Microbac Anglais (UK) (128K) (Face B) (1988) (CPM) [EDUCATIF].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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000F70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
000F80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
000F90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001190: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001400: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
001410: 01 00 00 00 02 09 4E E5 01 00 41 02 00 00 00 02 ......N...A.....
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001950: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001AB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001AF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001B40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001B90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001BF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001C00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001C20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001C40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001C60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001C70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001C80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001C90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001CD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001CF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001D00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001D40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001D50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
001D60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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001D90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F1A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F7C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=179 CHEA=1 COD=11 MUSI=2 COP=1 GRA=56 WRIT=20 198=18 199=0 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
PRO=179 CHEA=1 COD=11 MUSI=2 COP=1 GRA=56 WRIT=20 198=18 199=0 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
EXTENDED CPC DSK File Win APE 32 1.0( NAFBGCHDIE NAFBGCHDIE NAFBGCHDIEBLAC
K1 TOT BLACK1 TOT !BLACK1 TOT"#$%&'()*+,-./01BLACK1 TOTA23456789BLACK1B TO1
BLACK1B TO25ABBLACK1C TO1CBLACK1C TO2EDEFGHIJKLBLACK1D TO1MBLACK1D TO2mNOPQRSTUV
WXYZINDIA1 TOTabcdefghijkINDIA1 TOTlmnopqrstuvwxyzINDIA1 TOTWINDIA1C TO1INDIA
1C TO2XINDIA1D TO1*Landmarks/History/- bondage/- subordination/- violence//Black
Culture/- slave culture/- black is beautifulFacts/- minorities/- black slaves/-
black Americans/- statisticsDocuments/Black Codes/S. Northrup/G. Fitzhugh/Negro
Spirituals/R. Ellison/Time 1986Tools/Dictionnary/People/QuitScksTa jt"*Landmark
s/History/- bondage/- subordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/-
black is beautifulFacts/- minorities/- black slavesINDIA1D TO21INTRO TOTLOADER
000£ROUT3 BIN /- black Americans/- statisticsDocuments/Black Codes/S. Northr
up/G. Fitzhugh/Negro Spirituals/R. Ellison/Time 1986Tools/Dictionnary/People/Qui
tScksTa jt"v'38g*nCF6O YEARS OF BONDAGE The
first slaves in the US were not black but white. They were "indentured servants"
who accepted to sell their lives for their passage to America. They were mostly
Englishmen, but there were already a few black people taken to America by Dutch
traders. After an average of a 7-year service, they were freed and could b
uy a piece of land of their own. In the late seventeenth century they became too
numerous for the quantity of free land so that planters (settlers who lived by
growing a single crop for export) turned to black slaves for life. Slaves remain
ed permanentely under the control of their masters. They could safely be denied
rights that the English, servant or free, could legally demand. They could be su
bjected to harsh punishments without recourse to the courts. They could be kept
unarmed, unorganized, helpess to resist. And the fact that they happened to be b
lack announced their probable status and made escape difficult. Slavery th
us became the dominant form of relationship between whites and other races and w
as recognized by law in every colony and later in every state. In the eight
een twenties the spread of Find the logical links between those statements
but / so / therefore / and / moreover / consequently - W*Landmark
s/History/- bondage/- subordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/-
black is beautifulFacts/- minorities/- black slaves/- black Americans/- statisti
csDocuments/Black Codes/S. Northrup/G. Fitzhugh/Negro Spirituals/R. Ellison/Time
1986Tools/Dictionnary/People/Print/QuitScksTa jt" NAFBGCHDIE the Cotton Kingdo
m to the Gulf States (Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana) reinforced the u
nity of the Southern states around "the peculiar institution" now as described "
a necessary evil". Moreover Slavery was a means of controlling an inferior race,
of maintaining the purity and supremacy of the white race and above all, it was
a viable and profitable labor system representing an enormous investment of Sou
thern capital. Yet, at that time, the first tensions appeared between North
and Sion was threatened by white resentment that burst out in violence the Ku
Klux Klan became an instrument of terrorism and, even officially disbanded in 18
69 and 1871, it went underground or emerged in similar organizations. Soon the U
S North and South engaged in the Subordination of freedmen. Therefore, white peo
ple of North and South were reconciled at the expanse of black people on account
of the "let-alone" philosophy, of "laisser-faire" and of states rights that vir
tually nullified the fourteeouth. In 1820 the Missouri compromise had limited th
e extension of slavery to the 36 degrees North parallel. In 1832 the first
quarrel over tariff threatened the Union. In the eighteen thirties too, the Sout
h faced its first slave rebellion (Nat Turner killed 60 whites) and the North wa
s shattered with abolitionist movements led by Garrison, the Tappans' brothers,
Th. Weld, and ex-slaves could at least bear witness to their ordeal Sojourner,
Truth, Lunsford Lane, Frederick Douglass, David Wanth and fifteenth amendments.
The end of the nineteenth century and the first years of the twentieth cent
ury were under the sign of racial segregation Jim Crow Laws led to a movement t
o disfranchisement for which various devices were used such as literacy and prop
erty qualification, understanding clauses (any person wishing to register should
be able to comment an article from the Constitution) or the Grand father clause
(any person wishing to register should prove that his grand father halker or Ha
rriet Tubman were speakers or writers of the abolitionist movement. For them, sl
avery was above all a moral issue. Therefore they relied, apart from a few extre
mists, to "moral-suasion" and asked emancipation to be "promptly commenced but g
radually accomplished". The South reaction galvanized the opposition as it devel
oped an organized pro-slavery argument defining slavery as "a positive good" and
based on theological, historical, social and even scientific or rather pseudo-s
cientific argumd the vote too). Any black resistance, especially from youn
g blacks not born under slavery, met with white antagonism taking the form of ly
nching and murder. But the majority of black people followed Booker T. Washingto
n who promoted the doctrine of work, thrift, self-help, sobriety and conforming
to segregation, as the ultimate purpose was achievement of economic success rath
er than the obtention of civil and political rights. For many blacks however, th
is doctrine expressed in the Atlanta Cents. In the eighteen fifties a new s
tep was taken as new territories North and South of 36 parallel asked their admi
ssion in the Union, but but the 1850 Compromise was not satisfactory. Through th
e Dred Scott Decision blacks were denied the US citizenship to crown it all Har
riet Beacher Stowe punished in 1852 a strong denounciation of slavery Uncle Tom
's Cabin. When the civil war started in 1861, blacks escaped in scores to j
oin the Union Army, in spite of former governmental ompromise (1895) was rather
a capitulation than a compromise. After the first world war and because of
labour shortage, several hundred thousand blacks had moved to Northern Industri
al centers where they were segregated in slums, and were the objects of race hat
red. But after the experience of war, most of them asked rights higher wages eq
ual protection under law, vote, holding of political offices. White terrorism in
creased in Washington and Detroit were black slums were raided. resistances
the war turned out to be a crusade against slavery when in February 1863, Eman
cipation was proclaimed. YEARS OF SUBORDINATION A
fter the civil war, the thirteenth Amendment freed the slaves in the US, the fou
rteenth granted them the US citizenship and the fifteenth gave them the franchis
e. But those important steps were not seriously enforced by a poorly equipp
ed president (Ulysses Grant) who let corruption invade government. Black reconst
ruct NAFBGCHDIE YEARS OF VIOLENCE The nineteen thir
ties were marked by a rise in expectations of American Blacks. Roosevelt made it
a national policy to forbid discrimination in employment and appointed many abl
e blacks to senior administrative positions where they would symbolize new oppor
tunities for their race and where they would assist their fellows. During t
he Second World War, the demand for labour provided new opportunities for blacks
and new episodes of racial violence b economic success is concerned, many succe
ssful Blacks face the problem of "tokenism" they are recruited by compagnies j
ust to show they are not absent, but they are not accepted as professional equal
s (without real opportunities). And yet unemployment is very important amon
g young Blacks. In education the problem is that of the defacto segregation as f
ar as whites have abandoned certain areas. Government has tried a policy of busi
ng the pupils to create a multiracial equilibrium but it is deurst on in Los Ang
eles, New York, Detroit where 30 people died after two days of guerilla fighting
. In the mid nineteen fifties, plans for desegregation, in schools first, w
ere started (1954 Brown vs board of Education of Topeca outlawed racial discrim
ination in public schools), and later desegregation was extended to interstate t
rade, public building, airports, bus, parks... Black action was of paramoun
t importance at that time with Martin Luther King started the non-violent resis
teply unsatisfactory and many whites have opposed it.
SLAVE CULTURE The slaves brought from Africa were the finest and the fi
ttest young men and women they brought with them cultural habits that had to be
adjusted by force both to the American system and, of course, to other tribes'
culture. This double adjustment was the first emergence of an Afro-american cult
ure. From Africa, black slaves have kept the tradition of an oral culture
(indeed educationance movement. In 1963, he led 250,000 persons on a march in f
ront of Lincoln memorial, Washington, where they listened to his speech "I have
a dream". And yet violence was rampant, Kennedy had tried to reach a new f
rontier carrying poors and non-whites with him he was murdered (November 1963)
his brother Robert, attorney general, had made himself the champion of outcasts
he was murdered (June 1968) Martin Luther King, the advocate of non-violence,
was murdered too in April 1968. was not permitted to them), mainly based o
n tales, proverbs, songs and especially dances (which were forbidden as pagan to
the Whites). The tales, for example had educational and social functions
they gave guidelines in fishing, hunting, farming or concerning the behaviour o
f animals but they also taught how to cope with racial relationships, they show
ed how to use cunning to overcome the strength of masters. One of the favo
urite heroes was "Bryan Rabbit" who triumphs over bigger a Already the North Bla
cks, rather than legal and political rights, asked equal social and economic opp
ortunities - the advocates of violent action gathered strenght with the Black Mu
slims, advocating black separatism, self-discipline and self-defence through voi
ces, like those of Malcom X or Elijah Muhammad. In 1966, was created the Bl
ack Panther Party organized on military lines by Elridge Cleaver and Stokely Car
michael. Riots exploded in black ghettos in 1965, in Watts (LA) in 1966, in Sou
tnimals through his cunning and cleverness such tales taught how to hide one's
hanger behind humility, how to laugh in the face of adversity and become crafty
enough to manipulate the masters. Proverbs also contained in a nutshell th
e same kind of morality and wisdom they reflected the experience of the plantat
ion, the codes of behaviour, the labour to perform, how to avoid punishment a.s.
o... Here are a few proverbs - "Don't say more with your mouth than you b
ack can stand". hside (Chicago) in 1967, in Atlanta, Detroit, Harlem (New
York). This radicalization of urban Blacks was accompanied by a new affirmation
of racial and cultural pride black power (Afro hairfashion, soul music, black s
tudies programs). In 1965 the Voting Rights Act enabled many Blacks to be electe
d in political offices. In 1979, 5,000 blacks were in office (50% in the So
uth) and such cities as Washington, Los Angeles, Detroid, Neward, Atlanta and Bi
rmingham had black mayors. As far as NAFBGCHDIE- "You've got eyes to see a
nd wisdom not to see". - "The overseer regulates the day break". - "
The sun shines in everyman's door, once". The use of African dialects and
of African names reinforced the sense of kinship among slaves. In some regions l
ike the Sea-Islands, black people spoke African dialects until the beginning of
the twentieth century. And the big plantations, with hundreds of slaves, often l
ived like African villages obeying to a medicine-man with strong powers overject
ed the Sambo image of the black man (acquiescent and submissive) to foster the R
ebel. In the nineteen eighties, ghetto life has raised new problems that a
ppear through songs like those of Stevie Wonder or Marvin Gaye. P
MINORITIES IN THE U.S. Hispanic O
riental Blacks Americans Americans Indians White
sPopulation 26,495,000 14,609,000 3,726,000 1,420,400 188,372,000Per
cent of the other Blacks (using charms, herbs...). One of the major influen
ces of the white American system was the Christianization of the slaves. The Whi
tes saw it as a justification of slavery and believed that, once baptized (and c
onvinced), the slaves could be more obedient. But they appropriated the religion
of the masters for their for own purpose the slaves indentified with the Jews
who had triumphed over the bondage of Pharao, they had an example of liberation.
This represents the doubletotalpopulation 11.7 6.5
1.5 0.6 79.7Age groups in % under 5 10.1
11.4 8.6 10.1 7.2 5-14 18.8 20.6
16.8 20.8 14.3 15-49 52 54
66 61.5 51.6 50-64 11.3 9.2 2.7
2.4 15.2 over 65 7.8 4.8 5.9
5.2 11.7% of each grouphaving finished meaning of all spirituals, both
work- songs and liberty-songs impersonating the intimate presence of God, very
similar to that of African religions. Spirituals were self-contained codes for s
laves - "The North star" would guide them to the North ( liberty). -
"The land of Canaan" Canada (where there was no slavery). - "Crossing the
river Jordan" Crossing the border of slave states. They were marks of a c
ultural resistance on the part of the slaves and this accounts for High scho
ol 32.5 27.2 24.7 31.3 38.8 College
1-3 years 13.6 15.3 17.2 16.5 15.54 or more ye
ars 8.8 7.8 32.9 7.7 18.5% of persons below
poverty level 34.2 26.5 13.1 27.5 11.1% of u
rbanpopulation 82 87.7 91.7 48.2 74.4
BLACK SLAVES Total Populatthe
high prestige of the slave preacher, both as mediator between the two societies,
and as leader of slave revolts. BLACK IS BEAUTIFULL
Between the two wars, the Jazz Age wanted to abolish traditional standard
s of conduct, and Jazz symbolically revealed this revival of sensuality, spontan
eity and intimacy. Black men like Marcus Garvey (Universal Negro Improvemen
t Association leader) initiated the strong desire of Blacks for self- identity,
racial pridion Black Population %End of theeigteenth century
4,000,000 750,000 20% 1850 23,
000,000 2,500,000 11%
600,000 (free) 6% 1860 30,000,000
900,000 South 12,000,000 4,000,
000White Population in the South (Total 12,000,000) - 3% we
re planters e wich also appeared in talented black literature led by Jame
s W. Johnson, Langston Hughes. Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald
transmitted their inherited black culture through Blues, Gospel Songs and Jazz.
Later on, a new wave of black writers portrayed the difficulties of blackn
ess in a white society Richard Wright Native Son (1940), Black Boy (1945
) Ralph Ellison Invisible Man (1952) James Baldwin Go Tell it on
the Mountains (1953) They re NAFBGCHDIE - 50% had less than five sla
ves - 12% had more than twenty slaves Yet, there were enormous
differences according to the states. More than 50% of Louisiana, Alabama, popul
ation consisted of Negro Slaves. P BLACK AMERICAN
S Total B L A C K Population popula
tion % South Illiteracy Urban1910 92,000,000 10,000,000
11% 90% 30% 27%1970 204,inner interne, profond
wear on somebody nerves porter
sur les nerfs, nerver FITZHUGH PROSLAVERY ARGUME
NT burden poids starve mourir de faim care soucis
stout solide, fort dooms-day jour du jugement dern
ier subject soumettre dwell insister wants manq
ues, besoins fate destin guardian parrain improvid000,000 22,600,000 1
1% 50% - 70%1980 224,000,000 26,400,000 12%Black
Urban Population In 1970 - Washington -------- 71%
- Newark ------------- 54% - Detroit ------------
44% In 1980 - East St Louis ------ 95%
- Washington --------- 70% - Detroit ------------ 63%
- Newark ------------- 60% - New Orleanent imprvoyan
t lunatic fou on the average en moyenne outwitted dpass mentalement prevent
empcher provide for fournir relieve soulager sabbath jour de repos
NEGRO SPIRITUALS gambler joueur,tricheur gospel vangile si
nner pcheur Time NATIVE SONS all the stuff tout
le reste seemingly apparemment breakdown rupture
unshrinkable qui ne diminue decade s -------- 55%
STATISTICS ABOUT BLACKS * AGE - 50% Blacks are under twent
y years old. WHITE BLACK
- Average age Men 27,6
20,6 Women 30 22 * Birth
Rate 20%. 32%. * Life Hope
71 67 * Poverty (in dcennie
pas de facto de fait unwed non
mari dropout tudiant qui abandonne ses tudes entrenched implante fermement fue
l alimenter hard-core dur high-school collge instill insuffler, inculquer Ji
m Crow Laws lois sgrgationnistes des annes 1890-1900 mainstream
mouvement gnral released publi Ralph Ellison
He was born in 1914 in Oklahoma, and 1983) 12%
36% * unemployment (in 1984) 6,5% 16% * averag
e incomeper per family 23.500$ 13.600$ R.ELL
ISON INVISIBLE MAN, PROLOGUE ache souffrir, brler d'envie anguish angoisse
mind esprit, me bump bousculer night
mare cauchemar complain se plaindre de occur se produire curse
jurer, mentir peculiar he is still alive. Invisible Man was h
is first novel for which he got a prize in 1952. It is not only the novel of a b
lack man, but this dimension is transcended by the challenge to be both Black an
d American. Throughout his novel he always links black culture and American cult
ure. His second book was published in 1964 Shadow and Act, where he specifi
cally develops the complex relationships between Black subculture and general cu
lture in America. This book is not a novel but a compilat particulier distortin
g dformant resentment haine ectoplasm ectoplasme
seldom rarement (zone visible mise parfois par sideshow attracti
on (cirque) un mdium en tat de transe) spook revenant flesh chair
strength force figment invention, cration s
trike frapper de l'imagination surroundings contour hau
nt hanter swear jurer, blasphmer NAFBGCHDIEion of e
ssays and interviews. George Fitzhugh He was b
orn in 1804 in Virginia. Although he descended from one of Virginia's oldest and
most prominent families, Fitzhugh himself was never prosperous. The agricultura
l decline of the eighteen twenties in Virginia, forced the sale of the family pl
antation. He was a self-taught man and becamed a lawyer. Later he became increas
ingly preoccupied with local concerns, especially slavery. The titles of the boo
ks and articluld remind those who deprecate and sympathise with negro slavery,
that this slavery here relieves him for a far more cruel slavery in Africa, a
nd from idolatry and cannibalism, and every brutal vice and crime that can dis
grace humanity and that is christianizes,25 protects, supports and civilizes him
that it governs him far better than free laborers at the North are governed.
The negro slaves of the South are the happiest, and, in some sense the f
reest people in the world. The chiles he published are eloquent enough to situat
e him among the harsher defenders of slavery and the key figures of the pro-slav
ery argument. 1851 Slavery Justified by a Southerner What s
hall be done with Free Negroes 1854 Sociology for the South or the Fai
lure of Free Society 1857 Cannibals All ! Or Slaves Without MastersUU8PH
You are going to read a text written by George Fitzhugh, published in 1857
in Virginia, and extradren and the aged and infirm work not at all, and yet ha
ve all the comforts and necessaries of life30 provided for them. They enjoy libe
rty, because they are oppressed neither by care nor labor. The women do little
hard work, and are protected from the despotism of their husbands by their ma
sters. The negro men and stout boys work on the average in good weather, not m
ore than nine hours a day. The balance of their time is spent in perfect35 aba
ndon. Besides they have their Sabbaths and holicted from a book called
Cannibals All ! or Slaves without Masters. TH
E PROSLAVERY ARGUMENT 1 He the Negro is but a grown up child, and must be go
verned as a child, not as a lunatic or criminal. The master occupies towards
him the place of parent or guardian. We shall not dwell on this view, for no
one will differ with us who thinks as we of the negro's 5 capacity, and we migh
argue till dooms-day in vain, with those who have a hightdays. White men, wi
th so much of license and liberty, would die of ennui but negroes luxuriate in
corporal and mental repose. With their faces upturned to the sun, they can sl
eep at any hour, and quiet sleep is the greatest of human enjoyments. "Blessed
be the man who invented sleep". 'Tis40 hapiness in itself -and results from con
tentment with the present, and confident assurance of the future.a2cy(Ph You a
re going to read three negro spirituals, they are songs sun opinion of the negro
's moral and intellectual capacity. Secondly, the negro is improvident wil
l not lay up in summer for the wants of winter will not accumulate in youth fo
r the exigencies of age. He would become a insufferable burden to society. Soc
iety has the10 right to prevent this, and can only do so by subjecting him to do
mestic slavery. In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white r
ace, and living in the midst, they would be far outstripped or outwitted in th
eg by the slaves mostly at work, or at the religious meetings held in the quarte
rs, or even in little groups at night. These songs are part of an oral tradition
and therefore cannot be relied because any negro singer simply created a new ve
rsion of the song. Some of these negro spirituals were collected by slaveholders
themselves in their Diaries or Memoirs, others were discovered after an enquiry
made in the nineteen thirties that is why you can find different versions of t
he same song. chaos or free competition. Gradual but certain extermination
would be their fate. We presume the maddest abolitionist15 does not think the n
egro's providence of habits and money-making capacity at all to compare to tho
se of the Whites. This defect of character would alone justify enslaving him,
if he is to remain here. In Africa or the West Indies, he would become idolatr
ous, savage and cannibal, or be devoured by savages and cannibals. At the Nort
h he20 would freeze or starve. We wo NAFBGCHDIE Go te
ll it on the mountain 1 When I was a sinner
I sinned both night and day I asked my L
ord to help me And he showed me the way 5
Chorus Go tell it on the mountain Over the hills
and everywhere Go tell it on the mountain
Where Jesus Christ is born Whenss heads
you see sometimes in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded
by mirrors of hard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see only my
surroundings, themselves, or figments of their imagination - indeed, everythi
ng and anything except me.10 Nor is my invisibility exactly a matter of bio-c
hemical accident to my epidermis. That invisibility to which I refer occurs be
cause of a peculiar disposition of the eyes of those with whom I come in conta
ct. A matter I was a gambler 10 I gambled both night a
nd day I asked my Lord to help me
And he showed me the way. Chorus Nobody
knows the trouble I've been 1 Chorus Nobody knows the trouble I've b
een Nobody knows but Jesus Nobo
dy knows the trouble I've been Glory Alleluia !
Chorus 5 of the construction of their inner eyes, those eye
s with which they look through their physical eyes upon reality. I am not15 co
mplaining, nor I am protesting either. It is sometimes advantageous to be unse
en, although it is most often rather wearing on the nerves. Then too, you're c
onstantly being bumped against by those of poor vision. Or again, you often do
ubt if you really exist. You wonder whether you aren't simply a phantom in oth
er people's minds. Say, a20 figure in a nightmare whi Sometimes I'm up,
sometimes I'm down Yes Lord !
Sometimes I'm almost to the ground Oh yes L
ord ! Chorus Deep river 1 Deep r
iver, Lord My home is over, How dared you want to g
o Join on me. To that gospel field Deep
river, Lord That promised land 5 I want toch the sle
eper tries with all his strenght to destroy. It's when you feel like this that
, out of resentment, you begin to bump people back. And, let me confess, you f
eel that way most of the time. You ache with the need to convince yourself tha
t you do exist in the real world, that you're part of all the sound and anguis
h,25 and you strike out with your fists, you curse and you swear to make them
recognize you. And, alas, it's seldom successful (...) One night I heard Louis
Armstrong inn cross over into 10 Where all is peace Cain's Gro
und Oh deep river my Lord
I want to cross over Into Cain's ground
I want to cross over 15 Into Cai
n's Ground.jk8PH You are going to read a text written by a black writer, Ralph
Ellison. It's part of the prologue to a novel called Invisible Man published in
1952. ocently asking "What did I do
To be so black30 And bl
ue "t4v Pp You are going to read an article from Time, december 7, 1986.
Richard Wright drew a complex portrait of disaffected young black men in th
e character of Bigger Thomas, the antihero of his controversial 1940 protest n
ovel Native son. Today there is a new generation of Bigger Thomas in the U.S,
In fact these are the very first lines of the novel. Do not forget this when yo
u read this passage. Ralph Ellison Invisible Man, PROLOGUE1
I am an invisible man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted Edgar Al
lan Poe nor am I one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am a man of substan
ce, of flesh and bone, fibre and liquids - and I might even be said to possess
a mind. I am invisible, understand, simply5 because people refuse to see me. L
ike the bodile NAFBGCHDIEthousands of Native Sons who can be hanging out on s
treet corners, talking tough, listenning to music boxes, dealing drugs, slippi
ng into lives of crime. A NEW GENERATION OF NATIVE SONS
Johnnie Deryl Scott, 23, is serving a life sentence for taking part in r
obbery of a Detroit car wash that resulted in the murder of the owner. He is
seeking a new trial, and hopes someday to be reunited with the daughter he fa
thered out of wedlock six years ago. ance to becoming murder15 victims, mor
e than six times greater than the population as a whole. While the national un
employment rate is 6,9% for black men it is 15%, for black teens it remains mo
re than 40%. Some 18% of black men drop out of high school. This hard-core seg
ment of the community, dominated by young men who are both the victim of broke
n families and preparators20 of new ones, has involved into entrenched subcultur
e, where poverty and despair and crime are recycled frome one gen"The young me
n I grew up with are dead, incarcerated or born-again Christians. A few...
got nice jobs. But a lot of black kids don't have that opportunity."
Darryl Swafford grew up in and around Gary, where thousands of blacks once ea
rned a living in the local steel mills. But economic stagnation has devasted B
ig Steel. Unemployed, Swafford has had to rely on the government for food stam
ps and rent. "I always had that goal, working in the mill. Have a home, a big
car. eration of the next. In the complex mix of forces that has led to th
e dilemma of young men, joblessness is perhaps the most central. A report rele
ased this month by the Census Bureau and the Conference Board finds that "a la
rge25 number of blacks are falling out of the mainstream of our economic life.
" In 1950 the unemployment rate for young blacks was one and half time greater
than that for young Whites. Now it is more than two times greater. Getti
ng a good job in America often But now there's no mill and I'm down. Just tryi
ng to make it, trying to survive." Danny Coleman, 24, has been out of
work since losing his job at a fast-food shop nearly a year ago. He lives with
his parents in Watts. He cannot provide for his young son, who lives with his mo
ther in a nearby town and is supported by welfare. "They treat you like a chil
d on those minimum-wage jobs. And there is no way you can make it on that kin
d of salary. It is just a dead end." depends on being part of cultu
re30 that instills ambition, provides examples of the work ethic and, not leas
t of all, offers personal connections to potential employers. But the migratio
n of successful blacks out of the ghetto has left it populated by the less ski
lled and the less hopeful. Most ghetto shops and small businesses are run by o
utsiders. Says Harriet Mc Adoo of35 Howard University's Department of Social Wor
k "Unlike kids in black communities in earlier years, where poor and n
A NEW GENERATION OF NATIVE SONS 1 Despite all the problems that have his
torically afflicted their community - from slavery to Jim Crow laws to de fact
o segregation -large numbers of blacks in recent decades have been able to wor
k their way into the broader economic and social life of the nation. Though th
e 5 poverty rate of blacks is 31%, compared with 11% for whites, many have bec
ome part of the growing black middle class, enjoying hard-won gains in civil r
ights politics ot-poor were in the same school together, kids today don't have
somebody moving up and out, somebody going to college, somebody as an example
. Drugs have produced an alternative economy that can provide high40 wages
and self-esteem to young men who cannot earn either in the mainstream. With th
e lack of role models in the ghetto, successful neighborhood drug dealers ofte
n become heroes to inner-city kids. Drugs also fuel much of the violence in
the inner city. For this generatiand wage equality. Yet a seemingly unshri
nkable segment of urban males - perhaps as much as 50% of young black males
in certain cities - still find themselves cut off from the American10 mainstream
. Unemployed and undereducated, they seem unable, and in some cases unwilling
to fit into the broader society. While black men account for only 6% of Ame
rica's population, they make up half its male prisoners. The leading cause of
death among young black men is murder they have a 1-in-21 ch N A F B G C H
D I Eon of street-corner men, violence has reached such45 a level of pervasivene
ss that it is accepted almost matter-of-factly. Young men are beaten and kille
d not only over money, girlfriends and drugs but often for saying the wrong th
ing or wearing the wrong type of clothes. Acts of brutality serve as way of pr
oving one's manhood, and the casual nature of the violence might reflect a gen
eral feeling that50 life is not worth much in the ghetto. The Native Son cr
isis is contributing to the brslavery and became the greates
t of all anti-slavery writers. - Harriet Tubman, escaped from
slavery in Maryland too, but returned 19 times to help sever
al hundreds slaves flee from their bondage.
SOLOMON NORTHRUP, 12 YEARS A SLAVE, 1853 When "in his cups," Master Epps wa
s a roystering, blustering, noisy fellow, whose chief delight was in dancing wit
h his "niggers", or lashing them about the yaeakdown of the family structure i
n the inner city, a trend that is seen as both a cause and an effect of the po
verty cycle. According to Census Bureau statistics, nearly two-thirds of all b
lack children are born to unwed mothers.55 Of the nation's 4.6 million black fam
ilies with children, 2.6 million are headed by a single woman - and in some gh
etto areas it is estimated to be close to 90% As a result, most inner-city bla
ck children never know the experience of having a father at home witrd with hi
s long whip, just for the pleasure of hearing them screech and scream, as the gr
eat welts were planted on their backs. When sober, he was silent, reserved and c
unning, not beating us indiscriminately, as in his drunken moments, but sending
the end of his rawhide to some tender spot of a lagging slave, with a sly dexter
ity peculiar to himself (...) The ground is prepared by throwing up beds or
ridges, with the plough-back-furrowing, it is called. During all these hoe
ing the overseh steady work who can instill the ambitions and habits that lead
to success.60 "It's like a pattern", says Sybil Lemon. "We're talking about
my mother, my auntie and two cousins." Each of them became pregnant in her t
eens, dropped out of shool, went on welfare. So did Sybil. She was 17 when she
met Jeffrey. "I was introduced to so many things through him." She recalls. "
like liquor and drugs and stuff". Today she lives65 with her mother in a suburb
of Chicago and supports her two-year-er or driver follows the slaves on horse-ba
ck with a whip, such as has been described. In fact, the lash is flying from mor
ning until night, the whole day long. In the latter part of August begins t
he cotton picking season. At this time each slave is presented with a sack. A st
rap is fastened to it, which goes over the neck, holding the mouth of the sack b
reast high, while the bottom reaches nearly to the ground. Each one is also pres
ented with a large basket that will hold about two barrels. Thold twins and an
infant on a monthly welfare check. She no longer sees Jeffrey, an unemployed
dropout. "I didn't love him", she says. "Why did I go with him " she asks. "W
hy not ". The persistence of the Native sons problem shows how difficult i
t is70 to find solutions. Neither the spending programs of the 1970s nor the m
odest sustained growth and laissez-faire attitude of the Reagan years have rev
ersed the decline.PP Solomon Northrup was among the slis is to put the cotto
m in when the sack is filled. The baskets are carried to the field and placed at
the beginning of the rows. When a new hand, one unaccustomed to the busine
ss, is sent for the first time into the field, he is whipped up smartly, and mad
e for that day to pick as fast as he can possibly. At night it is weighed, so th
at his capability in cotton picking is kown. He must bring in the same weight ea
ch night following. If it falls short, it is considered evidence that he has bee
n aves who managed to escape and reach the Northern states. There, he joined
the abolishionist movement and published an account of his life. Twelve
Years a slave in 1853 Most black leaders of the abolishionist movement were
ex-slaves. For example - Lunsford Lane, born a slave in
North Carolina, bought his freedom. - Fred
erick Douglass, escaped from slavery in Maryland, later publ
ished 2 books on NAFBGCHDIElaggard, and a greater or less number lashes is the
penalty. The softest couches in the world are not to be found in the log m
ansion of the slave. The one whereon I reclined year after year, was a plank twe
lve inches wide and ten feet long. My pillow was a stick of wood. The bedding wa
s a coarse blanket, and not a rag or shred beside. Moss might be used, were it n
ot that it directly breeds a swarm of fleas. The cabin is constructed of lo
gs, without floor or window. The latter is altogether nty stripes, at the discre
tion of any justice before whom he may be taken. * If any slave go upon the p
lantation, or enter the house or out house of any person, without permission in
writing from his master or overseer, or in the prosecution of his lawful busines
s, the owner or overseer of such plantation or houlseholder may give, or order s
uch slave to be given ten lashes on his bare back. * Riots, routs, unlawful a
ssemblies, trespasses, and seditious speeches by a slave, are punished by thunne
cessary, the crevices between the logs admitting sufficient light. In stormy wea
ther the rain drives through them, rendering it comfortless and extremely disagr
eeable. The rude door hands on great wooden hinges. In one end is constructed an
awkard fire-place. An hour before day light the horn is blown. Then the sl
aves arouse, prepare their breakfast, fill a gourd with water, in another deposi
t their dinner of cold bacon and corn cake, and hurry to the field again. It is
an offence invariablye direction of any justice before whom he may be carried, w
ith stripes not exceeding one hundred. * No slave can own property, and any p
roperty purchased or held by a slave, not claimed by the master or owner, must b
e sold by order of any justice of the peace one half the proceeds of the sale, a
fter the payment of costs and necessary expenses, to be paid to the informer, an
d the residue to the country treasure. * Runaway slaves may be apprehended by
any person, and carried before any justic followed by a flogging, to be found a
t the quarters after daybreak. Then the fears and labors of another day begin an
d until its close there is no such thing as rest. He fears he will be caught lag
ging through the day he fears to approach the gin-house with his basket-load of
cotton at night he fears when he lies down, that he will oversleep himself in th
e morning. Such is true, faithful, inexaggerate picture and description of the s
lave's daily life, during the time of cotton-picking, on the shoe of the peace,
who must either commit them to the country jail, or send them to the owner, if k
nown who must, for every slave so apprehended, pay the person apprehending him s
ix dollars, and all reasonable charges. Master and Slave * The state or cond
ition of negro or African slavery is established by law in this state conferring
on the master property in and the right to the time, labor and services of the
slave, and to enforce obedience on the part of the slave, to all his lawful comm
anres of Bayou Boeuf.(Px Alabama became a state in 1819, it was among the ne
w states of the Cotton Kingdom, and seceded during the Civil War. The Sl
ave Code you are going to read was adopted in 1852 to reinforce an existing
legislation dealing with slaves. The articles selected are representative of
the complete document. When you read it, notice the definition made of slav
ery, the way any movement made by slaves are regulated, the way masters ared
s. This authority he may delegate to another. * The master must threat his sl
ave with humanity, and must not inflict upon him any cruel punishment he must pr
ovide him with a sufficiency of healthy food and necessary clothing cause him to
be properly attended during sickness, and provide for his necessary wants in ol
d age. Offences against slaves * Any person who with malice aforethought cau
ses the death of a slave, by cruel whipping or beating, or by any inhuman treatm
ent, or by the "punished" when cruel to their slaves. If you want to re
ad about slavery from the slave's point of view, read Solomon Northrup's tex
t. BLACK CODES IN ALABAMA Slaves * No slave must go
beyond the limits of the plantation on which he resides, without a pass, or some
letter or token from his master or overseer, giving him authority to go and ret
urn from a certain place and if found violating this law, may be apprehended and
punished, not exceding twe NAFBGCHDIEuse of any weapon in its nature calculate
d to produce death, is guilty of murder in the first degree. * Any master, or
other person standing towards the slave in that relation, who inflicts, or allo
ws another to inflict on him any cruel punishment, or fails to provide him with
a sufficiency of healthy food, or necessary clothing, or to provide for him prop
erly in sickness or old age, or treats him in any other way with inhumanity, on
conviction thereof must be fined not less than twenty-five or moP "He wou
ld be far(...) outwitted in the chaos of free competition".7Ms"PP To "s
ympathize" with negro slavery means 1- to show enthusiasm for slavery
. 2- to deplore the existence of slavery.xA"Sympathize" is a false fri
end it means to show compassion.AExactly. You didn't get mixed up with the false
friend"sympathize". Congratulations !.re than one thousand dollars. * Any pe
rson other than the master, or person occupying that relation, who commits an as
sault and battery on a slave, without just cause or excuse, to be determinated b
y the jury, is guilty of a misdemeanor.TP COMPRE
HENSIONHP The narrator defines slave-master relation as
1- Hierarchical 2- Parental 3- NaturalP
No, he doesn't say t"nw PX According to G. Fitzhugh, slav
ery in the South is 1- better than free labour in the North.
2- equivalent to free labour in the North. 3- worse than
free labour in the North.P Yes slaves are governed "better than free labo
urers at the North"P No, it is even "better" for the slave.P
On the contrary slaves are governed hat.
"the master occupies towards him (the slave) the
place of parent or guardian".P Yes, "the master occupies towards
him (the slave) the place of parent or guardian".G"wwPP The narra
tor is ready to argue with other people about the negro's capacities.
1- Right 2- WrongP No, because "we m
ight argue till dooms-d "better than free labourers at the North".0"HPh Wha
t would be a white man's reaction to the slavery Fitzhugh describes
1- He would enjoy a well-deserved rest. 2- He would
be bored to death. 3- He would try to escape. xP
No, on the contrary, "he would die of ennui".P Yes ind
eed, "he would die of ennui".Pays".P Good. He "shall not dwell... (because)
we might argue till dooms-days.""HP Improvidence
is 1- not caring for oneself. 2- not caring for the future.P
No. See for example "he will not accumulate i
n youth for the exigencies of age".P Exactly. The negro will "not lay up in su
mmer for the wants of winter..."" Worse, "he would die of
ennui".2w" P To sum up, reorder the various steps of Fitzhugh's pro-slav
ery argumentation - Slavery is the best-fitted system for negroes.
- the negro is irresponsible. - the negro is improvident. - S
lavery protects the negro from the daily cares of free labourers. - slaver
y is beneficial to the negro. - the negro is unfit forjs HP Fr
eed in the midst of a white society, the negro would 1- adapt 2- be exter
minated 3- become a fanatic 4- become madP No.P Certainl
y because P No. In a white society, supposed to be christian and rationa
l,P Maybe but the mad men here is the abolitionist because in a
free society, the slave "would be far(...) outwitted in the chaos of fre
e competition". N A F B G C H D I E living in a white society.P - the ne
gro is irresponsible. - the negro is improvident. - the negro is unf
it for living in a white society. - slavery is beneficial to the negro.
- Slavery protects the negro from the daily cares of free labourers. -
Slavery is the best-fitted system for negroes.6X1p2543 P Coment for s
lavery."0PX But considering the slaves as children has other implications
1- they are mentally deficient. 2- they are irresponsible.
3- they are improvable.P Mentally deficient means lunatic, idiot, this
is not the case."(PX Yes, that's typically a Southerner's point o
f view. What would be a Northerner's point of view plete this argu
mentation by the use of logical links moreover / and / therefore / thu
s / to conclude / because /asLanddthereforemoreoverbecauseto conclude"5G Landdth
erefore/thusmoreoverbecause/asto concludehnfGood, you have perfectly understood
the main ideas expressed in the text and its logical progression.You have misin
1- they are mentally deficient. 2- they are irrespon
sible. 3- they are improvable.P Care
ful.P All right. You have understood why Northerners and Southerners cou
ld not agree about Negroes ! That's why Fitzhugh says "we might argue till d
ooms-day in vain...".7"(PP Yes, that's typically a Northerner's po
int of view. terpreted some passages of the text. You should read it
again and check about the vocabulary you do not understand.1 Ph Now we are
going to analyse in greater details Fitzhugh's pro-slavery arguments. Fitzhu
gh places the master as a "father" or "guardian" to the slave because
1- he is sentimentally attached to his slave. 2- he e
njoys full powers towards his son. 3- he feels responsible Wha
t would be a Southerner's point of view 1- they are mentally defi
cient. 2- the are irresponsible. 3- they are improva
ble.HH7"39&H8P8 What is the second grievance held against negroes
1- idleness 2- improvidence 3
- carelessness 4- credibilityP No, though all slaveholders complained a
bout the idleness of their slavfor his slave.P No, the Black Codes insist
on the fact that the whites are globally responsible for the maintenance of
slavery. For example any master can have authority over any slave. Therefo
re, regarding law, the white society is globally more than individually res
ponsible.P Let's not exaggerate ! Read S. Northrup's testimony concerning this
aspect."(P( Yes, a father enjoys full power towards his son... This es. It
is not mentioned here.P No, find Fitzhugh's second grievance.,
"'e0PP Yes, according to Fitzhugh, what didn't the Negroes care about
1- themselves 2- freedom 3- the futureH6 No, find
Fitzhugh's opinion.9 Risky, isn't it "PP Of course so the negr
oes were'cc1Pis a law from 1- the Black Codes 2- the Bible 3
- the ConstitutionhP Of course not.hP Yes,
good. This is a principle upon which the Bible is based. God, the Father r
ules over all his creatures. In the same way, a father rules over his famil
y (wife and children). Considering their slaves as children, the masters fe
lt justified for their allmighty rule. This was called the scriptural
argum NAFBGCHDIEimprovident(j(Px This improvidence is a
danger 1- for the slave.
2- for the master. 3- for the free man.XP
Certainly not, as the slave is by definition provided for. His own i
mprovidence has no impact.P Certainly not, the slave has no responsabil
ity because he is irresponsible. His improvidence means not Fitzhugh ec
hoes an important Southern statesman. Can you remember
his name 1- Yes. 2- No.P
It was J. Calhoun, governor of South Carolina. Maybe you should read
the historical landmarks concerning slavery.&A"bHP
It was P Good. J. Calhoun was governor of South Carolina.A h
ing to the master.P Yes of course. A free man in a free society has to care
for himself and his family." Ph In case of failure, who is to be in
charge of him and of his family 1- friends.
2- society.
3- employer.P( No, friends have no legal duty to that !P(
No, the employerCalhoun/J. Calhounf8Px Quote from the text four verbs
that illustrate slavery as a "positive good" for the negro race.
C----------E P-----T
S-----T C------E
" HRISTIANIZ"xROTEC"UPPOR"IVILIZP To appreciate for yourselves the civilizin is
not responsible for his worker's improvidence. Especially at that tim
e (second half of nineteenth century) where social welfare did not exi
st yet.P( Yes, society as a whole bears the burden of unemployment,
old age, a.s.o... and according to Fitzhugh, society would fai
l if an important part of it was unreliable and improvident. Therefore
"Society prevents this by subjecting him (the negro) to domestic slav
ery."g value that slavery brings to the negro, and to appreciate the descriptio
n that Fitzhugh makes of plantation life, you can read a slave's testimony by S
olomon Northrup. You will find there an eloquent counterpoint to such assertion
s as "the comforts and necessaries of life provided for them".
"the average good weather". "no more than nine hours a day".
"perfect abandon". "licence and liberty". a.s.o..
. You can also appr-"x08P0 Line 11 "the negro race is inferior to t
he white race". Is this statement clearly demonstrated
1- Yes. 2- No.P Where P
In the same way as Fitzhugh asserts that the negro is irresponsible and impro
vident, he says he is inferior. He does not demonstrate it but once more, enu
merates consequences.inY"eeciate how society cared for the slaves by having a lo
ok at the Black Codes.JPuread a slave's testimony by Solomon Northrup. You wi
ll find there an eloquent counterpoint to such assertions as "the co
mforts and necessaries of life provided for them". "the average good
weather". "no more than nine hours a day". "perfect abando
n". "licence and liberty". a.s.o... You can also apprn8P
( But in that case, for whom will the consequences be fatal
1- for the negroes. 2- for the white society.P Indeed.
There, Fitzhugh reaches an ultimate point Slavery is a positive go
od for the negroes themselves.P No, this is not what he says. Improvidence is
dangerous for both whites and negroes. But what about negro inferiority I"CI
8P0 Saying this, NAFBGCHDIE They give us the huss
We peal the meat They give us the skin
And that's the way They take us in
We skim the pot They give us the liquor
And say that's good enough for nigger. Note in that text the n
umber of works, apart from field work, that were given to the slaves.AB
r"FLU PxBLACK1B TO1BLACK1B $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2v*Landmarks/History/- bondage/- sub
ordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/- black is Many slaves
songs were inspired by the Old Testament - The blacks identified to Canaan, s
on of Ham, who had been cursed by his father Noah -this is what is expressed
in "Deep River". But "Deep River" had a direct meaning to slaves apart fro
m that interpretation of the Old Testament. 1- It invit
ed to suicide. 2- It invited to rebellion.
3- It invited to escape.P No, read more c
arefully.P Rebellion means revolt against something Slavery or somebody the ma
sters. These are not mentioned. The s
ong therefore symbolizes something else.P Good, certain verses are mean
ingful. See for example "My home is over"...
"I want to cross over into Cain's Ground"...h"%.8PH Mooses and his people cros
sed the Red Sea BLACK1B TO2BLACK1B $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2t and battery on a slave, w
ithout just cause or excuse, to be determinated by the jury, is guilty of a misd
emeanor.a r8P( The slaves songs or Negro Spirituals had various purposes. Here
are three Spirituals what are they in fact 1- Work songs.
2- Prayers. 3- Sorrow songs.xP No, work is not mentione
d in thoseto escape from Pharao. Similarily the black people have a "deep river"
to cross towards freedom. Which is it 1- the Mississi
ppi. 2- the plantation boundary.
3- white people's prejudices.P Alas, across the Mississipi, there
were slave states too !P Yes, it was the first "deep river" to cross for a runaw
ay slave. After leavingthe plantation, he would have to travel by night and hide
by day, to c thongs.xP Yes, they are prayers they are the result
of the "christianization" of the slaves.P Sorrow is present
in "Nobody knows the trouble I've been..." But the constant appeal to G
od makes it a prayer. Here's a sorrow song We rais
e the wheat They give us the corn We bak
e the bread They give us the crust We si
f the meal NAFBGCHDIEross thestate boundaries and continue until he reached
the first free state Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana.P This couldn't be enough. Ra
cial prejudices were as important in the North as in the South.l'l"WfKl8PH Cro
ssing the first "deep river", the slave will reach "that promised land, where al
l is peace". You see that spirituals are songs of hope, even of optimism the sl
ave wants to transcend the horrors of daily life to reach something bYes, either
lived or witnessed, punishment is part of the daily life of the slave. Re
ad the Black Codes to be convinced that the slave's life was in fact regulate
d by the whip.pP( No, on the contrary, slave songs are songs of hope because o
f the presence of Jesus who knows, sees and shares the slave's burden.%rl"(PhS
lave songs, negro spirituals represent the first apparition of a new culture,an
afro-american culture. The Gospeyond it. In which song is this made clear
1- "Go tell it..." 2- "Deep River" 3- "Nobody..."P
Of course but this was our example.P No, this song stresses the omn
iscience of God and Jesus, who is the only recourse.P Of course. Notice that
Jesus is both the guide and the object of the search." P( The "deep river"
symbolized escape and freedom. What is the symboel interpreted in the slave quar
tersrepresented a potential rebellion sustaining hope and the will to escape, th
ismay explain why the preachers were extremely influent and suspected people.Neg
ro Spirituals are still very important nowadays for black people.See for example
the titles James Baldwin (1924-1987) gave to some of hisnovels
Go tell it on the mountain Mountain
Notes of a Native sonPl of liberty in that text P
(the) Mountain, (the) hill£%4mountain, hill/the mountain, the
hill/mountain/hill0Px The mountain, indeed, is very important in the imagery o
f negro spirituals. It embodies freedom, rebirth, dignity, like in this stenza
from another Spiritual Did you ever
Stand on a mountain Did you ever u for
slavery."0PX But considering the slaves as children has other why the pre
achers were extremely influent and suspected people.Negro Spirituals are still v
ery important nowadays for black people.See for example the titles James Baldwin
(1924-1987) gave to some of hisnovels Go tell it on
the mountain Mountain Notes
of a Native sonP Wash your hands in a cloud
Did you ever Receive Jesus in your heart What is it
opposed to 1- the river. 2- the ground. 3- the land
.P No, the river is often a sacred river to cross to reach peace and freedom.
P No, the word "land" is in general applied to "promised land",
"holy land" it metaphorizes freedom.P Yes, the ground is the most
materialistBLACK1C TO1BLACK1C $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2*Landmarks/History/- bondage/-
subordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/- black is ic term to su
ggest daily toil onearth. Notice in "Nobody knows..." the use of "ground" "some
times I'm almostto the ground" this suggests both submission, exhaustion and toi
l as mostslaves (75%) worked in agriculture.jtOt"enHt0P Linked to
the chorus this sentence clearly evokes 1- social status. 2- p
unishment. 3- despair.pP( No, slave songs rarely deal with s
ociety as a whole.pP( NAFBGCHDIErator is a black man, but it is not mention
ed in the text. He only speaks of "I" and "people".P Good. But if you r
ead carefully, you'll see that Identity is related to another theme as in "t
hey see... everything and anything except me."P You have noted terms like "invi
sible man", "spook", "bio-chemical accident" that have appealed to your imaginat
ion and suggested a fantastic story. May be you have read The Invisible Man by H
.G. Well Be careful, this is not the authoBLACK1C TO2""(BLACK1C $$$!" y2 WO* !"
y2t and battery on a slave, without just cause or excuse, to be determinated by
the jury, is guilty of a misdemeanor.j0PX After reading this extract o
f the Prologue to Invisible Man, would you say that the novels starts
1- like a fantastic story. 2- like a philosophical story.
3- like a quest story.%P+r's purpose here to write a fantastic novel.
Y"8PH Are those terms
1- rather positive 2- rather negative P Su
re Look at statements like "refuse to see", "poor vision" or even "see onl
y" they are restrictive.P Yes, of course. These terms are either completely
negative like "invisible", "unseen", or res this is your first impression
you'll see later if it turns out to be true.)h' Yes, good intuition.! Yes, g
ood intuition.(P We shall see later how these various elements combine
with each other in the text and for which purpose.z---1£23PP(
The narrator defines invisibility as 1- a physical
state. 2- a menttricted by negative terms related to them like "ref
use to see", "poor vision"."(Pp These constant negations give the genera
l impression of pain, of difficulty, of an obstacle hard to define and t
o overcome. Find in the text other images or metaphors that symbolize th
e difficulties of being seen Line Line LineH"su
rrounded by mirrors of hard, distorting glass""you're constantal state.P
No, on the contrary he insists twice in the text on being
"a man of substance, of flesh and bone"."s8P8 Yes, certainly, b
ut whose mental state is it 1- the narrator's.
2- people's.$P, No, invisibility is how the narrator feels.h2 Yes, he me
ntions repeatedly that people made him invisible.c"TZ8c8Ply being bumped again
st""a phantom in other people's mind"26/7x17/1819(PX The fact of being "
unseen" makes Invisible Man suffer because 1- he is a black man.
2- he is not considered as a person. 3- he is physically attacked
.P Undoubtedly, the ultimate fonction of the text is a criticism of racialist
attitudes. But here, Invisible Man's complaint has a larger 0 Before answeri
ng the following questions, read the text as carefully as possible and pay att
ention to the recurring terms and patterns. Two semantic fields are mainly pre
sent in that text, which are they 1- vision. 2- race relation. 3-
identity. 4- fantastic.P Good. The theme of vision is present through
out the text through words like "invisible", "see", "invisibility
", "eyes", "unseen", "vision".P No, we know that the nar NAFBGCHDIEobject.
P In a world of "mirrors", "distorting glass" and "nightmare" can you still
interpret such a sentence as "you're constantly being bumped against..." as
a valid reality P Therefore Invisible Man puts forwards a claim to existence
and identity.F "(P( * This vindication of self-identity starts with the acknowl
edgement of a fact (on the part of other people) on which line LineHB"Whe
n they approa Good ! Invisible Man doubts whether he really exists.
Social indifference leads to non-existence.09doubt, wonderphan
tom, figurew£,,0 doubt$0 wonder phantom$ figure7P8 To finish with a br
utal reaction "Out of resentment..." Notice the use of verbs expressi
ng brutality, either through bodily activity or through speech.
"ch me they see only my surroundings, themselves, or figments of t
heir imagination - indeed, everything and anything except me."xP Good, people d
o not accept him as he really is, but as they suppose, imagine or want him to b
e. They refuse to see a person different from what they want him to be. Therefo
re, they refuse to "see" him.eH7/8/9xP( * It goes along with an hypothesis conc
erning the others' incapacity to "see" on which libump", "strike", "curse", "
swear".£PP( But what is the outcome of this rebellion
1- recognition 2- indifferenceP No al
as ! "it's seldom successful".P Yes alas, "it's seldom succ
essful".5VyV" P( So you see that the attitudes of the two communities end in a
deadlock. Neither subordination nor violent action lead to recognition andne(
s) LineB"peculiar disposition of the eyes of those with whom I come in conta
ct. A matter of the construction of their inner eyes,(...)"P Good.
Therefore the flaw is in the others' eyes... kk10/11vP * Can you ima
gine any pun based on the word "eye" 1- Yes
2- No0P Repeat aloud eye, I, eye, I,... So yo
u see "eye" a achieve visibility. So it leads black people to a questionning o
f themselves. Who incidentally reveals that to Invisible Man hP0 Good. Th
is "innocent" question reveals the despair and helplessness of the black co
mmunity as a whole "What did I do
to be so black and blue "!PL
ouis Armstong/Armstrong0PP As you have seen thnd "I" correspond to each other
.$"p0P "eye" sounds like ...PP Very good, as you can see or hear "ey
e" and "I" correspond to each other.EE!0INPP * What does this assimilation
between "inner eye" and "inner I" suggest to you 1- people con
sciously refuse to use their eyes to see. 2- people are unable to use th
eir eyes. 3- people are blind.P e prologue is difficult and disconcert
ing because statements are often ambiguous, contradictory or paradoxical.
Remenber, you thought the novel started like a Now read the writer's intentio
n when writing this "the Prologue was written afterwards... I wanted to shif
t the reader off balance, make him accept certain non-naturalistic effects."
This prologue is pronounced by a disillusioned narrator who remembers his
feelings of a young black man in a white society.3fant Yes there is a conscious
or unconscious refusal to accept the other or any difference from themselves.
It's "a matter of construction of their inner eye", that is of their "inner
self".P No, their "physical" capacity to see is not the matter.sE"vP8
* And the vindication of self-identity moves on to doubts.
Find two verbs and two names reflecting this Two verbs Tw
o namesP NAFBGCHDIEastic story.3philosophical story.3quest story.!r!Pu
, you thought the novel started like a Now read the writer's intention whe
n writing this "the Prologue was written afterwards... I wanted to shift the
reader off balance, make him accept certain non-naturalistic effects." Th
is prologue is pronounced by a disillusioned narrator who remembers his feeli
ngs of a young black man in a white society.3fant"kqz PX Apart from t
estimonies of ghettos inhabitants. The article proposes mainly
1- an analysis of behaviour in ghettos. 2- an analysis
of the causes of ghetto violence. 3- a description of ghetto life
. 4- proposals to solve ghetto problems.P
Yes exactly.P Violence in the ghetto is only one aspect of the ghetto
problem as a wholBLACK1D TO1BLACK1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2w*Landmarks/History/- bon
dage/- subordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/- black is BLACK1
D $$$e.P In fact, the article goes beyond a mere description of ghetto life
.P No, the article contains in fact no mention of any solution to the ghetto
problem.K+UUU"CIOUP This analysis of behaviour in ghettos contai
ns 1- references to political programmes. 2- stat
istics. 3- quotation from biographies of blacks. 4
- interviews with black people. 5- report of testimonies made by
black people. 6- references to literature. 7- anal
ysis of causes. 8- analysis of consequences.P
Good.P Of course a lot of statistics reinforce the descr
iptions.P No, no biographies are quoted in that text.P No, a
n interview means questions and answers. Here the questions are not mentioned
.PBLACK1D TO266QBLACK1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2t and battery on a slave, without just
cause or excuse, to be determinated by the jury, is guilty of a misdemeanor.t"P
DETAILED STUDY PH "A new generation of N
ative Sons" is the title of this article. Choose an explicit subtitle for
it. 1- Attitudes black and white. 2- Black ghettos poverty a
Yes, you'll find those lived experiences in several paragrahs.P
No, not in the body of the article, only in its title.P Indeed, c
auses are the main object of the article.P No, the consequences for America of
this situation in the ghettos are not mentioned.$1J2345y678ev0PX This an
alysis of behaviour ind despair. 3- ghettos the dead end.P Th
e whites' attitudes are mentioned nowhere in that text.P Ok it is the m
ost adequat subtitle. Here is the subtitle given by Time "America
's inner-city blacks are mired in poverty and despair."P The idea of a dead
end is implicit from the text, yet a subtitle should explain the main title.
In fact "Ghettos the dead end" would have been a fairly good title.m NAFBGC
HDIEn black ghettos falls into three parts. For each part give the paragrap
h(s) concerned - an introduction describing the various aspects of
the black community - a development analysing the causes of
the ghetto situation - a short conclusion showing the dead en
d point "X1#p2,3,4,5,6,78TPh But this article is mainly devoted to the a
nalysis of causes. e 1- unemployed and undereducated, the Blacks are unable
to fit in society 2- though many blacks could reach a satisfying social stat
us, part of the black population is mired in poverty and despair. 3- fr
om slavery to segregation, the Blacks have been victims of the white Ameri
can Society.P No, this problem is specific to the ghetto population, not to t
he black community as a whole.P No, in many cases, segregation probl
ems have been overcom Could you make a list of the elements that are analy
sed here 1- unemployment. 2- segregation. 3- chan
ges in America's economy. 4- poverty. 5- lack of role models
. 6- migration from the South of poor blacks. 7- drug.
8- lack of religion. 9- family breakdown.P Yes, of course, unem
ployment plays a special part in the ghetto situation. It is qualified as a "c
entral" problem.P e.3"(Px This is what the first paragraph means and pr
oves with figures. How would you qualify this situation 1- antith
etic. 2- paradoxical. 3- logical.XP "antithetic" means
"in opposition" it's more than this.P "though" does not imply lo
gical consequence.P Yes, exactly, the situation of the black community is parado
xical with, on the one hand, remarkab No, segregation is not mentioned as a dire
ct cause of ghetto problems. On the contrary, it seems to be taken for grante
d in this case.P It could be a valuable reason because of the general difficult
ies for low-skilled workers to find a job, but it is not analysed in this artic
le.P Poverty is a consequence, not a cause, be careful.P Of cour
se, the problem of drug addiction in the ghettos is very important. We'll see
later its consequences.P le success, and on the other hand, poverty and despair
."0PP This article is rich in statistics and figures. The reading of the firs
t paragraph should help you to fill up this grid. U.S. n
ation whites blacks balck teens below poverty rate 15 %
% % 50 % unemployment %
6.5 % % % dd* No, religion is not
mentioned in that text.P Yes this is a very important reason, it is even mentio
ned twice in the text.P Two paragraphs are dedicated to this importa
nt problem.£c12s345678t9-j(P8 This migration, which took place in the world wars
, is not mentioned in the text, though we may imagine that bringing thou11731x6,
9/6.97x15Hx40k Px When you read this table, which category is the most hit b
y the ghetto crisis 1- whites. 2- blacks. 3- black t
eens.4 No, of course not. Read the table more carefully.h4 No, because the bla
ck community is, paradoxically enough, divided into rich and poor..0 Yes, as
you can see, figures are eloquent - 40% of young sands of Blacks in the gh
ettos, it contributed to the making of the ghetto problem. Another migration is
evoked in the text, which one (quote the line) LineP Good. This explains the l
ack of role models for young blacks in the ghetto.G"the migration of successful
blacks out of the ghetto."%-370PX In the introduction, the writer paints the
various aspects of the black community and points out a problem which on NA
FBGCHDIEbalcks are unemployed. - 20% dropout shool. - 50% prisonners a
re black youths. - 5% die of murder. 1" (Ph Reorder the va
rious causes of ghetto failure. - lack of role models.
- family breakdown. - unemployment.
- drug.PP 1- unemployment. 2- lack of
role models. 3- s "self-esteen" to ghetto kids.P1234Z P( The
main problem is that those kids, contrary to their parents, refuse low-paying an
d low-prestige jobs on account of a "misplaced sense of pride". Drug therefore p
rovides ghetto teens with both money and prestige. Similarily, prestige can be r
aised by another means, which one P Yes, violence in the ghetto is a daily rea
lity, but more than this, it has becomedrug. 4- family break
down. )2X4p13)(PX Unemployment is the most important problem for Ghetto
youths. But where are the causes of unemployment to be found
1- In the collapse of ghetto economy. 2- In the migration of successfu
l blacks. 3- In the failure of education.P The collapse of
ghetto economy is not the main a means of asserting one's personality, and ther
efore it seems to be almost inherent to ghetto life. pviolence(P The last step
of the analysis of the causes of ghetto collapse is the "breakdown of the famil
y structure". According to the text, this means that 1
- the birth rate is falling. 2- divorce is increasing.
3- most mothers are single.P No, reason.P
Education in the ghettos is often inadequate to get a job, but it is n
ot the main reason given."o(PX Yes, exactly what did the presence of those s
uccessful blacks provide the ghetto with 1- role models fo
r children. 2- money to be spent on the ghetto economy.
3- connections.P Good. They "instill ambition, provide examples
of the work on the contrary census figures show that the birth rate among whites
is 22%. and among blacks 32%. .P No, this is not
the reason given.P Yes, therefore the family structure (father, mother, childre
n) is incomplete.o3"&P The figures quoted in the text show that 56% of black fa
milies are headed by single women and that this percentage reaches 90% in ghett
o areas. What about these women ethic".P Yes, consequently, the few
industries and commerces tend to degrade.P Certainly, this method to f
ind a job is typically American./1523460PP The result of this situation is that
the inhabitants of ghettos are isolated from social life.zPP To compensate for t
his estrangement or alienation from "mainstream society," young Blacks of the gh
etto have found an alternative, 1- they are mostly teenagers.
2- they have regular jobs. 3- they live on welfare.
4- they have the protection of their family. 5- th
ey are alone because the father works far. 6- they have been des
erted.P Yes, as Sybil says in her testimony, she became pregnant in her tee
ns.P No, they have roughly the same unemployment problem as men.P Ye
s, these welfare checks reawhich one $xdrug Ph What does
drug bring them 1- oblivion.
2- money. 3- relief. 4- statu
s.P No, drug is considered rather as an object of commerce than as an object
of consumption.P Yes, drug is the "alternative economy that can provide
high wages".P Yes, drug provide NAFBGCHDIEch $286 a month per head i
n a family without regular wages, that is little more than $7,000 a year for a
two persons family whereas the average earning of a black family is $16,600 a
nd that of a white family $23,500.P You can hardly speak of family when
you take the example of Sybil.P No, most of these fathers deserted them a
nd are still unemployed. Look at Sybil "She no longer sees Jeffrey, an une
mployed dropout."P Yes, the fathers dropped them ory/- 17th century/- 19th
century/- 20th century//Red Culture/- variety/- way of life/- religionFacts/Figu
res/- minorities/- indians/- statisticsDocuments/Th. Jefferson/A. Jackson/Chief
Seattle/Bob Bacon/Time, 1974Tools/Dictionnary/People/Quit))*/.05F RhlF*Landmarks
/History/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 20th century//Red Culture/- variety/- w
ay of life/- religionFacts/Figures/- minorities/- indians/- statisticsDocuments/
Th. Jefferson/A. and their children. 12% of single black women from 18 to 29
have children, whereas only 7% white women of the same age are in the same
situation.123V4b56S#(PX What would you say about the conclusion of the ar
ticle 1- the decline has recently been reversed. 2- whatever
the solution envisaged, the result was negative. 3- it's a dead end.PJa
ckson/Chief Seattle/Bob Bacon/Time, 1974Tools/Dictionnary/People/Quit))*/.05F Rh
lF VARIETY The history of the USA is a whi
te one it has refused to take into account the Indians as first citizens of the
new world. Therefore the traditional image that stuffs most Western films is th
e manichean one, of "good" cowboys and "bad" Indians. Indians being a generic te
rm meaning savage, uncivilized or simply No, on th
e contrary.z"mm8P To conclude, this article shows to what extent some people in
America can be alienated. Unfit for joining in society, they have recreated a
society of their own with specific rules that restore their self-estime, presti
ge and dignity. If you have read the extract from Invisible Man, you can measu
re that for 30 years the problem has, at best remained the same, or worsened.Pn
on-white people. Of course this picture obliterates the true situation Ameri
ca was peopled with Indians, they were very numerous (see FACTS) but they were o
rganized in tribes ie groups numbering from 10 to 100 or 200. These tribes live
d all over the continent, from the East coast (Mohican) to the West coast (Nez P
erc) including the Appalachian Mountains (Cherokee), Florida (Seminole), the Nor
th-west (Sioux, Dakota), the Great Plains (Comanche, Apache, Hopi, Navajo, Kiowa
), and the Rocky Mue shows to what extent some people in America can be alienat
ed. Unfit for joining in society, they have recreated a society of their own wi
th specific rules that restore their self-estime, prestige and dignity. If you
have read the extract from Invisible Man, you can measure that for 30 years th
e problem has, at best remained the same, or worsened.Pountains (Cheyenne). (see
FACTS) These tribes formed as many independent and self-reliant societies, a
s many competitors rarely able to unite for a common purpose.
WAY OF LIFE When the Americans started to occupy their territor
y, they faced Indians whose techniques were those of the neolithic man. They liv
ed in close relationship with nature and therefore their ways of life were very
very different according to the place where they lived. In t*Landmarks/Histor
y/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 20th century//Red Culture/- variety/- way of l
ife/- religionFacts/Figures/- minorities/- indians/- statisticsDocuments/Th. Jef
ferson/A. Jackson/Chief Seattle/Bob Bacon/Time, 1974Tools/Dictionnary/People/Pri
nt/Quit))*/.05F RhlFF*Landmarks/Hist NAFBGCHDIEhe East, for example, most tribe
s lived from fishing and hunting (the whites used this when they started a fur t
raffic with Indians) but some like the Mohicans or the Iroquois lived from farmi
ng (they grew beans, squash and maize then unknown to the first settlers). On
the contrary, the Great Plains were peopled with nomadic tribes, hunting the bu
ffalo and living entirely on this. The buffalo provided them, with food, clothin
g, shelter and even fuel (Dakotas, Sioux, Comanches). In the harsh cld faith
shall always be observed to the Indians... in their property rights and liberty
they shall never be invaded or disturbed unless in just and lawful wars authori
zed by Congress."7 19th century YEARS OF CONFRONTATION
While the Whites gradually invaded the North-west, the Indians started a moveme
nt of resistance it was the very beginning of the cruel Indian wars (Tippecanoe
Battle in 1811). What was at stake was the very essence of red cultureimate
of the Northern Rocky Mountains lived very poor tribes. (Nez Perc)2
RELIGION Religion was the most important feature of Indi
an life. They worshipped various Gods but mostly Nature. The earth, for example
, was a sacred mother to them. The land was the land of the ancestors, buried
in the sacred soil. Therefore the land could not be ploughed, nor could it be so
ld it meant anathema to them. For them "The earth does not belong to man. ,
their way of life, their religion and liberty because the avowed purpose of the
Whites was to convince them to cultivate land instead of hunting. (See Jefferso
n's letter in 1808). But in the eighteen thirties, the policy of systematic
Indian Remoral was enforced by President Jackson, pretexting the Indians' benefi
t first. Nevertheless, most tribes were forced into signing treaties and were dr
iven out of their homes by military force. (See President Jacksons'letter to the
Seminoles, 1835). Man belongs to the earth." "The air
is precious. All things share the same air." and any action aga
inst nature was a sacrilege. 17th and 18th centuries YEARS OF CON
CILIATION The first American was an immigrant. He was moved out of Europe b
y an urge for freedom and independence. Then, he took possession of American lan
d as if it was a virgin country without noticing or refusing to take into accoun
t the presence of predece The Seminoles, led by Chief Osceda and supported by
runaway slaves had rebelled in Florida. Other tribes reacted in 1832 the
Sac and Fox Indians led by Chief Black Hawk returned to Illinois from where they
had been evicted but the army soon drove them back. In 1835, the Cherokees
tried resistance through legal action in Georgia, and even appealed to the Supre
me Court, but they were defeated. After the civil war, the pace of Western c
olonization increased Indians were ssors. So that, from the very beginning, the
Indians, the first Americans, were never considered as citizens of the new worl
d. Various aspects of red culture made the taming of red tribes quite easy
for the first whites tribes were very numerous but tended to be over-individual
istic, self-reliant and in active competition with each other. The Whites could
easily make peace with some, wage war to others, buy land or sign treaties, agre
e about fur traffic. They quickly had an advantage over ththe first victims of t
he federal policy of concentration. Tribes were "concentrated" on territories gr
anted by government that would never be violated, and yet these territories were
soon threatened by the mining frontier in the West and the agricultural one in
the East. The resistance of Indians intensified and Whites had to face the
fearsome Plain Indians. From the 16th century, they had domesticated horses, the
y were warriors for two and a half centuries, they had rejected Spanish, Free I
ndians because they were better-trained, better-armed and they practised a syste
matic killing in case of resistance. As an embodiment of this period came i
n 1787 The North-west Ordinance organizing the territories of the North-west. At
that time the Indians had been evicted from the Eastern territories and many tr
ibes had to move West. Yet the Ordinance granted them liberty on their lands eve
n if, contradictorily, Congress could put an end to this at any moment "Th
e utmost goo NAFBGCHDIEnch, English and American settlers, they were Buffalo hu
nters it was their only weakness. But the pace of colonization still acceler
ated In 1848, Gold was discovered in California, and "fortyniners" rush
ed westward. In 1869, the Union Pacific RailRoad was built. The buffalo was
exterminated, so were the Indians after a few bleeding battles and massac
res. 1864 the Sioux War in the North-west ended with the Fetterman Massacre. 1
869-1874 Sheridan started a real war ofth federal protection. For example, t
he paternalistic Indian Bureau was indianized in 1974, more than 60% of its mem
bers were of Indian origins. At that time, the Indians started for themselve
s an activist movement. - 1968 the American Indian Movement was created. They a
dopted the motto of "Red Power" as an echo to black civil rights movement. - 1
969 the Indians occupied Alcatraz (a deserted prison in the San Francisco Bay
) and issued the Alcatraz Proclamation they ironi extermination. 1876 Battle o
f Little Big Horn Sitting Bull and his Sioux slaughtered General Custer a
nd 265 men. Repression started. 1877 the Nez Perc tribe surrended. 1886 the Ap
aches led by Geronimo were defeated. 1890 the last battle, the US troops massac
red hundreds of Dakota Indians at the Battle of Wounded Knee. In a paral
lel way, Indian territories were even more restricted in 1887 the Allotment Ac
t created the reservation, and the Dawes Act allowed thcally reclaimed the is
land where they could establish a reservation in any point corresponding to wh
at Whites wished for them isolated, overcrowded, completely dependent, withou
t healthcare or education. But this violent movement seems to decrease by now
Indians turn to courts for the restoration of their rights to land, water, or
fishing areas... - 1978 a 5500 km procession from Alcatraz to Washington was m
eant to protest against bills aiming at suppressing traditional government.eir
breaking-up into fields therefore endangering the tribal authority. In 1889,
Oklahoma the last Indian territory was opened to white settlement and the 200,00
0 remaining Indians were packed into barren reservations.
20th century YEARS OF REACTION Packed into reservations, considered as an u
nder-developed people, without being granted the US citizenship, the Indians wer
e very slow to react and rebel for themselves. In the thirties, the good res
olution A women's movement was created Women of All Red Nations.E d P
MINORITIES IN THE U.S. Hispa
nic Oriental Blacks Americans Americans Indians
WhitesPopulation 26,495,000 14,609,000 3,726,000 1,420,400 188,372
,000Percent of totalpopulation 11.7 6.5 1.5 0.
6 79.7Age groups in % under 5 10.1 11.4 8.6
s of the New Deal enacted by the zeal of John Collier, commissionner of Indians
Affairs, led to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Discrimination against I
ndian religion and culture was forbidden, schools were created on reservations t
o perpetuate Indian language and culture. Indians could organize themselves "for
the purpose of local Self-Government and economic enterprise". A Court of India
n Affairs was created and the division of reservations into parcels was abandone
d. Despite the fac 10.1 7.2 5-14 18.8
20.6 16.8 20.8 14.3 15-49 52 54
66 61.5 51.6 50-64 11.3 9.2
2.7 2.4 15.2 over 65 7.8 4.8 5.9
5.2 11.7% of each grouphaving finished High school 32.5
27.2 24.7 31.3 38.8 College 1-3 years
13.6 15.3 17.2 16t that these policies did not outlast the
New Deal, they started a rectification of centuries of injustices. In the fi
fties, new policies were started. In 1953, the Indians were granted the US citiz
enship and a resolution was voted to put an end to the reservation system, to th
e tribe system and to the special protection applying to Indians. In the sev
enties, Nixon wanted Congress to repeal this resolution and therefore enable the
Indians with assuming control of their own affairs wi NAFBGCHDIE.5 15.
54 or more years 8.8 7.8 32.9 7.7 18.5% of
persons below poverty level 34.2 26.5 13.1 27.5
11.1% of urbanpopulation 82 87.7 91.7 48.2
74.4n) P INDIANS IN THE USA 16
-17 th. several millions about 10 millions. 1900 .... 240,000
1920 .... 245,000 1940 diminuer plows charru
e Letter by Andrew Jackson advise conseiller annuities annu
its, sommes attend to prter attention counsel conseil
deceive tromper forcibly par la force game g
ibier indulgence satisfaction kindred peuple
lest de peur que settle s'intaller, coloniser
starvation famine support faire .... 330,000
1950 .... 340,000 1960 .... 520,000 1970 ..
.. 800,000 (467 tribes) 1980 .... 1,5 millionn.
STATISTICS ABOUT INDIANS 1980 70 % live on res
ervations 30 % live mostly in urban centers
(4 % in New York) Indians
Whites life hope vivre survey arpenter
tract tendue, zone Statement by Chief Seattle
belong appartenir ways habitudes birth naissance
warmth chaleur breath souffle, respiration wir
e fil lectrique, breathe respirer du tlgraphe
buffalo bison eagle aigle earth terre notice faire attention, remarqu
er pain faire mal, heurter pass pass 46 70
unemployment 40% 6% suicide rate
37/100 000 74/100 000 incomes from ve
ry low to very high. Navajo get money from oil, urani
um, gaz Soshones 320 $ / month
POPULATION OF THE USA 1790 4,000,000 1860 31,500,000 1930
123,000,000 1800 5,200,000 1870 4er, disparatre scent odeur
share partager survival survie talkingwire "le fil qui chante" (tlgraph
e) tamed dompt Time article, 1974 NAVAJO POWER acre (1 acre) 4 000 mtr
es carrs rags lambeaux available disponible rib cte
average en moyenne rednecks ractionnaires border limi
te secluded isol breath souffle, respiration
sin pch breed engendrer 0,000,000 1940 131,600,000 18
10 7,200,000 1880 50,200,000 1950 150,600,000 1820 9,600
,000 1890 63,000,000 1960 178,400,000 1830 13,000,000
1900 76,000,000 1970 204,000,000 1840 17,000,000 1910 92,
500,000 1980 224,000,000 1850 23,000,000 1920 106,000,000 0G
Letter by Thomas Jefferson buffalo bison scanty maigre
cattle btail to get rid of se dbarrasser dull
team quipe de tte de enforcement application
trading post comptoir de harass harceler, tourmenter
commerce highschoolers tudiants unemployment
rate taux de improve amliorer chmag
e lease bail prank plaisanterie prejudice prjug prospective custody
dtention prventive (for scarce rare clothe habiller
spin filer crime dlit spirituous liquors alcool
decrease diminution spread se rpandre deer cerf, daim
swarms masses disease maladie unwholesome malsain
flocks nues weave tisser hence donc, ainsi
westward vers l'ouest hoe houe hog porc hunt chasser increase
augmentation lessen NAFBGCHDIE drunked men) (pour tat d'ivresse)5 Th
omas JEFFERSON (1743-1826) Lawyer, owner of the estate of Monticello, Virgin
ia, Thomas Jefferson was a very important figure in American history. He was one
of the Founding Fathers who in 1776, drafted the Declaration of Independence an
d, in 1787, participated to the elaboration of the Constitution. Jefferson wa
s a physiocrat he believed in a society based on small agricultural properties
and rejected both industry and city life aser unwholesome things you could fin
d in the forest. Scanty and unwholesome food produces disease and death among
your children, and hence you have10 raised few and your numbers have decreased.
Frequent war, too, and the abuse of spirituous liquors, have assisted in lesse
ning your numbers. The Whites, on the other hand, are in the habit of culti
vating the earth, of raising stocks of cattle, hogs, and other domestic animal
s, in much greater numbers than they could kill of deer and buffa sources of e
vil. Jefferson was elected third president of the US in 1801, and reelected f
our years later. As a president he negociated the purchase of Louisiana in 1803,
and placed the presidential function above party warfare, therefore reinforcing
the president's power. Andrew JACKSON (1767-1845) When Andrew Jackson was
elected president of the USA in 1829, started the "era of the common man" embod
ying a new sense of Democracy. Jackson was born in a settler's family and had
lived palo.15 Having always a plenty of food and clothing they raise abundance
of children, they double their numbers every twenty years, the new swarms ar
e continually advancing upon the country like flocks of pigeons, and so they w
ill continue to do. Now, my children, if we wanted to diminish our numbers, we
would give up the culture of the earth, pursue the deer20 and buffalo, and be a
lways at war this would soon reduce us to be as few as you are, and if you wi
sh to increase yours numbers yourt of his life on the frontier therefore he sto
od for both the people and the West (whose aspirations were quite different from
that of the Eastern industrial cities). To impose the occupation of the nati
onal territory, Jackson initiated a policy of systematic removal of the Indian t
ribes to the West of the Mississippi. This decision concerned mainly the Seminol
es in Florida, the Cherokees and the Chutes in Georgia. Bob BACON Is a con
temporary Indian poet. He has published a lot and mai must give up the deer an
d buffalo, live in peace, and cultivate the earth. You see then, my childre
n, that it depends on yourselves alone to become a numerous and great people.
Let me entreat you, therefore, on25 the lands now given you to begin to give eve
ry man a farm let him enclose it, cultivate it, build a warm house on it, and
when he dies let it belong to his wife and children after him. Nothing is so
easy as to learn to cultivate the earth all your women understand it, anly
through one of the most important Indian reviews Akwesasne Notes Though he
lives in Chicago, his wife and his children are Lakota.nF2GP Letter by Thomas
Jefferson You are going to read a letter written by Thomas Jefferson in 1808
addressed to an Indian tribe. Jefferson was 65 at that time, and third presi
dent of the USA. In 1803 he had negociated the purchase of Louisiana from the
French, and the Americans had doubled their terrnd to make it easier, we are
always ready to teach you how to make plows,30 hoes, and necessary ustensils. I
f the men will take the labor of the earth from the women they will learn to s
pin and weave and to clothe their families. In this way you will also raise ma
ny children, you will double your numbers every twenty years, and soon fill th
e land your friends have given you ... When once you have property, you will35
want laws and magistrates to protect your property and persons, and to itory
with it. The picture which you have drawn, my son, of the increase of our
numbers and the decrease of yours is just, the causes are very plain, and the
remedy depends on yourselves alone. You have lived by hunting the deer and bu
ffalo -all those have been driven westward you have5 sold out on the seaboard
and moved westwardly in pursuit of them. As they became scarce there, your foo
d has failed you you have been a part of every year without food, except the
roots and oth NAFBGCHDIEthose among you who commit crimes. You will find that o
ur laws are good for this purpose you will wish to live under them, you will
unite yourselves with us, join in our great councils and form one people with
us, and we shall all be Americans you will mix with us by marriage,40 your bl
ood will run in our veins, and will spread with us over this great island.nS T
iP President Jackson's letter to the Seminoles You are going to read a lett
er written by Andren care of, and kindly treated on the road, and when you arr
ive in your new country, provisions will be issued to you for a year, so that
you can have ample time to provide for your future support.30 But lest som
e of your rash young men should forcibly oppose your arrangements for removal
, I have ordered a large military force to be sent among you. I have directed
the commanding officer, and likewise the agent, your friend General Thompson,
that every reasonable indulgence be helew Jackson in february 1835 to the Se
minoles. Jackson was 68 at that time, and President of the USA since 1829. He
had contributed largely to the peopling of the Western territories being himse
lf born in a settler's family. My children, I am sorry to have
heard that you have been listening to bad counsel. You know me, and you know t
hat I would not deceive, nor advise you to do anything that was unjust or inju
rious. Open your ears 5 and attend to what I shall now say to d out to you. But
I have also directed that one third35 of your people, as provided for in the tre
aty, be removed the present season. If you listen to the voice of friendship a
nd truth, you will go quietly and voluntarily. But should you listen to the ba
d birds that are always flying about you, and refuse to move, I have then dire
cted the commanding officer to remove you by force. This will be done.40 I pra
y the Great Spirit, therefore, to incline you to do that is right.
you. They are the words of a friend, and the words of truth. The wh
ite people are settling around you. The game has disappeared from your country
. Your people are poor and hungry. All this you have perceived for some time..
.10 My Children, I have never deceived, nor will I ever deceive any of the
red people. I tell you that you must go, and that you will go. Even if you ha
d a right to stay, how could you live where you now are You have sold all you
r country. You have not a p Your friend
A. Jackson
Washington, February 16, 1835nMai0P You are
going to read a statement made by the Indian Chief Seattle in 18
51. It was a part of his answer to a proposal by the
American Government to buy his tribe's territory for $ 150,000
. How can you buy iece as large as a blanket to sit down upon. What is to su
pport yourselves, your women,15 and children The tract you have ceded will soon
be surveyed and sold, and immediatly afterwards will be occupied by a white p
opulation. You will soon be in a state of starvation. You will commit depredat
ions upon the property of our citizens You will be resisted, punished, perh
aps killed. Now is it not better peaceably to remove to a fine,20 fertile countr
y, occupied by your own kindred, and whereor sell the sky, the warmth of the lan
d The idea is strange to us. Every part of this earth is sacred to my peopl
e. The white man's dead forget the country of their birth 5 when they go to wa
lk among the stars. Our dead never forget this beautiful earth, for it is pa
rt of us. The Great Chief in Washington asks much of us. He says that he wil
l reserve us a place10 so that we can live comfortably. He will be our father
and we will be his children. We will consider your offer to you can raise al
l the necessaries of life, and where game is yet abundant The annuities payab
le to you, and the other stipulations made in your favor, will make your situa
tion comfortable, and will enable you to increase and improve. If, therefore,
you had a right to stay where you now are,25 still every true friend would advis
e you to move. But you have no right to stay, and you must must go. I am very
desirous that you should go peaceably and voluntarily. You shall be comfortabl
y tak NAFBGCHDIE buy our land, but it will not be easy. We know the white m
an does not understand15 our ways. The earth is not his brother but his enemy.
When he has conquered it, he moves on. He kidnaps the earth from his childr
en and he does not care.20 His appetite will devour the earth and leave behi
nd only a desert. Our ways are different from your ways. The sight of your c
ities pains the eyes of the red man. There is no quiet place in the white man'
s cities.25 The air is precious. A since 1868 when they were deported after the
ir defeat in front of Colonel Kit Carson. Today, this reservation has 140,000 i
nhabitants. NAVAJO POWER "Around here, pr
ejudice too often leads to more than insults. On April 21, John Harvey and Erm
an Benally died after being stripped, beaten and covered with burning rags. Si
x days later, David Ignacio, his ribs crushed, died after a two-hour battle fo
r breath. For the 5 three white teen-agers who confesll things share the same br
eath. The beast, the tree, the man all share the same breath. The white man
does not seem to notice the air he breathes. This we know the earth does no
t belong to man.30 Man belongs to the earth. The whites too shall pass, perh
aps sooner than the other tribes. Destiny is a mystery. We do not understand
when the buffalo are killed,35 the wild horses tamed. Why are the corners of
the forest heavy with the scent of men Why is the view of the hsed to the m
urder, their sin was locally viewed by the Indians haters as mainly one of deg
ree. Harassing drunken Indians is considered a prank by Farmington highschoole
rs. "Farmington has more rednecks than anywhere else in the world" says W
ilbert Tsosie, 27, a founder of the Coalition for Navajo Liberation.10 "They kil
l you with their eyes first, then pick a secluded spot to beat you up. For the
past six weeks Tsosie's coalition has sponsored Saturday parades in Farmingto
n to protestills troubled by talking wires Where is the forest Gone.40 Where
is the eagle Gone. The end of living and the beginning of survival.nh%i8P
You are going to read a poem by a contemporay Indian writer, Bob B
acon. This poem was published in 1974 in an Indian Review called Akwesas
ne Notes. As the publication date is important check what you know about
the seventies... Equality Yellow, white an th
e murders and press for more service for the Indians. The demonstrations were
peaceful until the most recent one when the Indians collided with the annual s
heriff's15 passe rodeo parade. The drill team was dressed in old cavalry costume
s like the ones worn by the Indian's original oppressors. The result in frac
as left one policeman injured and 31 Indians under arrest." The demand most
stressed by Tsosie's young militants is strict enforcement of laws against se
lling alcohol to the od black man It's not that I am lazy When will
you understand 15 I work to help my own I do not want equality
But I'm not money-crazy 5 Just freedom and some land. So
please leave me alone. I do not want to integrate Take your integ
ration Your country clubs and schools Take your civil rights I do no
t want a better job 20 And melt them in your melting pot I can't live
by your rules. That always comes oubsviously20 intoxicated. Prohibit
ed by the New Mexico constitution from buying alcohol until 1953, Indians now
find it all too easily available, and many Navajos are outraged by the profite
ering taverns in towns near the reservation border. In just the past ten weeks
, more than 6,250 Indians have been taken into "prospective custody" in Gallup
of drunkenness.25 "Once Navajos start drinking, an incredible wave of hostility
pours out", says the Reverent Henry Bird, director of the San Juan mit white.
10 I'm not a status seeker I'd rather be an Indian I'm not comp
etitive I'd rather be myself Those things do not want for m
e Than one of many plastic puppets I only want to live.
25 Crowded on a shelf.nln0PP You are going to read an article published in Time
Magazine in June 1974. It reports about the situation around the Navajo reserv
ation located in three Western states Arizona, Utha and New Mexico NAFBGCHDIE
ssion". The boiling sea is visible only when the defences are down. Desp
ite an unemployment rate that average 30%, the Navajos are increasingly direct
ing their rural economy toward a structured30 industrial society. In the past 3
1/2 years, Navajo tribal Council Chairman Peter Mc Donald, 45, a former electr
ical engineer for Hughes Aircraft Co., has done much to improve the tribe's fi
nancial position. Aided by the growing number of college-educated Navajos retu
rning to the Reservati"v0P8 Jefferson's conclusion is that Indians should
carry on their ancestral way of life. 1- True
2- FalseP Of course ! Therefore he makes suggestio
ns.P No, he doesn't want the Indians to disappear. He says "it d
epends on yourselves alone to become a numerous and great people."HA"5,0P8
In the third paragraph, on, he has forced companies operating on reservation l
and35 to pay more. The Indians used to collect from uranium prospectors only i
f the metal was discovered, but EXXON is now paying $6 million for the privile
ge of prospecting on a 400,000 acre section of the Reservation. By 1985, Navaj
os revenues from mineral leases are expected to exceed $30 million a year, and
their exploitation should help provide40 provide thousands of jobs for the Nava
jos. Financial gain is breeding a new euphoriaJefferson gives advice to the
Indians According to him they should create a society of their own.
1- True 2- FalseP True, Jefferson dr
eams of a society uniting both Indians and Whites.P Of course not ! On the co
ntrary, he wishes Indians and Whites to unite "You will unite yourselves with
us, ... and form one people with us.",1"+"V10P Now, you have understood the
general m among Navajos-a feeling that they can at least stand on level ground
with Whites. Last month, Mc Donald proposed that this reservation be made the
51st state, much to the disdain of local white politicians. Plans are afoot t
o build a45 new town inside the Reservation, and the Tribal Council intends to a
sk the Anglo owners of the 130 trading posts on the reservation to sell out
to the Indians by next year. Says Mc Donald firmly "The Whites in the Southwe
st are going to have to get rid oeaning of the letter. So let's see in detail
s the various steps of Jefferson's demonstration. The first step is a double
constatation to which Jefferson agrees. Quote the text. linehB "The increa
se of our number and the decrease of yours".h1/2IL P For each constatation, J
efferson proposes an analysis of causes and consequences. So, if the number o
f Indian decreases it's because 1- Whites kill them. 2- Gaf their negative a
ttitude and learn to accept us."F GENERAL COMPREHEN
SION DETAILED STUDY0P8 In the first paragraph
, Jefferson explains why the number of Indians has decreased.
1- True 2- FalseP Exactly, we'll s
tudy his arguments later.P No, read lines 1-2. "The increase of
our number" the increase ome has disappeared. 3- Indians lack food. 4- Indians
are in bad health. 5- Whites kill the Indians'game. 6- Indians are at war with
each other. 7- Indians are at war with Whites. 8- Indians are not agriculturists
. 9- Indians have killed all the game.87 This is not explicitely said. Jefferso
n speaks of frequent wars.H4 Yes exactly, he doesn't say who is responsible
for this "all those have been driven westward"X6 True. He says "you have been
a part of thf white people. "The decrease of yours" the decrease of In
dians. "30P8 In the second paragraph, Jefferson explains why the number of
Whites has increased. 1- True 2-
FalseP Exactly. We'll study later his reasoning.P
No, read line 16. "They double their numbers every twenty
years" (See FACTS).K NAFBGCHDIEe year without food".h, True.
"Scanty and unwholesome food produce disease and death". x+ No, he doesn't m
ention any responsable for this.&* Yes, he only speaks of "frequent wars" t
herefore including both types."* Yes, he only speaks of "frequent wars" there
fore including both types.". This is not explicitely said, it's implicit at t
his stage.$, No, they have followed the game westward "moved westwardly in pu
rsuit of themso(h therefore(x consequentlyVHP After the demonstration,
quote Jefferson's logical conclusion. line "if you wish to increase your
numbers,...",Raa21j0PP The first two paragraphs drew the picture of the situa
tion in wich Indians and Whites lived. How could you qualify the tone used by
Jefferson 1- Ceremonial and official. 2- Paternalistic. 3- ".v12
3J456)789"0P Reorder now the various steps of this first constatation.
- The game tends to disappear. - Indians become less resistant
to disease and alcohol. - Indians are often at war. - Indians are hun
ters and pickers. - Indians can raise less children. - Indians lack fo
od.gmAggressive. X/ No, on the contary, it's plain and simple.x Certainly not.
What do you think of such expressions as "my children" under Jefferson's pen
"g8PP Certainly. Give examples of this tone
line linep1 my sonA my childrenfp118/230PX mP24x6153t0
P Find the logical links between those statements b
ut / so / therefore / and / moreover / consequently - Indians are hunters an
d pickers. - The game tends to disappear. - Indians lack food. - Ind
ians become less resistant to disease and alcohol. - Indians can raise
less children. - Indians are often at war.*H"hbu Why do you think Jefferson
uses the tone of a patriarch giving advice to his children 1- Jefferson w
as himself an old man. 2- Jefferson was one of the Founding Fathers. 3- Jeffer
son knew the Indians showed a lot of espect for the Ancient wisdom.I He was 6
5 in 1808. This can't be the only reason.RI True. But it means that he was pa
rt of those who wrote the the Constitution in 1787. Moreover he was the redac
tor of the declaration of independence itsothereforeandmoreoverconsequentlyth
e number of Indians decreasest*Hbut*Xso*h therefore*and*moreover* consequently0P
In a parallel way, Jefferson explains why the Whites' number increases.
- Whites never lack food. - Whites cultivate the land. - The number o
f Whites increases. - Whites raise cattle. - Whites can raise children
.n 1776.RP Yes, very good. Simple arguments and logic are not enough. Using t
he Indians'respect for ancestors, he pretended to be a wise old man giving
advice to his children."IrR0P0 According to this advice, what should
be the happiness of the Indians based on 1- freedom.
2-property. 3- equality.P No, Indians are a free peopl
e.+P Indians do not yyH3X1h5x24r0P Find the logical links betw
een those statements but / so / therefore / and / moreover / conseq
uently - Whites cultivate the land. - Whites raise cattle. - Whites
never lack food. - Whites can raise children. - The number of Whites inc
reases.(H8andsothereforeconsequently"MM(Hand(X NAFBGCHDIE care about equality.
And Jefferson thinks that Whites and Indians are equal. "We will consider them
here, on the same stage with the Whites" he says in Notes on Virginia (1785).
eP Exactly. Jefferson's ideal society is based on the individual owning and
cultivation of land. He is a physiocrat.A"q8P( In this society, what is th
e role of the Whites towards the Indians 1- inspectors. 2- t
eachers. given them part of their property.P Indeed, it const
antly puts the Indians, in an inferior position, as no other solution is of
fered to them apart from accepting the law of the Whites.X123£PH W
hat do you think of the sentence "the land now given you" It suggests
1- that Indians own the land. 2- that the Whites own the lan
d.&h Certainly not3- partners.P No, they will be more then that,
they will help.P No, not so much. Mixing with the Indians will come, but
later on. Yet, it is part of the plan. P Yes, as Jefferson says "W
e are always ready to teach you how...""WPH What is Jefferson
's ultimate purpose 1- segregation separate but equal.
2- integrat.f"£8P( Yes, but who were the fir
st to occupy the land 1- Indians. 2- Whites
.P Yes of course. Isn't it contradictory that Whites should
give the land they do not own -P No of course. Indians live
d there first."£8P There is another point in the text that may be unfair to
the Indians. where ion together and united. 3- togeth
er but different."8P0 No, the first step is property. But what does prop
erty imply for the owner 1- protection.
2- freedom.P Yes. Property implies protection of property and theref
ore laws. People must agree about these laws.P No, freedom finds i
ts limits where the other's property starts. There Linep "you
will find that our laws (...)".P Indeed, it constantly puts the Indians, in
an inferior position, as no other solution is offered to them apart from a
ccepting the law of the Whites.ssp36P To conclude, this letter is remarka
ble because it embodies the first stage of Whites' attitude towards the Indian
s. They had to be instructed and convinced to settle and obey the Whites' law
onfore property doesn't imply complete freedom.!"PH Very good. Together In
dians and Whites will form a united society obeying to the same laws agree
d on by everyone. "You will unite yourselves with us, join in our great
councils and form one people with us, and we shall all be Americans."PP
x And yet this great purpose may reveal under a closer examination some
points particulary unfair to the Indians. H their own will. No place is devote
d to Indian culture, to their religion and tribal habits. The only solution th
at could be contemplated was a complete assimilation anihilating ancestral hab
its. If you wish to read an Indian's testimony see Chief Seattle's text.Page
of Whites' attitude towards the Indians. They had to be instructed and convin
ced to settle and obey the Whites' law onave you noticed them
1- Yes 2- No"0PH Where, in the te
xt, are those details 1- "on the lands now, given to you" (line 24).
2- "the lands your friends have given to you" (line 33). 3- "you will find
that our laws (...)" (line 36).P Very good, it suggests that the Indians, thou
gh occupying the land before the Whites, are not owners of the land and that t
he Whites have N A F B G C H D I EINDIA1C TO1INDIA1C $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2*Landma
rks/History/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 20th century//Red Culture/- variety/
- way of liBLACK1D TO1MBLACK1D TO2mNOPQRSTUVWXYZINDIA1 TOTabcdefghijkINDIA1 TO
TlmnopqrstuvwxyzINDIA1 TOTWINDIA1C $$$". In the same situation a white man
would have answered with a strong logical argumentation. See how the
whites wrote to the Indians in the letters by Jackson or Jefferson.&r&"
dP There is no strict demonstration in that text. How would you
qualify the dominant mode(s) of enunciation 1- statements. 2- questions.
3- negations. 4- complex sentences.P Questions are important as we
shall see, yet they are not preponderant.P No, there are very few negations, a
nd if you read them carefully, you'll see that they rather tend to be the state
ment of a negative aspect. One example is "the earth is not his brother, but hi
s enemy" or "the earth does not belong to man. Man belongs to the earth".P
Complex sentences imply using of subordinations, but if you rea
d carefully the text, you won't find any relatives, and very few coord
inations.INDIA1C TO2++BINDIA1C $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2f their negative attitude and
learn to accept us."0PP This text was written by an Indian Chief as an answer
to governmental proposals. You probably couldn't imagine it had been written by
a white man. Can you explain why 1- because of the expressions used. 2- bec
ause of the logic used. 3- because of the meaning.P Be careful, a white ma%B
"£8P Yes, there is a majority of statements in that text. See for example
"Every part of the earth is sacred to many people" "The earth is n
ot his brother, but his enemy" "Our ways are differents from your ways"
"There is no quiet place in the white man's cities" What do these st
atements represent 1- a description of action. 2- a statement of beliefs.
3- definitions.P Are "n could defend the Indians'right to the lan
d and oppose their removal to reservations. This was the case for a minority
of Eastern humanitarians.P Indians use very charateristic expressions,
but if you have read Jefferson's or Jackson's letters, you know that they are
easy to imitate !GG"AGHP( "logic" indeed. But "logic" implies a reasoning,
a series of arguments organized by specific link words. Can you see any in t
he text be", "belong", "understand" verbs of action P Yes, they are definit
ory sentences. Find what they clearly describe.."8/8PX Of course the narrator s
tates in that way what he and his people believe in. Could you find in the last
paragraph two of these strong beliefs Line Line hC29 "the earth
does not belong to man. Man belongs to the earth" "Destiny is a mystery".i h
1- Yes 2- NoP( So as you can see,
there is no explicit logic in the text, no demonstration of a point of vie
w. In the same situation a white man would have answered with a strong log
ical argumentation. See how the whites wrote to the Indians in the letters
by Jackson or Jefferson.P0 Quote them ! .... As you can s
ee there is no "if... then", "thus", "therefore", "moreover", "neverthel
ess !N!A!F!B!G!C!H!D!I!E29/30i 330PP Good. In these statements, the narrator
draws parallels and differences between the white man and the red man. Which
vocabulary registre(s) is (are) more particulary related to the Indian
1- nature. 2- war. 3- family. 4- sh
aring. 5- conquest. 6- robbery.P0 No, this vocabulary register is
never applied to the Indian. As we shall see later itrtant is to notice that
there is no idea of hierarchy between them.b7bZA"JPV9b0P As we have seen
, the narrator creates a network of relashionships between the Indian, nat
ure, family and the sense of sharing. What are the themes constantly assoc
iated to the white man 1- nature. 2- war. 3
- family. 4- sharing. 5- conquest. 6- robbery. 7- excha
nge.P L qualifies the white man.P0 Yes, the sense of sharing is very im
portant in Indians' beliefs "All things share the same breath"
"The beast, the tree, the man all share the same breath" This reinforc
es the idea of equality in front of nature and in nature -The red man is par
t of nature. But it also emphasizies the difference with the white man.q1"23
v456ook at the text "forget", "devour", "does not seem to notice". They re
fer to another vocabulary register.P Yes, the idea of war is looming, bu
t try and be more precise.P No, the white man doesn't share anything. O
n the contrary "he kidnaps the earth".P Good, for the white m
an the earth is a place for exchange - exchange for money "buy", "se
ll", - exchange of places "he says he will reserv us a place".A P
Of course, nature is ever-present in the Indians' universe. It is part of the
ir environment and even of themselves. The "earth" is particulary important
have you noticed that this term was repeated eight times Look at the othe
r terms refering to natural elements in relashionship to the Indians like
"land", "sky", "country", "stars", "air", "breath", "beast", "tree", "buffal
o" and "horses". The abundance of notations reveals the strong affinitie12r34
5675 Ph What are the family links evoked to qualify the relashionships
between white man and red man 1- fatherhood. 2- motherhood. 3-
brotherhood. Yes, but what is remarkable is that this link is not "natural" bu
t it has been decided by the white man himself. "He will be our father and we'l
l be his children".P s between the red and nature.0(P Some sent
ences are eloquent for example, the earth is sacred "every part of the
earth is sacred to my people". But find another example qualifying the ea
rth LinehP And one qualifying the air LinePB6 "this beau
tiful earth".xB25 "the air is precious" eAP Good. Let's study now
another of these registers.P Let's study now another of these register
s. No, not in that text. No, the white man seems to refuse this idea of equa
lity.76Y"z0P "Conquest" certainly qualifies best the white's attitude towards
nature. The very term is used "When he has conquered it (the earth), he moves
on". But find other words and expressions that could be related to the same th
eme. Line Line 18 "he kidnap6x25.(P There is only one family link ment
ioned between the Indians and Nature. Which one 1- fatherhood. 2-
motherhood. 3- brotherhood.H no, be careful. This does not apply to the re
lation Indian-Nature. No, not in that text.x( Good. The text says "the eart
h is not his brother" but his enemy". It implies that for the Indian the ear
th stands as a sacred brother. Most impo "N"A"F"B"G"C"H"D"I"Es". x20 "devour".
P Good, there is another important theme connected with white people.qq 18w
w x208PP Yes, robbery is clear in the term "kidnap" in "he kidnaps the earth
from his children". But there seems to be more important robbery than the ro
bbery of land. In which paragraph 1- first paragraph. 2
- second paragraph. 3- third pa8P If you have studied Jackso
n's letter and this text, you now realize that white and red people couldn't
possibly agree, so basically different were their scales of values. Cohabi
tation in the same society was of course impossible, but couldn't they simply
be free, equal and separate If you want a contemporary view, see Bob Bacon'
s poem or Navajo Power.P No of course. Indians lived there first
."ragraph. 4- fourth paragraph.P Yes, you have understood that the whit
e man robs himself of his memory and of his past "The white man's dead forget
the country of their birth (...) Our dead never forget this beautiful earth".
There is another important theme...P No, read the text more car
efully. This robbery is not explicitely mentioned.%"P As we
have seen, the white man 's relINDIA1D TO1INDIA1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2%*Landmarks/
History/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 20th century//Red Culture/- variety/- wa
y of liBLACK1D TO1MBLACK1D TO2mNOPQRSTUVWXYZINDIA1 TOTabcdefghijkINDIA1 TOTlmn
opqrstuvwxyzINDIA1 TOTWINDIA1C TO1INDIA1C TO2XINDIA1D $$$ations to nature, base
d on conquest and exchange are perplexing to the Indian "the idea is strange
to us", he says. This creates a series of p%5 questions/five questions/qu
estionsPp Read carefully those questions "How can you buy or sell the
sky, the warmth of the land " "why are the corners of the forest heavy wi
th the scent of men " "why is the view of the hills troubled by the talki
ng wires " "where is the forest " "where is the eagle " What do
they really mean 1- sincere desire to 2- incomprehension.
3- despair. have an answer.P0 No, the answer is not importan
t. Here, the questions are as many exclamations.P0 Yes of cours
e. The question does not seek an answer. It manifests the utter incomprehe
nsion of two races "the idea is strange to us" "We do not u
nderstand" INDIA1D TO2INDIA1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2f their negative attitude an
d learn to accept us."hr(P "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all
men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain una
lienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happine
ss." Where do these words come from 1- The US Constitution.
2- Th And the succession of questions in the last paragraph has a more
powerful aspect.8P Good ! Despair and incomprehension are at the core of the
declaration. The questions emphasize the situation of urgency in which the I
ndians find themselves. They have just realized that something was changin
g without them and this is beautifully expressed in the desperate last words
of the text. "The end of living and the beginning of survival".1£"
#N#A#F#B#G#C#H#D#I#Ee French Constitution. 3- The Declaration of Independ
ence. 4- The thirtieenth amendment
on slavery.P( No, the purpose of a constitution is to constitute, to
organize the government of a country. It doesn't state that kind of general
truths.P( Very good. This is the second paragraph of The Declaration of Indepen
dence, drafted in 1776 and adopted by the thirteen colonies. This passage is fu
ndamental as it defiretends to integrate all men in the same melting-pot.X(6
integrate19 civil rights3X(18 integration20 melting pot8fgX64X18x194x20g(P
The rejection of the American society is clear through such expressions as "
I do not want" or "I am not". "I can't live by your rules" expresses the utte
r incompatibility between the Indian and the American values. Which rules are
tnes the "human rights" for the first time in the history of the world.P( Here
is the thirteenth amendment "Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, exce
pt as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, s
hall exist within the US, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."ZGHZ"EEK
TZP0 Now, you have probably noticed that those self-evident truths are all
present in this poem. "equality" is quoted hus criticized 1- the Americ
an law. 2- the American education. 3- the competition for money.7 The
rejection of the law is that of someone wishing to live apart from the law bu
t not against it.x, Of course (line 7) as it provides with the example and th
e reference.". Yes, this is the most remarkable.o1w23v(P Find in the text
the four lines where this rejection ofline 3 and line 4. Where do you find
the Right to "Life" Line13 "I only want to live".XP Where do you fi
nd the Right to "Liberty" Lineh(5 "Just freedom and some land".P8 W
here do you find the Right to the "Pursuit of Happiness" Line (17 "So p
lease, leave me alone".(Line 22 "I'd rather be an Indian".Line 23 "I'd rather
be myself".O!13d competition for money is expressed Line
Line Line LineP Good. Have you noticed the progression in the v
iolence of the terms used PA88 "I do not want a better job".10 "I'm not statu
s-seeker".11 "I'm not competitive".16 "I'm not money-crazy".kNNP810p11160Px
What is the ultimate, and perhaps the most important reph5uCo'' 17/22/23/17
,22,2328P8 But the poet denies one of these right, which one
1- Equality. 2- Life. 3- Liberty. 4- t
he Pursuit of Happiness.P Good ! Did you notice the progression
- line 1, equality is questioned "Equality " - line 4,
equality is rejected "I do not want equality".P roach made to the US
society 1- It is violent. 2- It is uniform, conformist. 3-
It is rich.P8 "seeker", "crazy" indeed suggest an idea of violence. Yet it i
s not the main and final reproach made to the US society.( Rich, because all
its members are "money-crazy" "status-seekers" ! Find another answer."6(P
Of course, on which line do you find this rejection of conformism
Of course not, read the poem again !*F"7jF(PX To understand why it is
rejected, find out in the poem the words that are linked with the theme of eq
uality in the American mentality. Line Lin
e Line LineP So you understand that the r
ejection of equality (line 4) stands for a rejection of the American society as
a whole, because this society p $N$A$F$B$G$C$H$D$I$E LineP
"Take your integration Take your civi
l rights And melt them in your melting pot
That always comes out white."P The poet denounces the unity and con
formism that pervade the American society. If "integration" cannot but lead t
o conformism "always come out white", it is dangerous as it leads to a narr
ow-minded nationalism, and has to be rejected as such.a sufficient background
. Which theme would you like to study
1- Red Tragedy. 2- Black blues.
3- Brown Power. 4- Quit.P
ALL THE COLOURS OF AMERICA
RED TRAGEDY This theme deals with the fate of American Indians throug
h the ages. Which document would you l18/19/20/21 0P This
poem starts with a question and as you have seen, it is in fact a questioni
ng of American Society, of its myths and ideals. The melting pot, the ideals
of integration, assimilation and mobility are rejected, thus enabling the p
oet to claim for a recognition of his specificity, and for his right to the
difference. If you read the Time text, you'll know more about the contempora
ry problems ofike to study 1- Letter by Thomas Jefferson (
1808). 2- Statement by Indian Chief Seattle (1851).
3- Poem by Bob Bacon (1974). 4- To study another theme.
5- Quit.P ALL THE COLOURS OF AMERICA
BLACK BLUES This theme deals with the fate of
Black Americans through the ages. Which document would you l
ike to study the Indians.Po idea of hierarchy between them.b7bZA"JPV9been,
it is in fact a questioning of American Society, of its myths and ideals.
The melting pot, the ideals of integration, assimilation and mobility are
rejected, thus enabling the poet to claim for a recognition of his specifici
ty, and for his right to the difference. If you read the Time text, you'll k
now more about the contemporary problems of 1- Pro-slavery argu
ment, George Fitzhugh (1857). 2- Negro-Spirituals.
3- Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison (1952). 4- Article from Time, 19
86. 5- To study another theme. 6- Quit.P
ALL THE COLOURS OF AMERICA BRO
WN POWER This theme deals with the fate of Hispanic Americans through the age
s. Which document would you like to study
1- Picture 1 advertissement. 2- Article from Time, May 4t
h, 1987. 3- Article from Time, May 18th, 1987.
4- To study another theme. 5- Quit. !""""INTRO TO
T INTRO $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2HP!"!.d!mP ALL THE COLOUR
S OF AMERICA For each theme, you'll find a selection of authentic document
s with studies or guidelines for reading and a complete data base in
cluding historical and cultural landmarks, statistics, maps and dictionnar
ies to provide you with %N%A%F%B%G%C%H%D%I%Edmv3, the U.S. bought an enormous
share of Mexican territory it was the Gasden Purchase. Once more, new987.
3- Article from Time, May 18th, 1987. 4- To s
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