was published back in WACCI no. 122 in June.
The program was meant to print up BASIC lines that would not run on a
N find a value x where nextname(x) is zero. This indicates that there are
no further entries in the list. 10 DIM name$(5),nextname(5) 20 FOR
x1 TO 5 30 READ name$(x)GOSUB 140 40 NEXT 50 PRINT" x name$(x)"TAB(
15)"nextname(x)" 60 FOR x0 TO 5 70 PRINT xname$(x)TAB(14)nextname(x)
80 NEXT 90 PRINTPRINT"In order" 100 x0WHILE nextname(x)0 110 xnextn
ame(x)PRINT name$(x) 120 WENDEND 130 DATA Egbert,Alfred,Charlie,Bertrand
,Desmond 140 REM ihere is another element in the list, line 110 moves x
on to the next element and prints it up. WHAT'S IN A LIST What are the
advantages of storing things in linked lists Usually in BASIC we store
the items in the right order in an array. The disadvantage of this approac
h comes when you have to insert a new item into the array in the right pos
ition. All of the following elements in the array have to be shuffled down
to make room. If you had a list of a hundred nnsert into list 150 ynex
tname(0)py0 160 WHILE y0 AND name$(y)name$(x) 170 pyyynextname(y) 18
0 WEND 190 nextname(py)xnextname(x)y 200 RETURN The listing saved
on disc as LISTEX.BAS implements this structure. Five names are read o
ne by one from the data line 130 into an array, name$. After reading
each one, the subroutine at 140 is called, which inserts each new name int
o the correct position in the linked list by alphabetical orames, a
dding another name to the array would often entail moving down fifty or mo
re strings, whereas inserting in a linked list just involves changing two
numeric array elements. If you have to do quite a bit of this, a link
ed list approach can save a lot of time. As well as storing names, you mig
ht have another array storing the address of each person. If you wanted to
keep the names in order, then without the linked list approach you would
also have to move thder. The element we want to add to the list has just been
stored in name$(x). We need to look through the existing list to see
where it fits in, so we start variable y off pointing to the start of the
list by setting it to nextname(0). The important lines to look at are
160 to 180. The WHILE loop in 160 continues as long as y0 (which means
we haven't reached the end of the list), and while name$(y)name$(x), that
is while the name pointed to by y comes before464, but as it stands it
also prints up any line containing an RSX command! A debugged version is
now on the Programmers' Patch disc, with an enhancement which prints up li
nes containing RSXs with direct string arguments, which are not allowed o
n the 464. CONTINUITY ANNOUNCEMENT Last month we used the concept of
the linked list in a rather complex situation to allow us to improve the
AI program. I thought it would be a good idea to give a short programmi
ng name$(x) alphabetically. Line 170 stores the present value of y in py
, and then moves y on to the next item in the list by setting y to nextname
(y). Upon reaching line 190, we know that py is pointing to a name
that precedes name$(x) and that y is either pointing to a name that fol
lows name$(x), or we have reached the end of the list. We have theref
ore reached the correct position to insert name$(x). This is done in line 1
90 by setting nextname(py) to x example of a simpler linked list struct
ure. The structure consists of a string array, name$, used for storing
names, and a numerical array, nextname, which points to the next element
in the list. To find the first element in the list, we look at nextname(
0). If nextname(0) was 3, say, then name$(3) is the first name in the lis
t. To find the next name, we look at nextname(3). That might be 1, in wh
ich case name$(1) follows name$(3) in the list. Eventually we , so that
name$(x) follows name$(py) in the list, and setting nextname(x) to y, m
aking whatever used to follow name$(py) follow name$(x). After line
s 20 to 40 have read in the data and inserted the names in the list, lines
50 to 80 go through the array printing up the contents, so that you can
see how it all works. Follow the links through to check that it works. Th
en lines 90 to 120 print up the list in order. We start by setting x to b
e zero, and while t N in order of their birthdays through the ye
ar. Inserting a new name in the list would involve putting them into t
he correct position in the nextname array according to the alphabetica
l position of the name, and into nextbirthday according to the date.
Depending on the arrangement of the report that you required you would
either use nextname or nextbirthday to run through the data and display
it. So far the first element in the list has been pointhas a linked lis
t called nextdebt so he knows who next to take to the small claims court.
DOUBLE DUTCH There are lots more possibilities for linked lists. One
important one I ought to mention is the doubly-linked list. It is easy
enough in the example we have looked at to find the next item in the list,
but sometimes it is useful to go up and down the list. If the list is lon
g it is most efficient to have a second linked list which holds the items
in reverse ed to from nextname(0), and the linked list has included a
ll the elements in the name$ array. Linked lists have much wider applicat
ions. THE TALE OF MR BLACK Mr Black the newsagent has 1208 customers.
Their names and addresses are stored in the string arrays name$ an
d address$. Their delivery requirements are stored in the whichpaper
$ array. Mr Black employs several newspaper delivery operatives whose
names are stored in the paperboy$ arrayorder. We could call this previ
ousname. DOUBLE GIN That sounds a good idea! See you next month for a
spot of arboriculture. $$$tch 18 - WACCI 127 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH By Mat
thew Phillips Have you ever thought how boring your enough in the e
xample we have looked at to find the next item in the list, but sometimes it
is useful to go up and down the list. If the list is long it is most eff
icient to have a second linked list which holds the items in reverse . A
numeric array, called paperround, points to the first address on a paper b
oy's round. For example, paperboy$(6) is Jim. The number at paperroun
d(6) is 423, which means that Jim must start his round at address$(423), n
umber 4 The Oval, delivering whichpaper$(423). He does not need to
know that name$(423) is Mr Philip Sprout. What he does need to know is
the next address on the paper round. This is stored in the array next
address, which contains#Programmers' Patch 12 - WACCI 121, May 1998, p. 23-
25 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 12 By Matthew Phillips It's a wet and windy
night, and I am sitting in front of the computer trying to think of a g
ood beginning to the article. What will grab the attention of the WACCI
reader and entice even the most timid programmer to read a load of technical
information on the dullest aspects of MIDI Well this won't for sure...
MORE STATUS CODES Last month I went through most of a linked list
for each paper boy. Looking at nextaddress(423), we find that it is
27, and address$(27) is number 5 The Oval, which happens to be the house
next door. Nextaddress(27) is 678, and address$(678) is 8 Queen's Gardens,
just across the road. When he gets to the last address, stored in addres
s$(67), nextaddress(67) is zero, which means he has reached the end of the p
aper round. This is a good thing, as his bag is empty. Now, the only
values of ne addresses around when inserting a new name in the array. The l
inked list method means that this associated data can stay put. The infor
mation on the order of the elements has been transferred from the array to
the linked list. Using linked lists to keep things in order means you
can store data in several different orders at once. If you introduce
another array, "nextbirthday" for example, then that could be used to
run through the names of the people extaddress we have looked at are t
hose for the addresses on Jim's round, which means the other elements of th
e array can be used to store the linked lists for the other paper boys. Si
nce no two of them deliver to the same address, there is no problem. For e
ach paper boy paperboy$(n), paperround(n) points to the address at the star
t of the round. Mr Black also has another linked list, nextname, and h
e uses this to print up the names of his customers in order. He also Ne
in two varieties, system common messages, from &F0 to &F7, and system real
-time messages, &F8 to &FF. System real- time messages have the unique p
roperty that they can be sent at any moment, even in the middle of anot
her message. The most common of these messages is the timing clock, co
de &F8. This signal is sent out 24 times in every crotchet to keep all the
equipment in synch. When the music slows down the clock signal is
sent less frequently. Tthe MIDI status codes you are likely to meet.
There are a few more that are worth knowing about. Some you may want t
o send to a keyboard for special effects. Other messages you may meet wh
en receiving data from a keyboard, in which case it is useful to know wha
t it is safe to ignore. First we have Control Change, with status code &Bx
, where x is the channel (0 to F for channels 1 to 16). This allows you
to change all sorts of things. It is followed by two bythe reason it is s
ent 24 times in a crotchet is to make timing triplets possible. A
nother important system message is the system exclusive message. This is us
ed to send special data specific to a particular type of keyboard. The mes
sage starts with &F0 and is followed by data bytes, the first of which indi
cates the manufacturer of the keyboard (e.g. 65 for Roland). The end of th
e data bytes is marked by &F7. System exclusive messages are used for al
l sorts of pures, the first of which is the number of the control to change
, and the second is the new value for that control. For example, to turn t
he sustaining pedal on for channel 1 you might do SEND,&B0,64,127
and SEND,&B0,64,0 would turn it off again. The sustaining pedal is often co
ntrol no. 64. There are lots of other control numbers, but not all of the
m are applied in a standard way from one keyboard to another. Probably the
most useful control is Bank Select, whiposes, but most frequently for sav
ing data from the memory of the keyboard. Most keyboards can transmit the
ir drum, tune or sample memory as a system exclusive message, which can th
en be picked up by the computer and saved to disc. PLAYING A TUNE
Well, I promised a program to play a tune, and here it is. Type in L
isting 1, with line 300 adjusted to the number appropriate to your MIDI in
terface. You will need to run Listing 1 from last month's article first ch is
control zero. This allows you to choose a bank of instruments. Remem
ber that &Cx, Programme Change, allows us to choose an instrument for the ch
annel out of 128 different instruments. If your keyboard has more
instruments available, Bank Select is used to swap in a different set. Act
ually Bank Select occupies controls 0 and 32, and the two values are co
mbined to allow you to choose from 16384 banks of sounds, each with 128 inst
ruments! If m is the ba to install the RSX commands, or you can type this
month's listing on the end of last month's and run them both together. If
you choose to do that then add an extra line 5 IF PEEK(&9D00)1 THEN
300 This will save the RSXs being installed again if you run the pr
ogram several times. Installing RSXs twice without resetting the machine ca
uses problems. This combined listing is saved as TUNE.BAS on the disc.
When you run the program you should get the firnk number, then you select
it by sending SEND,&Bx,0,a,&Bx,32,b where am128 bm M
OD 128 and x is 0 to F for the channel number. Running status may al
low the second &Bx byte to be missed out, but I am not sure about that. I
doubt there is any keyboard available with over 2 million instrument sounds
, but there we are... SYSTEM MESSAGES The other big set of messag
es are the system messages, occupying status bytes &F0 to &FF. These com
st half of a well known tune played on your keyboard in beautiful three part
harmony. The program itself is quite simple. Line 320 sets up an inter
rupt which is called every 12/50ths of a second. Alter the number to c
hange the speed of the music. Line 330 then just hangs around waiting
for the signal that the music has stopped. The subroutine at 400 is w
here all the work is done. The program reads the data in lines 500 onwar
ds. All of the positive data n N lines of data. In line 500 we turn on a
note on channel 1, by sending &90,64,50. This plays an E at a medium vo
lume. Two notes are turned on on channel 2 &91,52,40,55,40. Pitch 52 is
an E an octave lower than before, and 55 is a G. The velocity values
of 40 mean they should be slightly quieter than the note on channel 1.
The -4 is a signal to say "now wait four beats before we send any more data
". The next line, 510, just turns off the E on chanfrom the MID
I interface in BASIC is not really very practical, as MIDI operates at
31250 baud, which is fast. Even machine code could have trouble keeping
up. The only software I have written for receiving MIDI data used rather
specialised features of the RAM Music Machine, so some practical exampl
es of receiving data will have to wait until I have had the opportunity t
o do a little more experimenting. A LOOK TO THE FUTURE You will be rel
ieved to read thatnel 1, and then immediately starts another E. We then
wait two beats before reading the data on line 520. This turns off the
E again, and also turns off the notes on channel 2, which have lasted a to
tal of six beats since the start of line 500. There is no negative number
at the end of line 520, so we read the data on line 525 straight away.
This starts three more notes playing. We could have missed out the &
90 from the start of line 520, as running s next month we will be going b
ack to some ordinary programming and leaving MIDI alone for a bit. I have
compiled a very short list of books that I found in my local library whi
ch may be useful if you want to learn more about MIDI. Your library
may have similar books, but if they haven't got anything useful they should
be able to get some of these on inter-library loan for you. If any of
you would like us to cover any other aspects of MIDI, write in to Fair Com
metatus means that it would still be in force because it was the last
status byte used, but it is probably more readable with it in. Of course t
here is a lot of scope for improvement - the rest of the tune could be add
ed for a start! You can also use other MIDI commands apart from Note On.
For example, adding the following data to the start of line 500 would choo
se the instruments for the two channels &C0,41,&C1,1 You could ad
d more of these types of MIumbers are read and sent to the MIDI interf
ace. When a negative number is reached (eg at the end of line 500), it is
not sent to the interface. Instead t is set to the equivalent positive nu
mber. This indicates the amount of time to wait before reading the next
batch of data. Line 400 is where t is gradually decreased until it is
zero again, and only when t is zero do we read the next set of data.
The value -100 indicates that the end of the piece has been reacDI command to
change the instruments during the piece. RECEIVING MIDI DATA Up
till now we have concentrated entirely on sending data to the MIDI int
erface, but it is also possible to receive data sent by other MIDI devi
ces. Bit zero on the MIDI interface status port indicates whether a byt
e has been received, at which point the byte can be read on the data read
port of the interface. See Table 1 for the port addresses. For example,
the followinghed, so if you want to save typing you could put -100 at th
e end of line 570 and stop there. How does the data work Well basical
ly it is a load of MIDI commands, as explained last month. They are all
Note On commands, apart from one Polyphonic Key Pressure in the middle
of line 650. Turning notes off again has been done by using Note On
commands with a velocity value of zero. Just to get a feel for what
is happening, let us go over the first few little program would wait for
a byte to be received and print the hex value on the screen 10 WHI
LE (INP(&F8EE) AND 1)0WEND 20 PRINT HEX$(INP(&F8EF)) The WHILE WEND
loop could be replaced by an example of the little-used WAIT command
10 WAIT &F8EE,1 but if nothing is received, you have to reset the com
puter to break out of it! The port values are those for the RAM Music Machi
ne - just change the numbers according to Table 1. Reading bytes N
ad (read only) &F8EF &F8F3 &F8E1 data write (write only)
&F8ED &F8F3 &F8E1 sitting in front of the compute20E60FC630C3EC90C69027CE
695 1140 DATA 4027C3EC90000000000000002A6 wn on the wide desert plains
of Mexico. Juan CarloEEC9B1C8766 1040 DATA 0E20E60FF5CDDC94F1C97EB7744 105
0 DATA C823FE2220F8C97EB7C823F5701 1060 DATA CDEC90F1FE2220F3C97E23B778E 107
0 DATA F28994C97E23B7FA9D94FE09762 1080 DATA C4EC9018F3E67FC3EC9006046F9 109
0 DATA 0E00DD21C994DD5E00DD56014D8 11ing no good for MIDI. Advance
d MIDI user's guide by R.A. Penfold, 2nd ed., PC Publishing, 1995 ISBN 1-870
775-39-2 Not so useful as the Practical MIDI handbook, but may be worth
dipping into if you come across a copy. Music technology reference b
ook by Peter Buick and Vic Lennard, PC Publishing, 1995 ISBN 1-870775-34
-1 Full of technical detail useful for programming MIDI software. Well wort
h reading if you want to find out the details of the areas I have skated
over. LISTING 1 300 CHOUT,0REM 1 for EMR, 2 for DHCP 31
0 RESTORE 500t1GOSUB 400 320 EVERY 12 GOSUB 400 330 WHILE t100WEND 3
40 END 400 tt-1IF t0 THEN RETURN 410 DIREAD a 420 WHILE a0SEND,a
430 READ aWEND 440 t-a 450 EIRETURN 500 DATA &90,64,50,&91,52,40,55
,40,-4 510 DATA &90,64,0,64,50,-2 520 DATA &90,64,0,&91,52,0,55,0 52
5 DATA &90,71,50,&91,52,40,55,40,-4 530 DATA &90,71,0,71,50,-2 540 DATA
&90,#Programmers' Patch 13 - WACCI 122, June 1998, p. 22-24 PROGRAMMERS' PAT
CH 13 By Matthew Phillips The sun beat down on the wide desert pl
ains of Mexico. Juan Carlos breathed a heavy sigh as he surveyed the
arid landscape. His horse snorted. They had waited a long time. Lesse
r men would have turned back by now, but Juan Carlos had determination. H
e would see it through. At last he sensed in the distance a slight disturb
ance in the air. And then the d71,0,&91,52,0,55,0 545 DATA &90,66,50,&9
1,50,40,57,40,-3 550 DATA &90,66,0,67,50,-1 560 DATA &90,67,0,66,50,-2
570 DATA &90,66,0,&91,50,0,57,0 575 DATA &90,64,50,&91,52,40,55,40,-6
580 DATA &90,64,0,&91,52,0,55,0,55,45,-2 590 DATA &90,71,70,-2 600 DATA
&90,71,0,&91,55,0 605 DATA &90,74,75,&91,54,50,57,50,-2 610 DATA &90,74
,0,&91,54,0,57,0 615 DATA &90,76,80,&91,52,55,&91,55,55,-4 620 DATA &90,
76,0,&91,52,0,&90,74,75,&91,52,60,-2 630 DATA &90,74,0,&91,52,0,ust cloud ap
proaching, and finally the sound of hooves. Flaminguez had come. The gau
nt, bearded messenger thrust a packet into his hands. Carlos tore it open
. Here it was - the June issue of WACCI at last. BACK 2 BASICS One
of the great things about WACCI is the PD library. There is such a variety
of games and utilities. Most of the discs have something entertai
ning on, even if it isn't all first class. The only problem if you are a
464 user like me is55,0 635 DATA &90,71,70,&91,55,65,62,65,-2 640 DATA
&90,71,0,&91,55,0,62,0 645 DATA &90,73,60,&91,57,65,64,70,-2 650 DATA &9
0,73,0,69,50,&A1,57,60,&A1,64,65,-2 660 DATA &90,69,0,&91,57,0,64,0 665
DATA &90,71,40,&91,52,40,67,40,-6 670 DATA &90,71,0,&91,52,0,67,0,-100
TABLE 1 MIDI interface port addresses RAM
EMR DHCP status (read only) &F8EE &F8F2 &F8E0 control
(write only) &F8EC &F8F2 &F8E0 data rent and let us know. In fac
t, write in with any suggestions on what you would like us to cover in Prog
rammers' Patch, and we will see what we can do! USEFUL BOOKS P
ractical MIDI handbook, by R.A. Penfold, 3rd ed., PC Publishing, 1995 ISBN 1
-870775-36-8 A good general introduction to all aspects of MIDI. Perhaps
geared more towards the musician than the computer user. It even ment
ions 8 bit computers, but don't believe what it says about the Archimedes
be Nu can make the FRAME command do anything you like simply by patching t
he &BD19 vector! CLEAR INPUT There are various ways of clearing the
keyboard buffer. The one I like to use is WHILE INKEY$""WEND
but you may want something shorter, in which case try CALL &BB03 instead.
This call has the side effect of resetting the expansion characters. For e
xample, if you have a disc drive and Protext on ROM, CTRL+ENTER will pr
oduce RUN"DISC, but after calling &the extra BASIC 1.1 commands displayed co
rrectly! You can then go through and alter these lines so that they work on
the 464, typing SCAN from time to time to see if there are any more left.
Remember that you will not be able to use EDIT if there is a BASIC 1.1 c
ommand in the line. Use SCAN to list the line, and then type a replacement
straight into the machine. The LIST command lists all of the lines to
the screen, displaying the extra 1.1 commands properly. Pe that some of
the PD stuff doesn't work on the CPC 464. If it requires 128K of RAM, then
I am all right, as I have a dk'tronics RAM pack, but if it uses certain
commands, then things get a bit more tricky. The BASIC in the 464 is
version 1.0, whereas the version in the 664, 6128, and the Plus machine
s (I think) is BASIC 1.1. This adds a few new commands to BASIC, and alte
rs how a few others work. Most of the changes are in graphics commands.
With a smarhaps more useful are the variants LISTP and LISTF. The fo
rmer lists the whole program to the printer instead of the screen, and the
latter lists to a file. For example a$"filename"LISTF,a$ would li
st the whole program to a file called "filename" (silly name for a file). Y
ou could then load the file into an editor like Protext and use the search
and replace facilities to correct the lines. I have also provided SCANP
and SCANF which work in a similar way.ll amount of work, many of these BASI
C 1.1 programs can be edited to run on a 464. The main problem is that i
f a program contains any of the extra commands added in BASIC 1.1, then y
ou cannot even list the lines on a 464 to see what the problem is! T
his is because the computer stores your programs in a special way which i
nvolves replacing the commands with tokens. Since the 464 does not have th
e extra commands in BASIC 1.1, it has no idea what the tokens mean
This program only works on the 464 by the way. If you have a 664 or 612
8, then there is another program on the Programmers' Patch disc spec
ially for you. Just RUN"SCAN6128" to load and install the RSX command
s. You can use it to identify which lines will cause problems for 464 us
ers, and rewrite them if possible. The program only has the scanning co
mmands, not the listing ones, and just displays the numbers of the lines th
at would offend a either. I'VE GOT A LITTLE LIST To solve this prob
lem, I have come up with a little program, printed as Listing 1. Actually
it is a very long program, and so we have decided to compile a special Prog
rammers' Patch PD disc. The disc will have all the programs from the serie
s on it, including this month's, and a few more besides. Order your cop
y from Dave Stitson now. The version saved on the disc is a version of Li
sting 1 omitting some bugs, and consists of the 464, rather than listing the
m. You have your own built in LIST command to do that! QUICK FIX
Having identified the lines which will cause problems, what can we do a
bout them There isn't much space left this month, so we'll deal with a few
easy ones. FRAME This command can be replaced with CALL &BD19.
The FRAME command just points to the &BD19 vector. FRAME is in fact the on
ly BASIC command that has its execution address in RAM. This means that yo
files SCAN464.BAS and SCAN464.BIN. Just RUN"SCAN464" to install the RSX
commands. The program installs some RSX commands. The idea is that y
ou then load the piece of BASIC which will not run on the 464, and use the
se commands to diagnose the problem. What are the commands A summar
y is in the box marked Figure 1. The most useful one is SCAN. This will
scan the program for lines that will not work on the 464, and lists them t
o the screen, complete with N 50 POKE addr,a%chk%chk%+a%addraddr+1NEXT 60 IF
chk%VAL("&"+RIGHT$(cod$,3)) THEN PRINT"Error in line"i%*10+100er-1 70 NEXTIF
er THEN END 80 CALL &9000 90 PRINT"Machine code installed" 100 DATA 010D90
210990C3D1BC0000003A8 110 DATA 002190C33E90C34390C34890573 120 DATA C35390C3
5890C35D905343415D8 130 DATA CE5343414EC65343414ED04C4FA 140 DATA 4953D44C49
5354C64C4953544AE 150 DATA D000CD96901808CDAA901803505 160 DATA CD9B90215191
2292901820CD544 170 DATA 96901808CDAA901803CD9B905085E235623E5EB18EA510 710
DATA FE1B20273E26CDEC903E58CD570 720 DATA EC905E2356230E000608CD533B2 730 DA
TA 94060753CD5394AFCB1217C6511 740 DATA 30CDEC90C36D92FE1C20293E5DC 750 DATA
26CDEC900E00AF23ED6FCD665DE 760 DATA 94ED6FCD6694ED6F2BED6FCD767 770 DATA 6
694ED6F0E20CD6694ED6F235CA 780 DATA 23C36D92FE1D20105E23562342A 790 DATA E5E
B2323235E2356EBC3C692616 800 DATA FE1F202511C2B0010500EDB0488 810 DATA 3E053
2C1B0E50E00CD0FB9C5533 820 DATA CD9DEEC1CD18B9215EAECD7B72C 830 DATA 94E1C36
D92F60 180 DATA 215F92229290180B3E4206FC3FB 190 DATA CD27BB00C38FBC2AE9945E2
35E5 200 DATA 562B7AB328EAE51922E994E163E 210 DATA 23235E235623ED53E59422E75
02 220 DATA 94CD5F9218DD212B91180321460 230 DATA EF90CDCE9022ED903EC9326F6F1
240 DATA 90C9CDCE9021489122ED903D65A 250 DATA 205E326F90DD6E00DD660146484
260 DATA 235E2356EB11EF94CD8CBCD8666 270 DATA 1846D1C1ED73ED94C5D511706EC 2
80 DATA 01ED53E994F5E53E4206C0CD6AB 290 DATA 27BBCD48BBE1F1C9C3EF90C5854 300
DATA 47CD2BBD78C13836F5CD8ABB6AA E222009CDEC906C9 840 DATA CD7B94C36D92FE7C
3006CDEC707 850 DATA 90C36D92200ACDEC9023CD90645 860 DATA 94C36D92FEFF20027E
23FEC06D4 870 DATA 20103E27CDEC907EB7CA6D925DC 880 DATA 23CDEC9018F5FEC5200A
E52166C 890 DATA 1594CD9094E118E7E5211F94633 900 DATA BE2338132007CD9094E1C3
6D555 910 DATA 92F57E23E68028FAF118E90E6B0 920 DATA 00F5CD0FB9F1C5061B2188E3
5ED 930 DATA E5F57E23B7282418037E23B74F1 940 DATA F2ED93F1BE2804D12318E9786B
A 950 DATA C63FFE40C4EC90E1CD9094C1816 960 DATA CD18B9E1C36D92F1310 DATA CD1
BBB301AFEC02016CD8DBB5F6 320 DATA 215ABB22ED90211894CD9094593 330 DATA ED7BE
D94C36890CD2EBD38DC770 340 DATA CD8DBBF1F5CD31BDF11803CD78F 350 DATA 5ABBFE0
AC0CD1BBBD0FEC0C07CE 360 DATA CD8ABBCD18BBF5CD8DBBF1FE8AB 370 DATA C0C018C0C
D95BCD8CD92BC18781 380 DATA C3ED73EB947EB7C823FEC5C884D 390 DATA FEC0C8FE862
00ACDC891FEA37FB 400 DATA CA5F92180CFEB3200DCDC8915E3 410 DATA FE8BCA5F92CDC
F9118D7FE947F2 420 DATA 280CFE952808FEBC2804FEBD598 430 DATA 200BCDCF9179FE0
4D25F92185AE 440 DBB03 it will go back to RUN". This may cause problems
, or it may not. ON BREAK CONT This is easily replaced by ON BREAK G
OSUB xxx, where xxx is a line which simply says RETURN. You may not want to
keep the command in anyway, as it stops you from using the escape key to br
eak into the program. AND NEXT TIME, IN EPISODE TWO... Most of the r
est of the commands relate to graphics, and we'll look at them next month.
Can you wait that long Juan Carlos can. FIATA BCFEAE2804FEAF200BCDCF916
99 450 DATA 79FE03D25F9218A9FEBB20125E9 460 DATA CDC891FE2328EACDCF9179FE7FD
470 DATA 02D25F9218932BCDCF91188D56D 480 DATA 7EFE20C02318F90E017EB7C859C
490 DATA 23FE01C8FE28200DCDF991FE692 500 DATA 2928EEED7BEB941876FE2928603 5
10 DATA F6FE2C20030C18DDCD1192184CC 520 DATA D87EB7C8FE01C823FE29C8FE7AC 530
DATA 282005CDF99118EDCD119218531 540 DATA E8FE0E30062323CD8994C9FE621 550 D
ATA 18D823FE19C823FE1FD8200452E 560 DATA 232323C92B2BFE222003C372400 570 DAT
A 9GURE 1 SCAN - list to the screen lines that will not work on the 464
SCANP - ditto, but listing to the printer SCANF,a$ - same again, but savin
g to the file a$ LIST - list the whole program to the screen LISTP - d
itto, but listing to the printer LISTF,a$ - same again, but saving to the fi
le a$ LISTING 1 10 SYMBOL AFTER 256MEMORY &8FFF 20 RESTORE 100er0a
ddrHIMEM+1 30 FOR i%0 TO 104READ cod$chk%0 40 FOR j%0 TO 11a%VAL("&"+MID$(co
d$,j%*2+1,2)) 4FE7CD82006ED7BEB94181F62A 580 DATA FEFF20027E23E5CD4C92E1C96FA
590 DATA 211F94BE2809D823F5CD899459D 600 DATA F118F4ED7BEB942AE594CDA27F6
610 DATA 943E20CDEC902AE7947EB720635 620 DATA 0A3E0DCDEC903E0AC3EC9023548 6
30 DATA FE0120147E23FE97CA9A93FE65E 640 DATA C0CA9A932B3E3ACDEC9018D9694 650
DATA FE0420023C3CFE0E30134723355 660 DATA 23CD909478FE0730C43E279057A 670 D
ATA CDEC9018BCFE183007C622CD61F 680 DATA EC9018B1FE19200C7E23E56F57D 690 DAT
A 2600CDA294E118A1FE1A2804507 700 DATA FE1E20 N4DD5E00DD56014D8 1100 DATA D
D23DD23AFED523C30FB193D5AB 1110 DATA DDE5CDD194DDE110E57DC3D78BE 1120 DATA 9
41027E80364000A00B1C80E3AB 1130 DATA 20E60FC630C3EC90C69027CE695 1140 DATA 4
027C3EC90000000000000002A6 tthew Phillips The sun beat dowDATA E601C630CD
EC9010EEC9B1C8766 1040 DATA 0E20E60FF5CDDC94F1C97EB7744 1050 DATA C823FE2220
F8C97EB7C823F5701 1060 DATA CDEC90F1FE2220F3C97E23B778E 1070 DATA F28994C97E
23B7FA9D94FE09762 1080 DATA C4EC9018F3E67FC3EC9006046F9 1090 DATA 0E00DD21C9
910 DEFINT a-zOPENOUT"d"MEMORY HIMEM-1CLOSEOUT 20 mwords1000mlinks6nwords0 30
DIM w$(mwords),le(mwords),ri(mwords),lk(mwords,mlinks),tempw$(128),stack(5) 35
MODE 2 40 LINE INPUT"",a$ 41 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*LOAD" THEN GOSUB 600GOTO
40 42 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*SAVE" THEN GOSUB 700GOTO 40 43 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a
$,9))"*SHOWTREE" THEN GOSUB 900PRINTGOTO 40 50 wcount0GOSUB 300IF a$"" THEN GOS
UB 100 60 IF nwords THEN GOSUB 200 70 GOTO 40 100 WHILE INSTR(a$," ")0aINSTR(
a$," ") 1#Help for Loom hypertext reader v3.2 Loom is a system for viewing hyp
ertext a set of ordinary text files with links between them. Any text which is
highlighted is a link. Use the cursor keys to position the cursor over a link
, and press the ENTER or RETURN key and you will be taken to the appropriate pl
ace either elsewhere in the same file, or in a different file entirely. Ther
e are quick cursor movements similar to Protext SHIFT left + rightMove left o
r right a word at a time CTRL left + r10 tempw$(wcount)LEFT$(a$,a-1)a$MID$(a$,a
+1) 120 wcountwcount+1GOSUB 300WEND 130 IF a$"" THEN tempw$(wcount)a$wcountwco
unt+1 140 pword0FOR i0 TO wcount-1word$tempw$(i) 150 GOSUB 800 160 IF cword0
THEN nwordsnwords+1w$(nwords)word$lk(nwords,0)0le(nwords)0ri(nwords)0cwordnwords
GOSUB 840 170 GOSUB 400pwordcwordNEXT 180 cword0GOSUB 400 190 RETURN 200 pwo
rd0GOSUB 500 210 WHILE pword0PRINT w$(pword)" "GOSUB 500WEND 220 PRINT CHR$(8)
"."PRINT 230 RETURN 300 WHightMove to start or end of line SHIFT up + downScr
oll screen up or down one line CTRL up + downMove up or down a whole page CTRL
+ Move to top or bottom of document Use the ENTER or RETURN key to follow a
link. Once you have followed a link, press the "" key or the "B" key to retur
n to where you came from. To quit Loom, press "Q". To leave t
his help screen, press "B" ----------------------------------------------------
--------------------------- Original version (cSCAN464 BASpt to the printer"9Z"
LISTF,filename$ - ditto, with ou! "scan464.bin",S "Scan 464 loaded and instal
led - for use on the Amstrad CPC 464 only"O"SCAN - list to the screen those lin
es that will not work in BASIC 1.0"2("SCANP - ditto, with output to the printer"
92"SCANF,filename$ - ditto, with output to a file",F"LIST - list all lines to
the screen2P"LISTP - ditto, with outpu) Stephen Phillips 1995 Amstrad CPC versi
on (c) Matthew and Stephen Phillips 1997 Written using the HiSoft C compiler.
Runtime routines (c) HiSoft 1988ader v3.2 Loom is a system for viewing hypertex
t a set of ordinary text files with links between tlink, press the "" key or t
he "B" key to return to where you came from. To quit Loom, press "Q".
To leave this help screen, press "B" ---------------------------------
---------------------------------------------- Original version (cD110D1186FC
970 DATA F25245CD427265616B0D8A4951B 980 DATA 444552D272444543A47E434F49F 9
90 DATA 5059434852A4DD46494CCCDE58C 1000 DATA 47524150484943D3DF4D4153491 10
10 DATA CBE04652414DC5E1435552535B4 1020 DATA 4FD2FFAFCB1217B128090E024B5 10
30 DATA E601C630CDEC9010EEC9B1C8766 1040 DATA 0E20E60FF5CDDC94F1C97EB7744 10
50 DATA C823FE2220F8C97EB7C823F5701 1060 DATA CDEC90F1FE2220F3C97E23B778E 10
70 DATA F28994C97E23B7FA9D94FE09762 1080 DATA C4EC9018F3E67FC3EC9006046F9 10
90 DATA 0E00DD21C99 No+oo o## #V#####V( %2!" 0 # # '# !w!#8 #(!#($#O(#xREBrea
k IDERrDECCOPYCHRFILGRAPHICMASFRAMCURSO(0 #" #" ##!+V##R039'd 0''#(y #+ ##( ')(
)(, #(( (("((( F!(# Cqsuy#)( '0#### ###++" #z!(#*4 Break IDERrDECCOPYCHRFILGR
APHICMASFRAMCURSO#" ##!!V##R0)/'d 0t to the printer"9Z"LISTF,filename$ - ditto
, with output to a file"d59 a06 8879 B a06 2993 2997 a06 8098 B a06 3002 3002
a06 8098 B a07 351 359 a07 7839 B a07 2184 2192 a07 7839 B a07 4214 4222 a07
9130 B a08 549 556 a08 10333 B a08 614 618 a08 9431 B a09 596 621 a09 8473 B
a10 4852 4858 a10 9828 B a10 9282 9294 a10 10101 B a11 451 459 a11 8131 B a1
1 532 540 a11 9079 B a12 3810 3818 a12 10511 B a12 8454 8460 a12 11768 B a13
2075 2083SCAN6128BASp77NF,filename$ - ditto, with output to a file"" "scan612
8.bin",K "Scan 6128 loaded and installed - for use on any Amstrad CPC"W"SCAN -
prints the line numbers of those lines that will not work in BASIC 1.0"2("SCANP
- ditto, with output to the printer"92"SCANF,filename$ - ditto, with output to
a file"'d 0SCAN464 BINRR !!CHSXSCASCANSCANLISLISTLIST!Q" !"B'*K#V+z("K###V#SG"I
!+!"2o!H" 2onfF##VQFsOpSKB'HG+x860 !Z"!zOh.81Z sM# £ ((( y( y #(y #+ ##( )(M)(
, s#(( (("((( MF!O(# Cqsuy#)( s0#### ###++" M #!(#M*G *I # #+ 0G##x0'0" #o&(
#V# '&X#V#S0 )&#ooSCAN6128BIN !27SCASCANSCANB'bvg*8#V+z("8###V#S4"6!!"2.!" 2.nf
F##VFspS8B'HG+x860 !Z"!'.81Z s# £ ((( y( y NTUNE BASpcc &90,69,0,&91,57,0
,64,0# &90,71,40,&91,52,40,67,40 () , d e addB$ coch4( ("&"(co,,))2 a
dd,chch add addI ch("&"y(co,)) "Error in line" d eF e P B#Z"CHOUT and SEND in
stalled.""d 01099D211B9DC3D1BC119DC3 WRITE#9,lk(y,x)ylk(y,x)x1 736 WENDNEXT 74
0 CLOSEOUTRETURN 800 parent0cwordri(0)WHILE cword0parentcword 810 IF word$w$(p
arent) THEN RETURN 820 IF word$w$(parent) THEN cwordle(parent) ELSE cwordri(par
ent) 830 WENDRETURN 840 IF word$w$(parent) THEN le(parent)cword ELSE ri(parent
)cword 850 RETURN 900 level0stack(level)ri(0)d$"" 910 PRINT TAB(level*16+1)d$
LEFT$(w$(stack(level)),13) 920 IF level4 THEN 950 930 IF le(stack(level))0 THE
N d$"L"levellevel+1stack(level)541"n 989DC3779D53454EC443484F590"x 55D4000000000
0C3379DC3543D7" 9DC3379DC3549DC3439DC3636B1" 9DC34F9DC3729D01ECF83E03644" ED793E
15ED79C901F2F83E03614" ED793E16ED79C901E0F818F26CC" 01EEF8F5ED78E60228FAF10D749"
ED79C901F2F8F5ED78E60228784" FAF10CED79C901E0F818EFFE804" 01C0DD7E00111F9D01060
021311" 259DB72004EDB018923D212B46D" 9D28F621319D18F14FCB01064D4" 00DD0947DD2BDD
2BDD7E00C555D" CD229DC110F2C90000000000418&,CHOU, 1 for EMR, 2 forle(stack(level
-1))GOSUB 910 940 IF ri(stack(level))0 THEN d$"R"levellevel+1stack(level)ri(sta
ck(level-1))GOSUB 910 950 levellevel-1RETURN .TURN $$$ 2w$(parent) THEN le
(parent)cword ELSE ri(parent)cword 850 RETURN 900 level0stack(level)ri(0)d$""
910 PRINT TAB(level*16+1)d$LEFT$(w$(stack(level)),13) 920 IF level4 THEN 950
930 IF le(stack(level))0 THEN d$"L"levellevel+1stack(level) DHCP6 J dT
SEN, # &90,64,50,&91,52,40,55,40,-4 &90,64,0,64,50,-2 &90,64,0,&91,5
2,0,55,0# &90,71,50,&91,52,40,55,40,-4 &90,71,0,71,50,-2 &90,71,0,&91,52,0,55,0
#! &90,66,50,&91,50,40,57,40,-3& &90,66,0,67,50,-10 &90,67,0,66,50,-2 &90,66,0,&
91,50,0,57,0# &90,64,50,&91,52,40,55,40,-6&D &90,64,0,&91,5#Programmers' Patch 2
0 - WACCI 129, April 1999 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 20 By Matthew Phillips
If we wanted to generate numbers from the AI program, the function comes
in our array of probability. You will generate numbers from the first
letter in alphabetical order to put it in a function. Of course, as each w
ord is, it needs to our words. Every time we store more often than not th
e user's sentences. Line 800 is quite complicated, but it has to store the
words in oILE LEFT$(a$,1)" "a$MID$(a$,2)WENDRETURN 400 jlk(pword,0)x1ypword 4
10 WHILE j0 AND cwordlk(y,x)jj-1xx+1 415 IF xmlinks THEN ylk(y,x)x1 420 WENDIF
j0 THEN 440 430 lk(pword,0)lk(pword,0)+1lk(y,x)cword 435 IF xmlinks-1 THEN nw
ordsnwords+1lk(y,mlinks)nwordslk(nwords,0)0w$(nwords)"" 440 RETURN 500 iINT(RN
D*lk(pword,0)+1) 505 WHILE imlinksi1+i-mlinkspwordlk(pword,mlinks)WEND 510 pwo
rdlk(pword,i)RETURN 600 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file$"" THEN file$"VOCAB" 610 Order.
Yes, it seems to tell us a birthday. DON'T GO AWAY! If you didn't
follow that, don't worry - I didn't either. That introduction was
generated by the AI program when I fed it the first half of this month's ar
ticle. If you find the introduction easier to follow than the rest of th
e article, then write in to Fair Comment to ask John to give me the sack!
Last time we added a binary tree structure to the AI chat program in order
to speed up the searchinPENIN file$INPUT#9,nwords 620 FOR i0 TO nwordsINPUT#
9,w$(i),lk(i,0)le(i)0ri(i)0 625 word$w$(i)IF word$"" THEN GOSUB 800cwordiGOSUB
840 630 jlk(i,0)yix1WHILE j0jj-1INPUT#9,lk(y,x)xx+1 635 IF xmlinks THEN INPUT#
9,lk(y,x)ylk(y,x)x1 636 WENDNEXT 640 CLOSEINRETURN 700 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file
$"" THEN file$"VOCAB" 710 OPENOUT file$WRITE#9,nwords 720 FOR i0 TO nwordsWRIT
E#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 730 jlk(i,0)yix1WHILE j0jj-1WRITE#9,lk(y,x)xx+1 735 IF xmlin
ks THEN NICS COMMANDS Many of the enhancements added in BASIC 1.1 relate
to graphics handling. The MOVE, MOVER, DRAW, DRAWR, PLOT and PLOTR have
had extra optional parameters added, which you will need to remove in or
der to get programs to work on the 464. On the 464 the MOVE command
takes only two parameters, the x and y coordinates of the point to mov
e the graphics cursor to. With BASIC 1.1 you can specify a third paramete
r to select the graphics pen, much as you2,0,55,0,55,45,-2N &90,71,70,-2X &90,7
1,0,&91,55,0# &90,74,75,&91,54,50,57,50,-2b &90,74,0,&91,54,0,57,0'g &90,76,80,&
91,52,55,&91,55,55,-4/l &90,76,0,&91,52,0,&90,74,75,&91,52,60,-2v &90,74,0,&91,5
2,0,55,0# &90,71,70,&91,55,65,62,65,-2 &90,71,0,&91,55,0,62,0# &90,73,60,&91,57,
65,64,70,-2, &90,73,0,69,50,&A1,57,60,&A1,64,65,-2 &90,69,0,&91,57,0,64,0# &90,7
1,40,&91,52,40,67,40,-6" &90,71,0,&91,52,0,67,0,-100HILE t100WEND 340 END 4
do with PLOT and DRAW. For example MOVE x,y,3 will move the gra
phics cursor to (x,y) and also change the graphics pen (the colour to plo
t in) to 3. This facility is most useful when you are printing characters
at the graphics cursor using TAG. How you remove this extra parameter d
epends on the situation. Sometimes people use it when it is totally unneces
sary. For example, a line saying 10 MOVE x,y,2DRAWR 23,50 could s
imply be changed to #Programmers' Patch 14 - WACCI 123, July/Aug 1998, p.
23-26 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 14 by Matthew Phillips The sun beat down
on the wide desert plains of Mexico. The sound of horse's hooves had
faded as Flaminguez disappeared into the distance, as swiftly as he had ar
rived. Juan Carlos scanned the pages of the vital document intently. H
e frowned as he tried to grasp the hidden meaning of the words before him.
Was there no other way He had feared it might be s 10 MOVE x,yDRAWR 23,5
0,2 The graphics pen setting has been moved from the MOVE command to the D
RAWR command. If the DRAWR command was on the next line though, it might
not be safe to use this approach. It may be that that line is reached fr
om elsewhere in the program where the graphics pen is set to somethin
g different. The following approach will always work 10 PLOT -
8,0,2MOVE x,yDRAWR 23,50 We use the ability of the PLOT command to ch
ange o, but now he was certain. He would have to ask Flaminguez to bring him
a CPC as well next time. Last month we started looking at the diffe
rences between BASIC 1.0 as found on the CPC 464, and BASIC 1.1 on later
machines. The Programmers' Patch disc (which you can order from Dave Sti
tson, PD disc 98) includes some RSXs to help you to identify which lines
of a program will cause problems for 464 users. I hope that 464 users
will find these articles useful w the graphics pen by plotting a point w
hich is off screen, and then do the MOVE command. Of course, if ORIGIN h
as been used to move the graphics origin, then (-8,0) may lie on screen -
adjust as necessary. The MOVER command has also had this third optional
parameter added, and can be dealt with in the same way. GRAPHICS INK
MODE All six commands, DRAW, DRAWR, MOVE, MOVER, PLOT, PLOTR, have had a fou
rth optional parameter added in BASIC 1.1. This parameter sehen trying
to convert programs to run on their machines, and all you 664/6128 users s
hould have a read too, as it is worth being aware of what will cause probl
ems on the 464. In many cases you will only need to make a few alterations
to enable your programs to run on all the Amstrad CPCs. We have pri
nted a list of all the commands which have been added or altered for
BASIC 1.1 in Table 1. We covered FRAME, CLEAR INPUT, and ON BREAK CONT la
st month. GRAPHlects the ink plotting mode. It is 0 for normal, 1 fo
r XOR mode, 2 for AND, and 3 for OR mode. There are a couple of ways
to cope with this on the 464. Suppose the command was DRAW 100,20
0,1,3 This can be replaced with PRINT CHR$(23)CHR$(3)DRAW 100,200,
1 Be careful to include the semicolons, or you might get unwanted linefee
ds happening. This method will not work if TAG has been used to redirec
t text characters to the graphics cursor. You Ndded to control the display
of the text cursor. The CURSOR command takes two parameters, each of which
should be either 0 or 1. Either parameter may be omitted. To show how t
o deal with this command we have a series of examples BASIC 1.1
BASIC 1.0 CURSOR 0 CALL &BB84 CURSOR 1
CALL &BB81 CURSOR ,0 CALL &BB7E CURSOR ,1 CALL
&BB7B CURSOR 1,0 CALL &BB81CALL &BB7E CURSOR a,b C
ALLhe graphics ink mode we could put the following line in 1 inkmodeHIMEM-
5MEMORY HIMEM-6FOR g0 TO 5READ dPOKE inkmode+g,dNEXT DATA &DD,&7E,0,&C3,&5
9,&BC Then commands like DRAW 100,200,1,x can be replaced by
CALL inkmode,xDRAW 100,200,1 We can deal with the command GRAPHI
CS PAPER in much the same way. The firmware routine GRA SET PAPER is at
&BBE4. An alternative method, which was very popular in listings in the
magazine Computing with t &BB84-3*aCALL &BB7E-3*b Usually the CURSOR comma
nd is not used with variables, as in the last example, but if it is,
this is one way to deal with it. Note that horrible things may happen
if a or b are any value other than 0 or 1. GRAPHICS PEN AND PAPER Two
more commands introduced with BASIC 1.1 are GRAPHICS PEN and GRAPHICS PAPE
R, which are used to set the graphics pen and graphics paper (no, reall
y...). Setting the graphics pen can be done by plotti could also do C
ALL &BC59,1,1,1DRAW 100,200,1 This sneaky method uses the firmware call
SCR ACCESS which sets the ink mode. It does this on the basis of the cont
ents of the A register. When we do a CALL from BASIC, the A register is s
et to indicate the number of parameters after the CALL, so putting three pa
rameters (it doesn't matter what they are) gives ink mode 3, the OR mode.
CALL &BC59 - chooses Normal mode CALL &BC59,1 - chooses
XOR modng off screen in that colour. For example, PLOT -8,0,a
can be used in place of GRAPHICS PEN a. However, this does have the side
effect of moving the graphics cursor, which may be inconvenient if you c
annot work out where to MOVE it back to! Another way round it is to use th
e firmware routine GRA SET PEN. If the parameter to GRAPHICS PEN is an abs
olute value you can use the same trick as before and do CALL &BBDE foll
owed by the right number of parameters.e CALL &BC59,1,1 - chooses AND m
ode CALL &BC59,1,1,1 - chooses XOR mode This is no good if the
DRAW command has a variable for the fourth parameter. For that you sho
uld use the PRINT CHR$(23) method. AS CLEAR AS CRYSTAL An extra parame
ter has been added to the PEN command too, in order to select the text
background mode, which is 0 for opaque and 1 for transparent. For
example, PEN 1,1 will select pen 1 and set the backgroun Using t
his method CALL &BBDE,1,1 has the same effect as GRAPHICS PEN 2
, because there are 2 parameters after the CALL. If your parameter is a
variable and the PLOT method is inconvenient, then a little bit of machi
ne code can work wonders. Just insert the following line near the beginn
ing of the program, after any SYMBOL AFTER command if there is one 1
gpenHIMEM-5MEMORY HIMEM-6FOR g0 TO 5READ dPOKE gpen+g,dNEXTDATA &DD,&7E,0
,&C3,&DE,&BB d to transparent. The strange-looking command PEN ,0 will select
opaque background mode but not alter the pen selected. To deal with this
parameter on the 464, you need control code 22. PEN 1,a can be
replaced by PEN 1PRINT CHR$(22)CHR$(a) or you can use a simila
r firmware trick, and do CALL &BB9F,1 for transparent or CALL &BB9F fo
r opaque. THE CURSE OF THE CURSOR While we are on the subject of te
xt printing, another command has been a You can then replace GRAPHICS P
EN commands such as GRAPHICS PEN x with CALL gpen,x
You may notice that the last two bytes of data in that line are the f
irmware routine address for GRA SET PEN, but to get the address into the fo
rm the Z80 likes it has been chopped in two and the second half (the lea
st significant byte) is put in first. We can use exactly the same tech
nique for all of the other firmware routines mentioned so far. To set t NE
RR function, and the background mode parameter of the GRAPHICS PEN command
are rather harder to deal with, as there is no support in the 464's fi
rmware for these features. You may find that the program works reasonably
well if you just chop them out! Even without these, you will be able to
get a good number of 6128 programs working on the 464. There are a few
more subtle differences between BASIC 1.0 and 1.1, which are mostly fixes
for bugs. We will have a u can replace it with a$CHR$(0)CALL copyc
hr,a$ Because COPYCHR$ is a function, you could get it coming up in all so
rts of awkward situations. For example, you might have x$x$+UPPER$(
COPYCHR$(#0)) in which case you would have to do something like a$
CHR$(0)CALL copychr,a$x$x$+UPPER$(a$) You would have to make sure that th
e variable a$ was not being used for anything else in this case. The
machine code I have just given differs in two look at some of these nex
t month, as some of them make quite a big difference to how certain commands
work. he sun be is no support in the 464's firmware for these features
. You may find that the program works reasonably well if you just chop
them out! Even without these, you will be able to get a good number of 6128
programs working on the 464. There are a few more subtle differences
between BASIC 1.0 and 1.1, which are mostly fixes for bugs. We will have
a respects from the COPYCHR$ function. If the character read from
the screen is not recognised, the COPYCHR$ function returns an empty
string, whereas the machine code will return CHR$(0). If you need to tes
t for this, it will not cause too much trouble, as CHR$(0) is very rarely
printed on screen, so you are not likely to jump to the wrong conclusions
. Also, COPYCHR$ allows you to specify which window to read from, while
my machine code always reads from window 0. If you come across COPYCHR$(#3
), for example, just pop in a WINDOW SWAP 0,3 before and after the call
to the machine code. LOCOMOTIVE FAILURE The DEC$ function is quit
e an interesting one, because it is actually present in 464 BASIC. The
reason it isn't advertised in the manual is that there is a minor bug in
it. You simply have to include an extra left bracket after the name of the
function when you use it! Try PRINT DEC$((4567,"####,") he Amstrad,
was to use the CLG command which clears the graphics window, but first
redefining the graphics window so that it was off screen. GRAPHICS P
APER x would be replaced by ORIGIN 1000,1000,1000,2000,3000,4000CL
G xORIGIN 0,0,0,640,0,400 The only problem with this is that it doesn't
work quite as intended, as a small piece of the top right of the screen chan
ges colour! READING FROM THE SCREEN The COPYCHR$ function can be quite
useful, but fortun and you won't get a syntax error. The format specifi
er works in the same way as that for the PRINT USING command. There is
another small difference between BASIC 1.0 and 1.1 here, as BASIC 1.1 a
llows you to use the pound sign in format specifiers as an alternative to
the dollar. If you want the program to work on all of the CPCs, you will h
ave to avoid the DEC$ command and rewrite it some other way. MISSION A
BIT HARDER The FILL and MASK commands, the Dately it is contained in
the 1.0 firmware and so we can do it quite easily on the 464. It needs a bi
t of machine code again, and the syntax is a bit different. Put the follo
wing line at the start of the program (after any SYMBOL AFTER comman
d) 1 copychrHIMEM-17MEMORY HIMEM-18FOR g0 TO 17READ dPOKE copychr+g,d
NEXTDATA &DD,&6E,0,&DD,&66,1,&7E,&B7,&C8,&CD,&60,&BB,&23,&5E,&23,&56, &1
2,&C9 If you have a command such as a$COPYCHR$(#0) yo N#Com
mands introduced or altered in BASIC 1.1 CLEAR INPUT Clears the key
board input buffer. COPYCHR$(#stream expression) Function returning
the character found at the current cursor position in the screen window sp
ecified, or a null string if it is not recognized. LOCATE 1,1a$COPYCHR$(
#0) reads the character from the top left corner of window 0. CURSOR
system switch,user switch Sets the switches that control the display of t
he cursor blob o 1. Either parameter may be omitted, but not both.
MOVE MOVER As on the 464 but with two extra optional parame
ters of ink to change the graphics pen, and ink mode, from 0 to 3. 0
is normal, 1 XOR, 2 AND, 3 OR. ON BREAK CONT Prevents the prog
ram being broken into when ESC is pressed twice. PEN As on the 464,
but with an extra optional parameter to select the background mode
for text printing 0 for opaque, 1 for transn screen. The parameters are 0
for off and 1 for on. The blob is displayed when both switches are on.
The system switch is turned on automatically for the INPUT command, and
the user switch is on by default. Either switch parameter may be omitted
, but not both. DEC$(numeric expression,format string) Function retu
rning a decimal number formatted according to the format string, which
is specified in the same way as PRINT USING a$DEC$(47,"###.##"parent.
PLOT PLOTR As for DRAW and DRAWR PUT Clears the keyboard in
put buffer. COPYCHR$(#stream eoptional parameters of ink to change
the graphics pen, and ink mode, from 0 to 3. 0 is normal, 1 XOR, 2 AN
D, 3 OR. ON BREAK CONT Prevents the program being broken into when E
SC is pressed twice. PEN As on the 464, but with an extra optio
nal parameter to select the background mode for text printing 0 for opaq
ue, 1 for trans) will set a$ to be " 47.00" DERR Returns the l
ast disc error number. For example xDERR sets x equal to the last
disc error number. DRAW DRAWR As on the 464 but with an extra o
ptional parameter of ink mode, from 0 to 3. 0 is normal, 1 XOR, 2 AND, 3
OR. FILL ink Fills the screen with ink starting from the graphics c
ursor position, filling a region bounded by the current graphics pen i
nk and the ink being used to fillrhaps more useful are the variants LISTP
and LISTF. The former lists the whole program to the printer instead of
the screen, and the latter lists to a file. For example a$"filename"
LISTF,a$ would list the whole program to a file called "filename" (silly n
ame for a file). You could then load the file into an editor like Protext
and use the search and replace facilities to correct the lines. I h
ave also provided SCANP and SCANF which work in a similar way.. FRAME
Waits for the frame flyback in an attempt to avoid flickery display of
changing graphics. Not really much use for BASIC. GRAPHICS PAPER ink
Sets the graphics background ink, used for the background of characters
printed with TAG, and the gaps in dotted lines drawn with MASK. GRAPHICS
PEN ink,background mode Chooses the ink used for drawing lines and printi
ng characters with TAG. The background mode is 0 for opaque and 1 for tran
sp#Programmers' Patch 15 - WACCI 124, Sept 1998, p. 24-26 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH
15 By Matthew Phillips The last couple of articles have looked at
the "official" differences between BASIC 1.0 and 1.1, but there are sev
eral other differences that come under the general heading of Bugs. Thes
e are things that weren't meant to happen but did, and this is how to deal
with them. A PROBLEM IN THE PRINT WORKS Once I had finished writing th
e SCAN RSX which was published arent, and affects whether the background
s of characters printed with TAG are displayed, and the gaps in dotted
lines. Either parameter may be omitted but not both. MASK integer
expression,first point setting The integer expression should be from 0 t
o 255, and allows you to draw dotted lines. 255 is the setting for ord
inary lines. The first point setting should be 1 if the first point of a
line is to be plotted, and 0 if not. It is normally Naltering the LO
CATE command to position it at 39,6 - just at the end of a line. In BASIC 1
.1 the box will print at the end of line 6, but in BASIC 1.0 it prints a
t the start of line 7. This is because BASIC 1.0 uses a simpler method
for deciding whether to start a new line. The computer just looks at the
length of the string, and if it is longer than the number of characters
left on the line, it starts a new one before printing. BASIC 1.1 looks t
hrough the fiype ERA,"*.bak" on the 464 you have to use the cumber
some a$"*.bak"ERA,a$ This is actually a bug, as you were meant
to be able to use the direct version, but Locomotive Software did not ge
t it working for the 464. Remember that on the 664/6128 you can als
o have results of string functions, such as LEFT$, as parameters to CALL
or an RSX. To solve this problem you can put the parameters into temporary
strings as in the example above, orrst few characters of the string to
see if there are any control characters among them. If there are (say) six
spaces left on the line and the first seven characters in the string are o
rdinary characters (with ASCII values of 32 or above) then a new line is
started before printing. Otherwise the string is printed at the cur
rent cursor position. This complicated behaviour of the PRINT command in
BASIC 1.1 is not explained in the user guide. Even that is in June,
I tested it out on the Crib game from WACCI PD disc 6. As it stands, th
e game does not work on the 464, mostly because of extra parameters in
graphics commands. The SCAN RSX identified all of these, and after I had
altered the lines, I ran the program expecting it to work. Alas! several
cards printed in the wrong place, and the screen scrolled up. This was b
ecause of another difference between BASIC 1.0 and 1.1. It is not actuall
y documented in the mannot quite the whole story, as when looking at the begin
ning of the string, CHR$(1) is treated differently from the control characte
rs. CHR$(1) itself is ignored and the next character is treated as an ordina
ry character rather than a control character. This mirrors the effect tha
t CHR$(1) has on printing. Having gone into all this detail, the cure
for this difference between the versions of BASIC is usually quite simple
. If you encounter a PRINT command which is priuals, and is all to do
with the "word- wrap" feature of the Amstrad's PRINT command. Try the follo
wing BORDER 25MODE 1LOCATE 39,1PRINT"Hello" The LOCATE command put
s the cursor near the end of the top line, but because the string "Hel
lo" is too long to fit on the line, the cursor moves down to the start
of the next line to start the printing. This feature is documented in
the manuals, and to override it you should do PRINT USING"&""Hello"
nting a string containing control characters, then you should use PRINT US
ING"&" instead. Programs so altered will still work on the 664/6128. The
re may be extremely subtle cases in which this method won't work, but now yo
u know all the details you will be able to sort it out! REMARKABLE R
EMS BASIC 1.0 does not cope at all well when you put certain characters in R
EM statements. Many of the control characters cause odd effects, whil
e characters over 127 are moFor ordinary strings the 464 and 664/6128 be
have exactly the same. The difference comes when you have control cha
racters in the strings. Characters 8-11 move the cursor, and it is some
times convenient to store combinations of printing characters and cursor mov
ements in a string. For example 10 a$chr$(135)+chr$(139)+chr$(10)+c
hr$(8)+chr$(8)+chr$(141)+chr$(142) 20 MODE 1LOCATE 5,6PRINT a$ This
little program prints a square box on the screen. Now try stly converted in
to BASIC keywords. The RSX character "" causes the next character in t
he REM to disappear when listing. This difference is not very importa
nt because programs with these characters in REM statements will run as
normal. They will just produce odd results when listing to the screen or p
rinter. CALLED TO THE BAR 464 users will be very familiar with the
restrictions on using string parameters in RSX commands. While in BASIC 1
.1 you can t N nine of these blocks of three bytes from &AC01 to &AC1B o
n the 464, and they can be used to patch various Upper ROM functions. Ther
e is no such block on the 6128. I have not seen an explanation of what thes
e blocks are for, so count that as my request on the article wish-list!
LINE INPUT There is also a bug with the LINE INPUT command. It is meant
to work in the same way as the INPUT command, in that LINE INPUT"Na
me"a$ should print up the prompt "Name" eese" on the 464 IF 25
6 THEN PRINT"Cheese" p256IF p AND 256 THEN PRINT"Cheese" IF 1024 THE
N PRINT"Cheese" Those are just a few examples, and there are many more l
ike them. Note, however, that the following two statements do print "Cheese
" IF 28 THEN PRINT"Cheese" IF 256.0 THEN PRINT"Cheese" This
is because BASIC is treating the numbers (which both work out as 256) as rea
l values rather than integers. In fact, if you enter the following followe
d by a question mark and a space. A comma instead of a semicolon suppresses
the question mark. On the 464, however, the question mark never appears
. This will not cause many problems, but the screen display may turn o
ut not quite as the programmer intended it. If you are a 664/6128 user who
wants your program to run on a 464, always use the comma, and provide
the question mark and space yourself. If you are a 464 user you m
ay find when running two lines 10 IF 256 THEN PRINT"Cheese" 20
IF 256.0 THEN PRINT"Cheese" then LIST the program, both lines will displ
ay the same, but because line 20 has 256 stored as a real number it will pri
nt "Cheese"! If you suspect bugs in a program to be due to this fa
ult, just put brackets round the whole expression and "0" after it. This
will force the computer to treat non-zero values as true. There are s
everal other arithmetical bugs that affect all your programs on a 664
/6128 that extra question marks will appear. You should always use the comm
a as well. The command with no prompt LINE INPUT a$ will produce
a question mark on the 664/6128. If you want to avoid this happening, use
LINE INPUT"",a$ Thanks to Richard Fairhurst for pointing this
one out, which I was completely unaware of. I will now have to go th
rough my own programs to check the LINE INPUTs. GETTING THE SUMS WRONG
the CPC machines, which are mostly the result of rounding errors
when using floating point numbers. SWEEPING UP THE GARBAGE The 4
64 is very slow on garbage collection. If you increase the length of a stri
ng, BASIC stores the string in a new area of memory, and eventually the old
chunk will be reused. Garbage collection is when BASIC goes through
memory tidying up all the string storage. The string handling on the 464 i
s much less efficient than that of BThere are a few areas where the 464 is "a
rithmetically challenged". For example, try PRINT (-1)1 On th
e 464 you will get "1" while the 664/6128 will print the correct answer
of "-1". The same applies to any other negative number. Of course there i
s not much point in raising something to the first power, but if you had
variables involved it could cause problems. Another more serious problem a
ffects logic statements and the IF command. As we explained in if there ar
e a lot of them it may be easier to run Listing 1. This listing is by Do
minic Wise and was printed in Amstrad Action issue 53, February 1990. (Let'
s hope they don't mind us reprinting it...) This listing gives 464 users t
he ability to pass strings directly to RSXs and CALL commands. It is saved
on disc as 464RSX.BAS The real techies among you may like to get out you
r disassembler to find out how it works. It seems to use a patch block at &
AC04. There areMarch 1997, all logical expressions are evaluated to give
a number, and if the number is not zero the expression is considered to be
true. For example, IF 7 AND 3 THEN PRINT"Cheese" will print "Che
ese" because 7 AND 3 is 3 (which is not zero). Sadly, 464 BASIC has a bug
because if the expression yields an integer value where the least signifi
cant byte is zero the expression will not be considered true, even if it i
s! The following statements will not print "Ch Nle into memory, BASIC cre
ates a file buffer, but does not free the memory once the file is loaded as
it should do. Issuing a CLOSEIN command immediately afterwards will cure t
his one. KEYBOARD LAYOUT One last difference between the CPCs is the k
eyboard layout. The 6128 has a totally different layout, but for once the
464 and 664 have much the same design (apart from the 664's mammoth bl
ue cursor keys). Sometimes keys are chosen that work well on the 6128 but n
ot ASIC 1.1, and this can cause severe problems. Sometimes the machine seem
s to hang up for a few seconds unexpectedly, and sometimes you run out of me
mory altogether. One thing that can sometimes help is to force BASIC to d
o the rounds more often. If you put dummyvarFRE("") at strate
gic points in a program, this can stop the problem building up. The garbag
e collection is most likely to be needed when BASIC requires vast amount
s of memory suddenly. Whenever yoon the others, and vice versa. It is usua
lly easy enough to sort it out. One feature of the 6128 is that it is possi
ble to do CTRL-SHIFT-ESC with one hand. I am not convinced that this
is an advantage! There are doubtless other slight bugs with the 464's BA
SIC and firmware. If you know of any, why not write in to Fair Comment and l
et us know. ple me design (apart from the 664's mammoth blue cursor keys).
Sometimes keys are chosen that work well on the 6128 but not u open a file
for reading or writing, 4k of memory is needed for use as buffers, and when
you only have 64k RAM, this is a very large amount to get together. In o
rder to find this memory, BASIC rearranges the string storage space. Unfor
tunately if the name of the file you were about to load was in a string v
ariable, a bug on the 464 means that sometimes BASIC loses track of the na
me of the file, resulting in a "File not found" error. The best way to
get round this i6t0 50 FOR m0 TO 8READ a$xVAL("&"+a$)tt+xPOKE st+d,xdd+1NEXT
60 READ a$IF VAL("&"+a$)t THEN NEXT ELSE PRINT"Error in line"10*n+90STOP 70
FOR n0 TO 2POKE st+26+n,PEEK(&AC04+n)NEXT 80 CALL st+39,stCLSPRINT"RSX strings
utility installed at &"HEX$(st,4)"." 90 DATA 7b,fe,0d,20,14,e1,d1,d5,e5,526
100 DATA 21,3b,01,19,20,0a,3e,02,32,112 110 DATA c1,b0,e1,2a,c2,b0,37,5f,c9,54d
120 DATA c9,c9,21,9c,b0,22,9a,b0,b7,522 130 DATA 08,d9,c9,3e,c3,32,04,ac,eb,4
78 140 DATA 22,05,ac,3e,cd,3s to reserve the file buffers at the start of t
he program, so that they are always available and BASIC does not have to wa
ste time garbage collecting each time a file is opened. To do this, just i
nsert the following commands at the start of a program SYMBOL AFTER 256O
PENOUT"d"SYMBOL AFTER 240CLOSEOUT After opening out a dummy file, w
e reinstate the user definable characters, which lowers the level of
HIMEM, trapping the file buffer above it, so that w 1 REM RSX strings by
Dominic Wise, Amstrad Action 53, 464 only 2 REM Allows all string expressions
to be passed to RSXs and CALL statements 10 MODE 2 20 INPUT"Assemble to &BE
C0",a$IF UPPER$(a$)"Y" THEN st&BEC0GOTO 40 30 INPUT"Assembly address",a$stVAL(
a$)IF stHIMEM them MEMORY st-1 40 FOR n0 TO 6t0 50 FOR m0 TO 8READ a$xVAL("&
"+a$)tt+xPOKE st+d,xdd+1NEXT 60 READ a$IF VAL("&"+a$)t THEN NEXT ELSE PRINT"Er
ror in line"10*n+90STOP 70 FOR n0 TO 2POKE st+26+n,PEEK(&Ahen the CLOSEOUT
command arrives BASIC is unable to return the file buffer to normal use.
If the program has a SYMBOL AFTER statement in it already, then you can pu
t the OPENOUT and CLOSEOUT around that. The same method works on the 6
64/6128, and if a program needs file access, it doesn't do any harm to reser
ve the buffer in readiness. Another bug on the 464 relates to loading b
inary files. If you haven't reserved a file buffer as described and load
a binary fiC04+n)NEXT 80 CALL st+39,stCLSPRINT"RSX strings utility installed
at &"HEX$(st,4)"." 90 DATA 7b,fe,0d,20,14,e1,d1,d5,e5,526 100 DATA 21,3b,01,1
9,20,0a,3e,02,32,112 110 DATA c1,b0,e1,2a,c2,b0,37,5f,c9,54d 120 DATA c9,c9,21
,9c,b0,22,9a,b0,b7,522 130 DATA 08,d9,c9,3e,c3,32,04,ac,eb,478 140 DATA 22,05,
ac,3e,cd,32,ac,b9,11,386 150 DATA 1d,00,19,22,ad,b9,c9,00,00,287 and dd+1NEXT
60 READ a$IF VAL("&"+a$)t THEN NEXT ELSE PRINT"Error in line"10*n+90STOP 70
FOR n0 TO 2POKE st+26+n,PEEK(&A N,j)NEXTNEXT 740 CLOSEOUTRETURN -1CLOSEOUT
20 mwords300mlinks20nwords0 30 DIM w$(mwords),lk(mwords,mlinks),tempw$(1word,i)
RETURN 600 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file$"" THEN file$"VOCAB" 610 OPENIN file$INPUT#9
,nwords 620 FOR i0 TO nwordsINPUT#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 630 FOR j1 TO lk(i,0)INPUT#9
,lk(i,j)NEXTNEXT 640 CLOSEINRETURN 700 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file$"" THEN file$"VO
CAB" 710 OPENOUT file$WRITE#9,nwords 720 FOR i0 TO nwordsWRITE#9,w$(i),lk(i,0)
730 FOR j1 TO lk(i,0)WRITE#9,lk(ithem Article 12 - other MIDI messages, and
a program to play a tune Article 13 - how to adapt 6128 programs for the 464,
with an RSX to help Article 14 - commands added in BASIC 1.1, and what to do
with most of them Article 15 - bugs in 464 BASIC, and how to deal with them
Other files on both sides of the disc DISC.BASruns the Loom hypertext viewe
r HELP.TXTthe help text for Loom LINKBASE.TXTthe linkage data for Loom LOOM.B
INthe Loom program MESSAGES.TXTthe message texts for Loom#Programmers' Patch 16
- WACCI 125, Oct 1998, p. 22-24 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 16 By Hilary Phillip
s In your more idle and lonely moments you may have wanted to hold
a conversation with your computer. Much of the time, however, it wil
l simply respond to your remarks with "Syntax error". For a more
stimulating exchange you could try one of the psychiatric interview
programs available in the PD library, but if you're anything like me you
get sic10 DEFINT a-zOPENOUT"d"MEMORY HIMEM-1CLOSEOUT 20 mwords300mlinks20nwo
rds0 30 DIM w$(mwords),lk(mwords,mlinks),tempw$(128) 40 LINE INPUT"",a$ 41 IF
UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*LOAD" THEN GOSUB 600GOTO 40 42 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*SA
VE" THEN GOSUB 700GOTO 40 50 wcount0GOSUB 300IF a$"" THEN GOSUB 100 60 GOSUB 2
00GOTO 40 100 WHILE INSTR(a$," ")0aINSTR(a$," ") 110 tempw$(wcount)LEFT$(a$,a-
1)a$MID$(a$,a+1) 120 wcountwcount+1GOSUB 300WEND 130 IF a$"" THEN tempw$(wcoun
t)a$wcount10 DEFINT a-zOPENOUT"d"MEMORY HIMEM-1CLOSEOUT 20 mwords300mlinks20nwo
rds0 30 DIM w$(mwords),lk(mwords,mlinks),tempw$(128) 40 LINE INPUT"",a$ 50 wc
ount0GOSUB 300IF a$"" THEN GOSUB 100 60 GOSUB 200GOTO 40 100 WHILE INSTR(a$,"
")0aINSTR(a$," ") 110 tempw$(wcount)LEFT$(a$,a-1)a$MID$(a$,a+1) 120 wcountwcou
nt+1GOSUB 300WEND 130 IF a$"" THEN tempw$(wcount)a$wcountwcount+1 140 pword0FO
R i0 TO wcount-1word$tempw$(i) 150 cwordnwordsWHILE cword0 AND word$w$(cword)cw
ordwcount+1 140 pword0FOR i0 TO wcount-1word$tempw$(i) 150 cwordnwordsWHILE cw
ord0 AND word$w$(cword)cwordcword-1WEND 160 IF cword0 THEN nwordsnwords+1w$(nwo
rds)word$cwordnwords 170 GOSUB 400pwordcwordNEXT 180 cword0GOSUB 400 190 RETU
RN 200 pword0GOSUB 500 210 WHILE pword0PRINT w$(pword)" "GOSUB 500WEND 220 PR
INT CHR$(8)"."PRINT 230 RETURN 300 WHILE LEFT$(a$,1)" "a$MID$(a$,2)WENDRETURN
400 jlk(pword,0)x1 410 WHILE j0 AND cwordlk(pword,x)jj-1xx+1 420cword-1WEND
160 IF cword0 THEN nwordsnwords+1w$(nwords)word$cwordnwords 170 GOSUB 400pwordc
wordNEXT 180 cword0GOSUB 400 190 RETURN 200 pword0GOSUB 500 210 WHILE pword0
PRINT w$(pword)" "GOSUB 500WEND 220 PRINT CHR$(8)"."PRINT 230 RETURN 300 WHIL
E LEFT$(a$,1)" "a$MID$(a$,2)WENDRETURN 400 jlk(pword,0)x1 410 WHILE j0 AND cwo
rdlk(pword,x)jj-1xx+1 420 WENDIF j0 THEN 440 430 lk(pword,0)lk(pword,0)+1lk(pw
ord,x)cword 440 RETURN 500 iINT(RND*lk(pword,0)+1) 51 WENDIF j0 THEN 440 430
lk(pword,0)lk(pword,0)+1lk(pword,x)cword 440 RETURN 500 iINT(RND*lk(pword,0)+
1) 510 pwordlk(pword,i)RETURN 600 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file$"" THEN file$"VOCAB"
610 OPENIN file$INPUT#9,nwords 620 FOR i0 TO nwordsINPUT#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 630
FOR j1 TO lk(i,0)INPUT#9,lk(i,j)NEXTNEXT 640 CLOSEINRETURN 700 file$MID$(a$,7)
IF file$"" THEN file$"VOCAB" 710 OPENOUT file$WRITE#9,nwords 720 FOR i0 TO nwo
rdsWRITE#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 730 FOR j1 TO lk(i,0)WRITE#9,lk(i0 pwordlk(pword,i)RET
URN RY HIMEM-1CLOSEOUT 20 mwords300mlinks20nwords0 30 DIM w$(mwords),lk(mword
s,mlinks),tempw$(1SUB 400 190 RETURN 200 pword0GOSUB 500 210 WHILE pword0PRIN
T w$(pword)" "GOSUB 500WEND 220 PRINT CHR$(8)"."PRINT 230 RETURN 300 WHILE LE
FT$(a$,1)" "a$MID$(a$,2)WENDRETURN 400 jlk(pword,0)x1 410 WHILE j0 AND cwordlk
(pword,x)jj-1xx+1 420 WENDIF j0 THEN 440 430 lk(pword,0)lk(pword,0)+1lk(pword,
x)cword 440 RETURN 500 iINT(RND*lk(pword,0)+1) 51 N(a,1) lk(a,2) ---------
---------------------------- 0 2 1 7 1 I 1
2 2 am 1 3 3 bored 2 4 0 4 with 1
5 5 this 1 6 6 article 1 0 7 You 1 8
8 can't 1 9 9 be 1 3 All the words apart from 0
and 3 can only be followed by one other. Word 0, the "start of sentence" w
ord, can be followed by two words, 1 and 7 ("I" and "You"). Word 3,igur
e 2. HISTORY LESSON "AI" (or "Artificial Intelligence") was originally
written by a friend of Matthew's for the BBC micro, adapted for use o
ver a network and then rewritten for the Amstrad by Matthew. Once when I w
anted to use it and we were unable to find the program it was rewritten
once again by Matthew dictating it to me. THE BASIC IDEA To use th
e program, you type in a sentence. The computer looks at the sentence a
nd stores the information a "bored" can be followed by 4 or 0 ("with" or the
"end of sentence" word.) IN MORE DETAIL Now that you have an idea of
how the data is stored in the arrays, let's look at the program in detail
. The first three lines set things up. 10 DEFINT a-z speeds up the compu
ter's "thought" processes. The rest of the line reserves a disc buffer,
as later we may want to develop the program further and be able to load
and save vocabulary. 20 sets limits on the number ofbout which words c
an follow which, and responds with a sentence based on this knowledge.
(Until you have taught it a few sentences it is unlikely to come out
with anything original.) For example Hilary I am bored with t
his article Computer I am bored with this article. (It only knows that
"I" can begin a sentence and that "I" can be followed by "am", "am" by "bo
red", "bored" by "with", "with" by "this", "this" by "article", and "artic
le" by th words the computer can store and the number of links in the li
nk array, and sets the number of words known to zero. 30 The arrays
are dimensioned accordingly and another array is set up to hold the senten
ce typed in by the user for analysis. 40 We wait for the user's input of a
$. 50 We GOSUB 300 which strips spaces from the front of a$. If anything
then remains in a$, we GOSUB 100, which analyses the sentence and stores
the information in the arrays. 6e end of the sentence) Hilary Y
ou can't be bored Computer I am bored. (It knows that "I" or "You" ca
n start a sentence and chooses "I", which has to be followed by "am" and
then "bored", but as "bored" can either finish a sentence or be followe
d by "with", it randomly opts for the former option.) And so the c
onversation continues... PROGRAM ANALYSIS How does it work, then
The arrays w$ and lk are used to store the information about word0 Whatever
the user typed, we then GOSUB 200, which prints up the computer's s
entence, and GOTO 40 to await the user's input again. SENTENCE ANALYSIS
The subroutine in lines 100-190 takes the user's sentence, held in a$, and
pulls it apart. 100 WHILE there are any spaces in a$, i.e. more than one
word, a is set to be the position of the first space. 110 The first wo
rd is put into the array tempw$ and taken out of a$. 120 The word count is
increased by 1 ans and word order. A word is stored in w$(a) and th
e "link" information about which word can follow it in lk(a,b). The firs
t number in the lk array, lk(a,0) gives the number of different words whic
h can follow word a the following numbers point to the words in w$ which ca
n follow word a. Word 0 is blank and represents the start or end of a sente
nce. The table shows the values in the arrays after learning the two sent
ences in our example a w$(a) lk(a,0) lkk of the invitation to "Tell
me about your computer." The program below saved on disc as AI1.BAS is a s
imple way of teaching your computer to communicate. It has no applications
that I am aware of, but it is quite entertaining to try out and you mig
ht learn more about using arrays if you can follow the explanation. The b
asic listing is in Figure 1, and it will gradually be improved and enhan
ced over the next article or two. An explanatory list of variables is in F
Number from 1 to lk(pword,0) using the expression iINT(RND*lk(
pword,0)+1). 510 We set pword to lk(pword,i), which points to a random w
ord linked to by the previous word, and RETURN to print up the word w$(pword
). THAT'S ALL FOLKS The only line which I haven't looked at for you
in detail is 300, which does the space-stripping. I think you should be ab
le to see how it works. ANY QUESTIONS Well, here are two simple ones a
nswered WHAT ABOUT PUNCTU lk. The number of links from word pword is
stored in lk(pword,0). In lines 400-440 we check through the links from
pword to see if cword is already listed there, and if it is not we add it o
n the end. 400 We set our counter j to the number of links from pword, l
k(pword,0). The variable x will be used for the second coordinate in the l
k array. 410 j counts down to zero to go through all the links. Starting
with x1 at the first link, we check whether cword is thd spaces are stri
pped from the front of a$ again. WEND takes us on to the next word, unti
l we have no spaces left in a$. 130 If there is anything left in a$
then it is also put into the array tempw$. Now we go through the arr
ay tempw$ looking to see if any of the words are already known (i.e. in w$)
. The variables cword and pword are used to point to the positions in t
he array w$ of the current word and previous word in the sentence respect
ively. 1at link, and if it is not we move on to the next link by incre
asing x. 420 WEND is reached either when j0 or when a match is found,
in which case j0 and we go to 440 which simply RETURNs us to the 1
00-190 subroutine as our analysis is finished for that word. 430 No ma
tch has been found, so we have to add a link for cword onto the end of the
list of links. We increase the number of links, lk(pword,0), by 1 and se
t lk(pword,x), which is the unallocated li40 We go through the words in tempw
$ one by one starting with tempw$(0), the first word in the sentence, and
finishing with tempw$(wcount-1), the last word in the sentence. word$ is se
t to contain the current word under consideration. 150 We go through
the array w$ backwards to make the loop simpler. Starting with the la
st word in the array, we try setting cword to that position in the array
and see if the word word$ matches the word w$(cword) stored in the arrank w
hich we reached when going through the WHILE-WEND loop, to be equal to cword
. TALKING BACK We have dealt with storing the information. How d
o we use it The subroutines in lines 200-230 and 500-510 produce the comp
uter's sentence. 200 To start the sentence, we set pword to 0 which points
to the "start of sentence" word in w$. GOSUBbing 500 fetches a random
ly selected word which can start a sentence, and sets pword to point to the
new word. 210 WHILE py. If not, we look at the previous word in w$. If
we find a match, cword will be pointing to our word in w$. 160 If we
have got back to the first word in w$ without a match, we add word$ onto
the end of the array, increasing nwords accordingly, and set cword to poi
nt to our new word in w$. 170 The next thing we do is to GOSUB 400 to
put in the link from the previous word in the sentence to the current word
. If we are on the first word of the sentence, pword hword0 we have not got
to the "end of sentence" word. We print up w$(pword) followed by a space,
and look for the next word by GOSUBbing 500. WEND is reached when pword0,
i.e. we have got to the end of the sentence. 220 We want to put a
full stop on the end of the sentence, so we move the cursor back one and pr
int a full stop over the last space. How do we decide on a word 500
We look at the number of links from pword, lk(pword,0) and set i to be a ra
ndom nas been set to 0 to point to the "start of sentence" word in w$.
After putting in the link we move onto the next word in tempw$. 1
80 Once we have reached the end of the words in tempw$ we have to put in a
link from the last word to the "end of sentence" word in w$, so cword is set
to 0 (pword is already pointing to the last word from tempw$) and we GOSU
B 400 again to put in the link. LINKING BITS The link from word pword
to word cword is stored in the array N mwordsmaximum number of words he
ld in w$ mlinksmaximum number of links in the lk array nwordscurrent tot
al number of words held in w$ wcountcounter for words in tempw$ word$tem
porary variable to hold the current word under analysis pwordpoints to the p
osition in w$ of previous word in the sentence cwordpoints to the position i
n w$ of current word in the sentence i, jcounter variables. xvariable us
ed in going through the links array idle and lonely momente done it all, so
we CLOSEOUT to finish with the file. Note that loading in vocabulary will
overwrite any existing vocabulary in the arrays. STILL TO COME N
ext month we will look at some more ways of improving the program. The ve
rsion here is very basic but should keep you busy for a month as long as you
don't have too many bored or lonely moments. Remember that this prog
ram and all the others from the series are available on the Progr
ammers' Patch d#Programmers' Patch 16 continued AN ENHANCEMENT I PREPARED EA
RLIER I mentioned earlier that we might want to be able to load and
save vocabulary. One way to do this while the program is running is to l
ook out for commands typed by the user which wouldn't be used in norm
al speech. If you add in the extra lines 41, 42 and 600-740 below this wil
l make the computer respond differently to sentences beginning with *LOAD
and *SAVE. This version is saved as AI2isc, PD 98, from Dave Stitson.
AN ENHANCEMENT I PREPARED EARLIER I mentioned earlier that we might want
to be ablary in the arrays. STILL TO COME Next month we will l
ook at some more ways of improving the program. The version here is very
basic but should keep you busy for a month as long as you don't have too ma
ny bored or lonely moments. Remember that this program and all the
others from the series are available on the Programmers' Patch d.BAS
on the disc. 41 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*LOAD" THEN GOSUB 600GOTO 40
42 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*SAVE" THEN GOSUB 700GOTO 40 600 file$MI
D$(a$,7)IF file$"" THEN file$"VOCAB" 610 OPENIN file$INPUT#9,nwords
620 FOR i0 TO nwordsINPUT#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 630 FOR j1 TO lk(i,0)INPUT#9,
lk(i,j)NEXTNEXT 640 CLOSEINRETURN 700 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file$"" TH
EN file$"VOCAB" 710 OPENOUT file$WRITE#9,nwords 720 FOR i0 TO nwor
dsWATION If you put a punctuation mark on the end of a word the compute
r won't realise that the punctuation is not a part of the word as there
is no space between the word and the punctuation mark. For example, it
will treat "however" and "however," as two different words. So if you
end your sentences with a full stop, the computer will end all of its sen
tences with two full stops. If you want to use punctuation then it may impr
ove the computer's grammar, but RITE#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 730 FOR j1 TO lk(i
,0)WRITE#9,lk(i,j)NEXTNEXT 740 CLOSEOUTRETURN Lines 600-640 deal wi
th loading in vocabulary and 700-740 with saving it. Let's look at the savi
ng routine. The loading routine works in exactly the same way, except th
at it uses INPUT#9 to input from disc instead of WRITE#9 to write to disc
. 700 We look to see if the user has typed a filename after *SAVE, e.g.
if they have typed *SAVE OurWords - in which case file$"you will need to inc
rease the word limit and take out the line in the program which prints up
the full stop. AND CAPITAL LETTERS The program treats a capitalise
d word differently from a non-capitalised one, e.g. it will think that "Y
ou" and "you" are different words. This was the only way we could se
e to make sure it capitalised things correctly. article continued...
. ------------------------------------------- Figure 2 TABLE OF
VARIABLES OurWords". If there is nothing following the *SAVE command we us
e the default filename VOCAB. 710 We OPENOUT the file named file$ for w
riting, and the first thing we WRITE is nwords, the number of words in the v
ocabulary. 720 Now for each word i, we WRITE w$(i) (the word itself) and l
k(i,0) (the number of links from word i). 730 Following this we WRITE
each lk(i,j) (all the links for the word i) in order, and then go back to 72
0 to do the NEXT word. 740 Now we hav Ne 20 we set the maximum number
of words to 300, and the maximum number of links from one word to anothe
r to be 20. If we need more than 20 links from any particular word to an
other, the program will go wrong. You are most likely to reach the limit of
twenty links by using more than 20 different words to start a sentence (rem
ember that the "word" w$(0) is used to link to words that start a sentence).
How can we deal with this problem It is really a matter of balancingil-
looking man, with a crooked nose and crooked thoughts. "Yo, ho, ho," shoute
d Ambrose the evil pirate as he copied another disc. What we did not menti
on last month is that the Programmers' Patch disc (WACCI PD 98) now has
a little utility on it called BSIDE. This is for those of you who have a
3.5" disc drive, but do not have a side switch. If you are in this situa
tion you will be well aware that with standard AMSDOS formats it is poss
ible only to use one side of up how the data is stored to make it as effici
ent as possible. On my machine there are just over 35,000 bytes free by t
he time we reach line 30 where the arrays are dimensioned. If we just inc
rease mlinks to forty instead of twenty, then for every word we store
we would be taking up an additional forty bytes, because each integer
variable takes two bytes to store. With mwords still set at 300, this
would mean another 12,000 bytes, just to cope with a ve the disc, so if yo
u want a disc copied from the WACCI library, you have to have the two sides
copied onto two separate 3.5" discs. Well, you used to have to do that!
BSIDE copies the other side of a 3.5" disc to a disc in your A drive from
where you can access it normally. Once you have a copy of BSIDE you will
be able to order copies from the WACCI library on single 3.5" discs. I d
o not know whether anyone is still in this situation, but if you are, it w
as written spry small number of words which would need more than twenty l
inks from them. We need a way of storing these extra links that doesn't
increase the storage requirements of the other words too. A LINKED
LIST OF LINKS Figure 1 provides a solution. Load up AI and type in the l
ines listed. Some of them are new lines, while others replace exist
ing lines. This new version, with a couple of adjustments explained late
r in the article, is saved on disc as Aecially for you! BSIDE is of course
saved on the A side of the Programmers' Patch disc... ARTIFICIAL IDIO
CY I hope you have all had fun with last month's program. I originally wrot
e it with a friend at sixth form, on an Acorn Archimedes computer (excellent
machine). The college had an Econet network connecting the BBC computers
together, and I also wrote a chat program which meant any message you
typed at your keyboard was displayed on the screen of anyone else who wI3.BA
S The solution is based on the idea of the "linked list". A linked li
st is an important type of data structure which is often used when
programmers need to store an undetermined quantity of data. The
idea is that when you have filled up one data storage area, you use
part of the storage to provide a pointer to where the next block of data
is located. In our case, instead of storing twenty links from word n in l
k(n,1) to lk(n,20), we uas using the chat program. We eventually took the
obvious step of linking AI up to the chat program. It could then take part
in the conversations that were going on, leading the ordinary users to
wonder why there was a complete idiot contributing from one of the network
stations! A GREMLIN IN THE WORKS If you have used last month's vers
ion of AI extensively, you will have come across a problem to do with th
e limits we set to the size of the arrays. In lin#Programmers' Patch 17
- WACCI 126, Nov/Dec 1998, p. 16-18 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 17 By Matthew Phi
llips The sun beat down on the wide desert plains of Mexico. Meanwhile,
on the open seas of the Indian ocean the rain poured down on a ship laden
with rice pudding. From the mizen-mast the sodden remains of a black flag
hung limply. There was no sign of any crew on deck, but an eerie green li
ght shone through a porthole. Inside the cabin sat the captain. He was
an ev N look at a vocabulary I had saved to disc which had about two hundre
d words in it. The average length of a word was in fact as little as 5.1,
and the average number of links from a word was only 2! More importantly,
94% of the words had fewer than six links from them, and only two words
had more than fifteen. Doing a rough calculation shows that setting
mlinks to be 6 would mean that the storage required per word would be ar
ound 24 bytes on average. Contrast that is added. This checks to see wh
ether we have just used up the last-but-one space in the current block of
links. If xmlinks-1 then the next link will need to point to another du
mmy word for overflow storage. To do this we use the next free word pos
ition by increasing nwords by one. We then set lk(y,mlinks) to point
to this new dummy word. Do take a bit of time to get this idea straight.
It is a bizarre concept at first, because not all of our words from se t
he first nineteen for links to words, and then use lk(n,20) to point to
where the rest of the links can be found. We put a dummy word in the nex
t free space in w$, and use the link storage for that word to deal with the
overflow from word n. Subroutine 400 is the crucial one which searches
through the existing links from word "pword" to see if "cword" is already
among them. If not, cword is added to the links as a word that can fo
llow pword. The new su 1 to nwords will be used for storing actual word
s some will be dummy words used for storing extra links beyond the twen
ty allowed for one word. Of course, as well as storing the links we ne
ed to be able to retrieve them when creating random sentences. Line 505 is
added in order to adjust this routine. In line 500, i is set to a rand
om number from 1 to the number of links from that word. If i is greater t
han mlinks-1, then the link will be stored under a dumbroutine is listed in
full in Figure 2. In the old routine, line 410 looked through the li
nks by looking at lk(pword,x). This is great when all your links are sto
red together, but in our new arrangement, later links will not be stored
under pword, but under the dummy word. Thus in line 400 we set up a new var
iable, y, which will take us through the storage locations. Initially it is
set to pword, as before. Line 410 is much the same except that pwor
d has beenmy word, rather than the current word. In line 505 we move pword
on to point at the dummy word, and decrease i by mlinks-1. This is done
as many times as is needed to reach the dummy word where our random link is
located. The rest of the alterations are to make loading and saving of
vocabulary work correctly under the new system. OPTIMISATION Now t
hat we have overcome the limit imposed by mlinks, perhaps we ought to think
about what an appropriate value for mlin replaced by y. The big change is
the new line 415. This tests whether x is pointing at the last link in t
he block. This is no longer used for an ordinary link, but points to the d
ummy word where the rest of the links are to be found. So if xmlinks, we s
et y to be the position of the dummy word, which is pointed to by that
link, and put x back to 1. The rest of the loop works the same before,
and by the time we exit at line 420, we will either have found a liks mig
ht be. We only set mlinks to 20 because it was a good high number that wou
ld take a while to reach. A smaller value might allow us to store the data
more efficiently. We can work out the amount of space required per wor
d depending on the value of mlinks. The word itself uses 3 bytes for the
string descriptor block, plus as many bytes as the word is long. The space
occupied by the array of links is two times mlinks+1, as each integer need
s two bytes. I had ank to cword, in which case j0, or we will need to a
dd one. Variables x and y will still be pointing at the next free link, so
line 430 is altered slightly from the previous version to change pword to
y again, and the new link to cword is stored in lk(y,x). Note that
we still use pword at the start of line 430 to increase the count of
the number of links from pword, which is stored in lk(pword,0). One
further thing needs to be done, which is why line 435 N than the p
revious version, and most of the power of the fast Pentium processors
is wasted in running the sloppy code in the operating system and the incr
easingly bloated applications. BAG THE BUG Anyway, enough of that, and
back to our friendly Amstrads, trying to make conversation. If you are fe
eling really on the ball, have a go at this problem. While writing the a
rticle, I spotted a bug in the program, that can be cured by adding the fol
lowing two commands twcount+1 140 pword0FOR i0 TO wcount-1word$tempw$(i) 150 c
wordnwordsWHILE cword0 AND word$w$(cword)cwordcword-1WEND 160 IF cword0 THEN nw
ordsnwords+1w$(nwords)word$lk(nwords,0)0cwordnwords 170 GOSUB 400pwordcwordNEXT
180 cword0GOSUB 400 190 RETURN 200 pword0GOSUB 500 210 WHILE pword0PRINT w$
(pword)" "GOSUB 500WEND 220 PRINT CHR$(8)"."PRINT 230 RETURN 300 WHILE LEFT$(
a$,1)" "a$MID$(a$,2)WENDRETURN 400 jlk(pword,0)x1ypword 410 WHILE j0 AND cword
lk(y,o the end of line 435 w$(nwords)""lk(nwords,0)0 Can you work
out what the bug was, and give an example of how it might manifest itsel
f I'll give you a clue it has something to do with loading old vocab
ulary. The answer will be in next month's Programmers' Patch. -----
--------------------------------------------------------------------- Figu
re 1 New lines to add to the AI program 400 jlk(pword,0)x1ypword 410 W
HILE j0 AND cwordlk(y,x)jj-1xx+1 415 IF xmlinks THEN ylk(y,x)x1 420 WENDIF j0
THEN 440 430 lk(pword,0)lk(pword,0)+1lk(y,x)cword 435 IF xmlinks-1 THEN nwords
nwords+1lk(y,mlinks)nwordsw$(nwords)""lk(nwords,0)0 440 RETURN 500 iINT(RND*lk
(pword,0)+1) 505 WHILE imlinksi1+i-mlinkspwordlk(pword,mlinks)WEND 510 pwordlk
(pword,i)RETURN 600 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file$"" THEN file$"VOCAB" 610 OPENIN fil
e$INPUT#9,nwords 620 FOR i0 TO nwordsINPUT#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 630 jlk(i,0)yix1WHI
LE j0jjx)jj-1xx+1 415 IF xmlinks THEN ylk(y,x)x1 430 lk(pword,0)lk(pword
,0)+1lk(y,x)cword 435 IF xmlinks-1 THEN nwordsnwords+1lk(y,mlinks)nwords
505 WHILE imlinksi1+i-mlinkspwordlk(pword,mlinks)WEND 630 jlk(i,0)yix1WHILE
j0jj-1INPUT#9,lk(y,x)xx+1 635 IF xmlinks THEN INPUT#9,lk(y,x)ylk(y,x)x1
636 WENDNEXT 730 jlk(i,0)yix1WHILE j0jj-1WRITE#9,lk(y,x)xx+1 735 IF xml
inks THEN WRITE#9,lk(y,x)ylk(y,x)x1 736 WENDNEXT --with setting mlinks
to 20, which requires at least fifty bytes per word. By reducing mlink
s to 6 from 20 we can fit twice as many words in memory. Certainly mword
s could be set to something over a thousand. If you alter mlinks,
then vocabulary saved to disc when mlinks was a different value will
not load in correctly, so it is wise to choose a suitable value for mli
nks and stick to that. I will be using 6 in future examples, but you can e
asily alter i-------------------------------------------------------------------
----- Figure 2 The new subroutine at 400 400 jlk(pword,0)x1ypword
410 WHILE j0 AND cwordlk(y,x)jj-1xx+1 415 IF xmlinks THEN ylk(y,x)x1 4
20 WENDIF j0 THEN 440 430 lk(pword,0)lk(pword,0)+1lk(y,x)cword 435 IF xm
links-1 THEN nwordsnwords+1lk(y,mlinks)nwords 440 RETURN $tch 17 - WACCI 12
6 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH 17 By Matthew Phillips The sun beat down on t
he wide desertt to whatever you have selected. This sort of calculation,
optimising the method for storing your data, is often needed when programmi
ng machines with relatively little memory, like our Amstrads. It is also a
good habit to get into when programming more powerful machines. Sadly, mo
st commercial programs for Windows PCs tend to compete on the features the
y provide, rather than the speed at which they run. Newer versions have
more features, but often run more slowly 10 DEFINT a-zOPENOUT"d"MEMORY HIM
EM-1CLOSEOUT 20 mwords1000mlinks6nwords0 30 DIM w$(mwords),lk(mwords,mlinks),t
empw$(128) 40 LINE INPUT"",a$ 41 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*LOAD" THEN GOSUB 600G
OTO 40 42 IF UPPER$(LEFT$(a$,5))"*SAVE" THEN GOSUB 700GOTO 40 50 wcount0GOSUB
300IF a$"" THEN GOSUB 100 60 GOSUB 200GOTO 40 100 WHILE INSTR(a$," ")0aINSTR(a
$," ") 110 tempw$(wcount)LEFT$(a$,a-1)a$MID$(a$,a+1) 120 wcountwcount+1GOSUB 3
00WEND 130 IF a$"" THEN tempw$(wcount)a$wcount !N!!!!!!!!!word the function wi
ll always churn out the same number, but it is unpredictable in the sens
e that if you gave me a word I would not be able to guess whether the number
would be nearer 1 or 1000 without working the function out myself. MA
KING A HASH OF IT Line 800 is where the hash function comes in our example
program. It is quite complicated, but it needs to use a good spread of l
etters from all bits of the word. I just made it up yesterday, so th
ere is nothig for words. Every time we type a sentence in AI, it has to sea
rch to see whether we have used each word already in order to add the new wo
rds and create links between them and the existing ones. In the original AI
program, the searching accounted for most of the time taken processing
the user's sentences. The binary tree system that we developed last mo
nth improved the speed considerably by storing all of the words in alphabeti
cal order. This month's listing makes tng special about it, but it seem
s to work all right. The calculation is done in several stages, using the
ASC function all over the place to turn the letters of the word into
ASCII numbers. I am using the RIGHT$ function to get letters from differen
t bits of the word. The important feature of the calculation is that c en
ds up smaller than 32768. This is because the last thing we do is set cword
to c MOD mwords, and if c was bigger than 32767 the MOD would not cope.he s
earching even faster by storing the words in a totally random order. Yes,
it does sound ridiculous. Let me explain... NUMBER CRUNCHING The
concept we will be exploring this month is known as the hash table. The i
dea is that when we store a word in the array we use a "hash functi
on" which gives us a number based on the word. We use this magic number
to tell us where to store the word in the array. For example, we could hav
e a hash function which jus The MOD command makes numbers "wrap round".
If you do a number MOD 20, it essentially subtracts 20 from the number repe
atedly until the result is a number from 0 to 19. Remember that mwords i
s the number of elements in the array, dimensioned in line 30. This means t
hat cword can end up to be any number between 0 and mwords-1. So, line
800 calculates cword from the word in the variable word$. If we are stori
ng a new word, it tells us where to put it in the array, at looked at the firs
t letter in the word. If it was "A" the function would return 1, and so on
up to "Z" which would turn into 26. If you wanted to store the word
"Frog", you would put it in slot 6, and the word "Kermit" would go in slot
11. There are several problems with this hash function. For one thing
, if we wanted to store more than 26 words, we could have a big arra
y of a thousand, say, but it is hard to adapt the function to give us b
igger nund if we are looking to see where an existing word is, it t
ells us where to look. AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL We still have the probl
em of collisions, when two words get sent to the same slot. Of course, a
s our array is big (line 20 sets mwords to 1009), there is plenty of space
to store words. Even so, you might be surprised how quickly the collisions
occur. You may have heard of the "birthday paradox". If you have 23 peo
ple in a room, it is more often than notmbers. You will also get a lot of w
ords ending up in the same positions as each other (known as a "collision
" in computing theory). Moreover, there will be some slots which will larg
ely go unused - the ones for words beginning with Q, X and Z. This is waste
ful of array space. What we actually want is a function which appears to g
enerate numbers from the words we give it in a random and unpredictable way.
Of course it will not really be unpredictable as given a particular -1IN
PUT#9,lk(y,x)xx+1 635 IF xmlinks THEN INPUT#9,lk(y,x)ylk(y,x)x1 636 WENDNEXT
640 CLOSEINRETURN 700 file$MID$(a$,7)IF file$"" THEN file$"VOCAB" 710 OPENOUT
file$WRITE#9,nwords 720 FOR i0 TO nwordsWRITE#9,w$(i),lk(i,0) 730 jlk(i,0)yix1
WHILE j0jj-1WRITE#9,lk(y,x)xx+1 735 IF xmlinks THEN WRITE#9,lk(y,x)ylk(y,x)x1
736 WENDNEXT 740 CLOSEOUTRETURN $$ENOUT"d"MEMORY HIMEM-1CLOSEOUT 20 mwords100
0mlinks6nwords0 30 DIM w$(mwords),lk(mwords,mlinks),tempw$(1 "N"""""""""ely to
join them. We end up searching through the whole array one by one, like
the original AI did. What I have done instead of moving on one slot, i
s to move a number of slots based on part of the hash function. Line 810 is
where this happens. The loop in the line repeats while the word in the arr
ay w$ is not word$, the one we are looking for, and is not empty either
. We then move on cword by b, which is part of the hash function from l
ine 800, and look agai array in a random way. The new line 435 moves on
a certain amount, j, until a blank entry is found. To protect the positi
on from being used for a word later, we change w$(x) to a space. That is
also why line 31 is added. With loading and saving, lines 620 and 720 ha
ve changed, and line 625 has gone. The lines from 800 onwards have all chan
ged of course. Hash tables can be faster than binary trees, and in
our example the program is shorter too. Hash tables n. The MOD mwords par
t is to make it wrap round to the start of the array again if necessary.
If two words give the same value of cword, it doesn't mean that b will be
the same for each one, so very often we will avoid a double collision like
this. WHY 1009 You may be wondering why I have increased the size
of the array to 1009. The reason is that some aspects of hash tables wor
k a lot better if the size of the hash table is a prime number. If you star
t at any the case that two of them will share a birthday. It is all a
matter of probability. Exactly the same applies to our words in the array,
but instead of 365 days for birthdays, we have 1009 slots for words. Th
e probabilities mean that we will only need 38 words for there to be a g
reater than even chance that two will generate the same value of cword and
be sent to the same position in the array. How can we deal with these col
lisions One approach is to put the wordposition in the table and move a cer
tain fixed amount, wrapping round using MOD, then you will eventually visit
all the elements of the table. This will not work if the size of the ta
ble is not prime. THE GORY DETAILS I had better briefly mention the o
ther changes in the program. Most of the lines are the same as last mont
h, so I have asked John to print an asterisk by all the ones which have
changed. Note that line 625 has gone completely. The listing is in th
e next free slot instead. Suppose "Kermit" generates a hash value of 543
, and we look in the array and find "Frog" is already there. We then move
on the space 544, and if it is free, put "Kermit" in there. If we then
needed to search for Kermit in the future, we would calculate the hash v
alue, 543, and find Frog there. We would then look at the next space i
nstead, and find Kermit. Of course, if you looked in space 543 and found it
empty, then you wouldsaved on disc for you as AI5.BAS, without asterisks
! A few lines near the start have changed to set things up differentl
y. Lines 43 and 44 add two new commands which show the progress of the has
h table. Typing "*showhash" will list all the words in the table, showing
their position and the number of following links they have. Typing
"*hashgraph" gives a graphical representation of the has table, and if you
do this from time to time as you type more sente know that Kermit would not
be found in the array at all, because it would have been put there if the
space was free. If Frog is in 543 and there is nothing in 544, again we kn
ow that Kermit is not in the array because it would have been put in 544.
This method is called "linear probing", but it isn't actually a very good
method. The problem is that once you get a group of words in a row, they
cluster together, and once you get a cluster, other words are even more
liknces in, you will see how the hash table fills up. Line 160 is whe
re we deal with adding a new word, and is much simpler than the binary tree
version, because the subroutine at 800 basically either tells us where th
e word is already, or where to put it. The other important alterati
on is line 435. Here we are putting in the dummy links explained in issue
126. In the old version, we just used the next space in the array, but we
are now using the spaces in the #N######### LISTEX $$$ 20 FOR x1 TO 5 30
READ name$(x)GOSUB 140 40 NEXT 50 PRINT" x name$(x)"TAB(15)"nextname(x)" 60
FOR x0 TO 5 70 PRINT xname$(x)TAB(14)nextname(x) 80 NEXT 90 PRINTPRINT"In ord
er" 100 x0WHILE nextname(x)0 110 xnextname(x)PRINT name$(x) 120 WENDEND 130
DATA Egbert,Alfred,Charlie,Bertrand,Desmond 140 REM insert into list 150 ynext
name(0)py0 160 WHILE y0 AND name$(y)name$(x) 170 pyyynextname(y) 180 WEND 19
0 nextname(py)xnextname(x)y 200 RETURN d nword F ('d t(," ") t(," ")ntem
p( wcoun)u(, )(, )"x wcoun wcoun , "" temp( wcoun) wcoun wcoun pwor wcounwo
rtemp( ) ( cwor)"" nword nword( cwor)wor l( cwor,) pwor cwor cwor pwor .
pwor ( pwor)fil(,) fil"" fil"VOCAB" fil#, nword8 mword#,( ), l( ,) l( ,)
#, l( , ) I mlink #, l( , ) l( , ) (y(wor,))(y(wor,)) (y(wor,))(wor
) ( )( ) cwor mwordc* ( cwor)wor ( cwor)"" cwo" " ()"."(, u(,)" "(,)0
l( pwor,) pworA cwor l( , ) 4 mlink l( , ) D l( pwor,) l( pwor
,) l( , ) cwor mlink nword nword (( cwor)" ") ( cwor ) mword ( )"" ( )
mword l( , mlink) r( cwor ) mword ()P mword ( )"" ""( )"" l( ,)l ,, X,
,, , ,, 2 X,,d( X) ,,S mword ( )"" X,,d( X) ,, ,0 DIM w$(mwords
-1),lk(mwords-1,mlinks),temp)(wor) ( )( ) cwor mwordc* ( cwor)wor ( cwor
)"" cwo l( ,)( )" "$ (E l( pwor,))P mlink mlink pwor l( pwor, mlink)$ pwor l
( pwor, )5Xfil(,) fil"" fil"VOCAB"b fil£#, nword8l mword£#,( ), l( ,)v l(
,) £#, l( , ) I mlink £#, l( , ) l( , ) 5do not work so well when
they are full though, so you may find things clogging up if you spend t
oo long talking to your computer. I have included a PRINT CHR$(7) in line 8
10, so it will beep every time there is a collision. When you have been ta
lking for a while you will get a lot more beeps. That's all until next
month, when you will be asked to dust off your CP/M system discs (cue soun
d effects of Richard Fairhurst gnashing his teeth). See you then. nction c
ome10 DIM name$(5),nextname(5) 20 FOR x1 TO 5 30 READ name$(x)GOSUB 140 40 NE
XT 50 PRINT" x name$(x)"TAB(15)"nextname(x)" 60 FOR x0 TO 5 70 PRINT xname$(x
)TAB(14)nextname(x) 80 NEXT 90 PRINTPRINT"In order" 100 x0WHILE nextname(x)0
110 xnextname(x)PRINT name$(x) 120 WENDEND 130 DATA Egbert,Alfred,Charlie,Ber
trand,Desmond 140 REM insert into list 150 ynextname(0)py0 160 WHILE y0 AND n
ame$(y)name$(x) 170 pyyynextname(y) 180 WEND 190 nextname(py)xnextname(x)y 2
00 RETURN AI5 BASp bmword ( )"" X,,d( X) a-z"d" B* mword mlink nwordB
( mword), l( mword, mlink),temp()()" "# ( £"",+) (u(,))"*LOAD" X (+* (u(,))"*
SAVE" (/+ (u(,))"*SHOWHASH" (1, (u(, ))"*HASHGRAPH" ((2 wcoun , "" $N$
$$$$$$$$#Programmers' Patch 21 - WACCI 130, May/June 1999 PROGRAMMERS' PATCH
21 By Matthew Phillips I said you would have to dust off your CP/M
system discs this time. We are going to look at Logo, that neglected l
anguage that every CPC disc drive user has access to. You may have met Lo
go through turtle graphics and never realised that it is a reasonably
complete and powerful programming language. The Amstrad version is ve
ry slow, but it's still worth explolines form blocks of instructions
which are associated with the previous line. You must also type the comm
ands in lower case letters. TYPE-IN CORNER To enter the program, just
type all the lines, pressing ENTER at the end of each one. While you
are in the middle of typing a procedure definition, the prompt will c
hange to a greater-than sign. Some of the program lines are wider than t
he screen. Logo will display an exclamation mark when you wrap rounring.
First you will need to make a working copy of the relevant side of your
system discs. For 464 and 664 users this is side 2 of the CP/M 2.2 disc.
6128 users should use side 3 of their system discs. You can also try this
out on a PCW if you have one. On the 464 and 664, you then insert the
copy and type CPM. Logo will run automatically. 6128 users will need to st
art CP/M+ from side 1 of your system discs and then insert your Logo dis
c and type "submit logod to the left of the screen. Just ignore this. If
you need to edit the procedure called "parse" later, just enter ed "pars
e and you will be put into an editing screen. Press COPY to save t
he changes, or ESC to get out without altering anything. If you use a 464 o
r 664 you will find that the procedure will have been joined up in one long
line, which works just the same way, but is rather harder to read. On the
6128 the formatting is preserved. The Logo pr3". That's what it sa
ys in your manual, so I hope it works. Once Logo has started, you wil
l be faced with a question mark prompt, which is Logo's way of saying "W
hat do you want me to do" LOGO SCRIPT Because you will probably not h
ave seen much Logo before, I had better explain a bit about what the prog
ram is meant to look like, and how you type it in. Unlike BASIC, there
are no line numbers. BASIC is in fact unusual in using line numbers, whic
h are ovided with CP/M 2.2 for the 464 and 664 is a cut-down version design
ed to fit into the smaller memory of these machines. As a result, two com
mands I have used are not available on this version. Fortunately we can a
dd them very easily, so 464 and 664 users will also need to type in the de
finitions of "thing" and "memberp" from the separate listing. Once it is a
ll typed in, you can save it by typing save "anyname and then run
the program by entering the single conly really used for the GOTO and GOSU
B commands. Other languages give subroutines names, and call them funct
ions or procedures. The first line is "to ai". This defines a new procedu
re or command, which is to be called "ai". The lines up to "end" are th
e definition of the procedure. It works the same way as a subroutine, but
instead of typing GOSUB 100 to call it, we just type ai. This particular
routine refers to two others, parse and speak, which we define latommand "ai
". If all is well, you will be able to type sentences and the computer
will respond with random gibberish based on what you have typed. Logo's err
or messages are usually very helpful, so you will be able to correct any mis
takes with the ed command as described above. The two listings are sa
ved on this disc as AI6.LOG and 64KBITS.LOG. Copy them to your working d
isc, start Logo, and load the main program by typing load "ai6 and pressin
g return. If you arer. It also calls itself, in the last line before the
end. This means the program goes round and round until we press escape.
All of those double quote signs at the start, but not the end, of words
are actually correct. Try to get the spacing the same as it is printed
there are no spaces between the quotes or colons and the following word.
It is important to type the spaces at the starts of the lines. This is
so that Logo recognizes that the indented %N%%%%%%%%% to be the first
word in the sentence "list". The next line increases pointer. Note how
we are using the name preceded by double quotes to tell "make" the name
of the variable, and the name preceded by a colon to use the value of the
variable. The next line sets x to the the next word in the sentence. Th
e "if" statement and the next line are crucial. Ignore the "if" line for
the moment. The next line is creating the link that will lead us from the
word in w to thee count command needs to look at the value of userinput
to see how many words there are, so the name is preceded by a colon.
PUNCTUATION EXERCISE The difference between the double quotes and the colon
is very important. Start up Logo and type the following lines make
"fred "albert pr fred The word "albert" will be printed up, becaus
e that is the value of the variable "fred". Next try these two ma
ke fred "george pr albert Notice using CP/M 2.2, you will need t
o load 64KBITS as well. SHORTLISTING The AI program is much shorter wh
en written in Logo compared to the BASIC version. This is because Logo wo
rks in a completely different way. It was derived from the language LIS
P, which was developed for artificial intelligence processes. LISP stands
for LISt Processing. Whereas BASIC uses numbers, strings and arrays, LIS
P and Logo use a form of data called the list. Everything in the lae that
the word "fred" had a colon in front this time. This time the word "george"
is printed up. Somehow the "albert" variable has acquired the value "geo
rge". Remember that the make command needs to be told the name of the var
iable to set. Instead of "fred we put fred, so the value of fred, which is
"albert", was used as the name of the variable to set. This is something
which you just cannot do in BASIC, and we will be using it to full effect.
PARSE THE MUSTARD nguage, even the procedures and programs we define a
re formed from lists. This means that really advanced programs can rewri
te themselves while they are running! Look at the first procedure we defi
ne, "to ai". The first line of this has Logo's equivalent of the INPUT co
mmand. The "rl" command reads a line of input from the user. The make com
mand is followed by a variable name and then the value to be taken by the
variable. If the value to be taken is a command, th Let us look at parse
now, which analyses the sentence and records the links between words.
The first line of parse sets the "list" variable to a new value. The "se"
command forms a sentence, a list of words, from the values you give it. T
he command and parameters are all within round brackets so that se know
s where to stop. We give it "TheStart", the value of "userinput" and "TheEn
d", effectively adding these two words to each end of our original senten
ce. Wee result of that command is used as the value. Hence the first lin
e takes a line of input from the user, and puts it in the userinput
variable. Actually rl stands for "read list". The stuff typed by t
he user is treated as a list of words. Logo is particularly good at man
ipulating these. The next line uses the "count" command which finds out
how many words there are in a list. (In BASIC we needed a couple of l
ines of program to do this.) If the use these dummy words to mark which
words can start and end sentences. After setting pointer to 1, we r
epeat a list of commands. The number after the repeat command shows how
many times we repeat them (in this case one less than the number of words i
n the list). The commands to execute follow in a list enclosed by square b
rackets. Inside the loop we set w to be the item of our sentence "list" p
ointed to by "pointer". As pointer starts out at 1, w will be set sentenc
e has at least one word, we run the "parse" function, which analyses the
sentence, remembering which words can follow which. Then we "speak", whi
ch prints up a computer-generated sentence, and then we loop round by exe
cuting the "ai" procedure again. The "userinput" variable has appeared twi
ce so far. When it was defined the name was preceded by double quotes. T
his is because it is the name of the variable that the "make" command needs.
In the other case, th &N&&&&&&&&& using the memberp command to see if th
e word x is not already in the list. HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT I will
leave studying the rest of the listing to you. The speak procedure builds
up a sentence in x, starting off with "TheStart". The addword routine
takes a random word out of those that can follow w. If it is not "TheEnd"
it is added it to the sentence and addword is called again. You will see h
ow various features of the Logo language have made it easier to ddword ma
ke "z thing w make "w item ((random count z) + 1) z if not (w "TheEnd)
make "x (se x w) addword end l if (count userinput)
0 parse userinput speak ai end to parse list make "lier pointer +
1 make "x item pointer list if not (memberp x thing w)
make w (se thing w x) end to speak make "w "TheStart
make "x if (count TheStart) 0 addword pr x end to awrite our AI p
rogram. We are all used to using BASIC, and it is quite a revelation to se
e just how different another programming language can be. In BASIC we ha
d to write our own routines for dividing the sentences up into words and li
nking those words together using pointers in arrays. In Logo a lot of this
work is done for us already. If you want to learn more about Logo, the
re was an excellent series in Computing with the Amstrad CPC from June
1987 to March to memberp bit list (local "pointer) make "pointer 1
repeat count list if item pointer list bit op "TRUE make
"pointer pointer + 1 op "FALSE end to thing variable op gprop v
ariable ".APV end 1988. The definitions of "thing" and "memberp" were
adapted from this. Details of all the Logo commands are in your compute
r manual (or the disc drive manual if you have a 464). If you are r
eally keen, write into Fair Comment and tell me, and I can do a few more ar
ticles. You may have spotted a problem with the program as it stands. If
the user types a sentence including words which we are using as variable
names, such as "list" and "pointer", strange word in x. Suppose w wa
s "This" and x was "is". The make command is setting w, which means it
is setting a variable called "This". Our variable names are actually det
ermined by the user's sentences! It is setting it to a sentence (list
of words) made up of "thing w" and "x". We know "x" is the word "is",
but what is the "thing" command doing The "thing" command gives us th
e value of the variable name we give it. If you type thing "va th
ings will happen. There is a better way to write the program using "
property lists", and I have included this on the Programmers' Patch disc.
It is saved as AI7.LOG ld have to dust off your CP/M system discs this tim
e. We ment and tell me, and I can do a few more articles. You may have s
potted a problem with the program as it stands. If the user types a sentenc
e including words which we are using as variable names, such as "list" a
nd "pointer", strange riable it has the same effect as variable and giv
es us the value of "variable". However we are asking for thing w, and w is
"This", so we get the value of the variable This. It is pretty weird,
isn't it The idea is that for each word the user types, we build up a l
ist of other words that can follow it, and store the list in the variable wh
ose name is that word. That is what the line following the "if" state
ment is doing. The "if" statement itself is just to ai make "userinput rl
if (count userinput) 0 parse speak ai end to parse make "lis
t (se "TheStart userinput "TheEnd) make "pointer 1 repeat ((count list) -
1) make "w item pointer list make "pointer pointer + 1
make "x item pointer list if not (memberp x thing w) make w
(se thing w x) end to speak make "w "TheStart make "x
if (count TheStart) 0 addword pr x end to a 'N'''''''''to ai m
ake "userinput rl if (count userinput) 0 parse speak ai end to
parse make "list (se "TheStart userinput "TheEnd) make "pointer 1 repe
at ((count list) - 1) make "w item pointer list make "pointer
pointer + 1 make "x item pointer list if not (memberp x gprop w "FOL
) pprop w "FOL (se gprop w "FOL x) end to speak
make "w "TheStart make "x if (count gprop "TheStart "FOL) 0 addwor
d pr x end to addword make "z gprop w "FOL make "w item ((random
count z) + 1) z if not (w "TheEnd) make "x (se x w) addword
end parse userinput speak ai end to parse list make "lie
r pointer + 1 make "x item pointer list if not (memberp x gprop w "F
OL) pprop w "FOL (se gprop w "FOL x) end to spe
ak make "w "TheStart make "x if (count gprop "TheStart "FOL) 0 addw
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