Micro Bac Anglais (UK) (128K) (Face B) (1988) (CPM) [Original] (GAP2) [EDUCATIF].dsk
HexaDumpAscii only
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01A8B0:  1D 00 20 50 68 08 04 07 07 00 20 20 20 20 20 20    .. Ph.....      
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01E9A0:  00 03 31 38 00 01 00 00 12 00 00 00 00 00 01 02    ..18............
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028120:  40 40 20 20 20 57 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 74 68    @@   Where is th
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028140:  40 34 30 20 57 68 65 72 65 20 69 73 20 74 68 65    @40 Where is the
028150:  20 65 61 67 6C 65 20 3F 20 47 6F 6E 65 2E 40 20     eagle ? Gone.@ 
028160:  20 20 54 68 65 20 65 6E 64 20 6F 66 20 6C 69 76      The end of liv
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0281B0:  40 40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 59 6F 75 20 61    @@         You a
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0281F0:  77 72 69 74 65 72 2C 40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20    writer,@        
028200:  20 42 6F 62 20 42 61 63 6F 6E 2E 20 54 68 69 73     Bob Bacon. This
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0282C0:  40 40 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20    @@              
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028510:  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 49 74 27 73 20 6E 6F 74 20           It's not 
028520:  74 68 61 74 20 49 20 61 6D 20 6C 61 7A 79 40 20    that I am lazy@ 
028530:  20 20 57 68 65 6E 20 77 69 6C 6C 20 79 6F 75 20      When will you 
028540:  75 6E 64 65 72 73 74 61 6E 64 20 20 20 20 20 20    understand      
028550:  20 20 20 20 20 20 31 35 20 49 20 77 6F 72 6B 20          15 I work 
028560:  74 6F 20 68 65 6C 70 20 6D 79 20 6F 77 6E 40 20    to help my own@ 
028570:  20 20 49 20 64 6F 20 6E 6F 74 20 77 61 6E 74 20      I do not want 
028580:  65 71 75 61 6C 69 74 79 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20    equality        
028590:  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 42 75 74 20 49 27 6D             But I'm
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0285B0:  40 20 35 20 4A 75 73 74 20 66 72 65 65 64 6F 6D    @ 5 Just freedom
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0285D0:  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 53 6F 20 70 6C               So pl
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0286E0:  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 54 68 61 74                That
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028710:  22 00 01 00 02 09 50 E5 22 00 41 02 00 00 00 02    ".....P.".A.....
028720:  22 00 46 02 00 00 00 02 22 00 42 02 00 00 00 02    ".F.....".B.....
028730:  22 00 47 02 00 00 00 02 22 00 43 02 00 00 00 02    ".G.....".C.....
028740:  22 00 48 02 00 00 00 02 22 00 44 02 00 00 00 02    ".H.....".D.....
028750:  22 00 49 02 00 00 00 02 22 00 45 02 00 00 00 02    ".I.....".E.....
028760:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
028770:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
028780:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
028790:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
0287A0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
0287B0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
0287C0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
0287D0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
0287E0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
0287F0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
028800:  62 73 76 69 6F 75 73 6C 79 40 32 30 20 69 6E 74    bsviously@20 int
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028AF0:  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 2D 20 54 72               1- Tr
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028B30:  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20                    
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028B70:  04 07 07 00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20    ....            
028B80:  20 20 20 20 20 20 4E 6F 2C 20 72 65 61 64 20 6C          No, read l
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02A370:  00 00 00 01 00 88 80 38 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    .......8........
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02A5C0:  00 00 00 00 01 03 00 01 93 C4 01 01 95 67 00 01    .............g..
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02A630:  20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 6C 69 6E 65 40 40              line@@
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02A6A0:  02 02 01 94 EF 00 00 00 01 94 EF 01 1B 70 02 08    .............p..
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02A6D0:  01 95 10 01 1B 88 02 08 08 07 04 04 00 06 31 38    ..............18
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02A6F0:  95 19 1D 00 30 50 58 08 04 07 07 00 20 20 20 20    ....0PX.....    
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02A740:  01 00 00 05 98 01 08 08 07 04 04 00 02 35 00 01    .............5..
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02A770:  98 08 04 07 07 00 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20    ......          
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02ADB0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
02ADC0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    ................
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02F3E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F3F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F400:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F410:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F420:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F430:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F440:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F450:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F460:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F470:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F480:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F490:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
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02F4B0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F4C0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F4D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
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02F4F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F500:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F510:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F520:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F530:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F540:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F550:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F560:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F570:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F580:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F590:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F5A0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
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02F5D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F5E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F5F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F600:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F610:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F620:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F630:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F640:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F650:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F660:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F670:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F680:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F690:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F6A0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F6B0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F6C0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F6D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F6E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F6F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F700:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F710:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F720:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F730:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F740:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F750:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F760:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F770:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F780:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F790:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F7A0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F7B0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F7C0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F7D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F7E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F7F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F800:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F810:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F820:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F830:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F840:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F850:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F860:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F870:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F880:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F890:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F8A0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F8B0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F8C0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F8D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F8E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F8F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02F900:  54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00    Track-Info......
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02FA10:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA20:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA30:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA40:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA50:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA60:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA70:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA80:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FA90:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FAA0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FAB0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FAC0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FAD0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FAE0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FAF0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB00:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB10:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB20:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB30:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB40:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB50:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB60:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB70:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB80:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FB90:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FBA0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FBB0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FBC0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FBD0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FBE0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FBF0:  F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6 F6    ................
02FC00:  2B F6 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1    +...............
02FC10:  A1 FE 28 00 01 02 78 E2 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ..(...x.NNNNNNNN
02FC20:  20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00     KBI NNNNNNNNN..
02FC30:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39    ..........(c) 19
02FC40:  38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E    86 for KBI by L.
02FC50:  20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E     TOURNIERNNNNNNN
02FC60:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FC70:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNN.........
02FC80:  00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 04 02 87 17 4E 4E 4E    .......(.....NNN
02FC90:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNN KBI NNNNNN
02FCA0:  4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28    NNN............(
02FCB0:  63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20    c) 1986 for KBI 
02FCC0:  62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E    by L. TOURNIERNN
02FCD0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FCE0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNNNNNNN....
02FCF0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 07 02    ............(...
02FD00:  D2 44 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E    .DNNNNNNNN KBI N
02FD10:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNNN........
02FD20:  00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72    ....(c) 1986 for
02FD30:  20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E     KBI by L. TOURN
02FD40:  49 45 52 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    IER.............
02FD50:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FD60:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FD70:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FD80:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FD90:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FDA0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FDB0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FDC0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FDD0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FDE0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FDF0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FE00:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FE10:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FE20:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FE30:  E5 E5 6F F9 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ..o.NNNNNNNNNNNN
02FE40:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FE50:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FE60:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    NNNNNN..........
02FE70:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FE80:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FE90:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FEA0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 9C 98 4E 4E 4E    .............NNN
02FEB0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FEC0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FED0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E E5    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.
02FEE0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FEF0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FF00:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FF10:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
02FF20:  E5 E5 E5 E5 9C 98 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ......NNNNNNNNNN
02FF30:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FF40:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FF50:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FF60:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FF70:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNN..........
02FF80:  00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 0A 02 A4 18 4E 4E 4E 4E    ......(.....NNNN
02FF90:  4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNN KBI NNNNNNN
02FFA0:  4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63    NN............(c
02FFB0:  29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62    ) 1986 for KBI b
02FFC0:  79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E 4E    y L. TOURNIERNNN
02FFD0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
02FFE0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNNNNNN.....
02FFF0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 0D 02 3D    ...........(...=
030000:  8F 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E    .NNNNNNNN KBI NN
030010:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNN.........
030020:  00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20    ...(c) 1986 for 
030030:  4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49    KBI by L. TOURNI
030040:  45 52 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ERNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030050:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030060:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE    ................
030070:  28 00 10 02 48 A0 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B    (...H.NNNNNNNN K
030080:  42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00    BI NNNNNNNNN....
030090:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36    ........(c) 1986
0300A0:  20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54     for KBI by L. T
0300B0:  4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    OURNIER.........
0300C0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0300D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0300E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0300F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030100:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030110:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030120:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030130:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030140:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030150:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030160:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030170:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030180:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030190:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0301A0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 6F F9 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ......o.NNNNNNNN
0301B0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0301C0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0301D0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    NNNNNNNNNN......
0301E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0301F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030200:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030210:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 9C    ................
030220:  98 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    .NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030230:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030240:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030250:  4E 4E 4E E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    NNN.............
030260:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030270:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030280:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030290:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 9C 98 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ..........NNNNNN
0302A0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0302B0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0302C0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0302D0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0302E0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNNNNN......
0302F0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 02 02 2D B1    ..........(...-.
030300:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNN KBI NNN
030310:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNN..........
030320:  00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B    ..(c) 1986 for K
030330:  42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45    BI by L. TOURNIE
030340:  52 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    RNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030350:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN.
030360:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28    ...............(
030370:  00 05 02 B4 26 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42    ....&NNNNNNNN KB
030380:  49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00    I NNNNNNNNN.....
030390:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20    .......(c) 1986 
0303A0:  66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F    for KBI by L. TO
0303B0:  55 52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    URNIERNNNNNNNNNN
0303C0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0303D0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNN............
0303E0:  A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 08 02 C2 7A 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ....(....zNNNNNN
0303F0:  4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NN KBI NNNNNNNNN
030400:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20    ............(c) 
030410:  31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20    1986 for KBI by 
030420:  4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    L. TOURNIER.....
030430:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030440:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030450:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030460:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030470:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030480:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030490:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0304A0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0304B0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0304C0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0304D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0304E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0304F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030500:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030510:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 6F F9 4E 4E 4E 4E    ..........o.NNNN
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030530:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030540:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E E5 E5    NNNNNNNNNNNNNN..
030550:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030560:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030570:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030580:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030590:  E5 E5 E5 9C 98 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    .....NNNNNNNNNNN
0305A0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0305B0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0305C0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    NNNNNNN.........
0305D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0305E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0305F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030600:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 9C 98 4E 4E    ..............NN
030610:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030620:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030630:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030640:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030650:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00    NNNNNNNNNNNNNN..
030660:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00    ..............(.
030670:  0B 02 97 29 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49    ...)NNNNNNNN KBI
030680:  20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00     NNNNNNNNN......
030690:  00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66    ......(c) 1986 f
0306A0:  6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55    or KBI by L. TOU
0306B0:  52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    RNIERNNNNNNNNNNN
0306C0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0306D0:  4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1    NNN.............
0306E0:  A1 A1 FE 28 00 0E 02 68 DC 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ...(...h.NNNNNNN
0306F0:  4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00    N KBI NNNNNNNNN.
030700:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31    ...........(c) 1
030710:  39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C    986 for KBI by L
030720:  2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    . TOURNIERNNNNNN
030730:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030740:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNNN........
030750:  00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 11 02 7B 91 4E 4E    ........(...{.NN
030760:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNN KBI NNNNN
030770:  4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNN............
030780:  28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49    (c) 1986 for KBI
030790:  20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 E5     by L. TOURNIER.
0307A0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0307B0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0307C0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0307D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0307E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0307F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030800:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030810:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030820:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030830:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030840:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030850:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030860:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030870:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030880:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 6F F9    ..............o.
030890:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0308A0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0308B0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0308C0:  4E 4E E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    NN..............
0308D0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0308E0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
0308F0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030900:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 9C 98 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    .........NNNNNNN
030910:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030920:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030930:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    NNNNNNNNNNN.....
030940:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030950:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030960:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030970:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030980:  9C 98 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ..NNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030990:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0309A0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0309B0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0309C0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
0309D0:  4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1    NN..............
0309E0:  A1 FE 28 00 03 02 1E 80 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ..(.....NNNNNNNN
0309F0:  20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00     KBI NNNNNNNNN..
030A00:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39    ..........(c) 19
030A10:  38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E    86 for KBI by L.
030A20:  20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E     TOURNIERNNNNNNN
030A30:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030A40:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNN.........
030A50:  00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 06 02 E1 75 4E 4E 4E    .......(....uNNN
030A60:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNN KBI NNNNNN
030A70:  4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 28    NNN............(
030A80:  63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72 20 4B 42 49 20    c) 1986 for KBI 
030A90:  62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E 49 45 52 4E 4E    by L. TOURNIERNN
030AA0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030AB0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNNNNNNN....
030AC0:  00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 A1 A1 A1 FE 28 00 09 02    ............(...
030AD0:  F1 4B 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 20 4B 42 49 20 4E    .KNNNNNNNN KBI N
030AE0:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00    NNNNNNNN........
030AF0:  00 00 00 00 28 63 29 20 31 39 38 36 20 66 6F 72    ....(c) 1986 for
030B00:  20 4B 42 49 20 62 79 20 4C 2E 20 54 4F 55 52 4E     KBI by L. TOURN
030B10:  49 45 52 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    IER.............
030B20:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030B30:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030B40:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030B50:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030B60:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030B70:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030B80:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030B90:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030BA0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030BB0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030BC0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030BD0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030BE0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030BF0:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030C00:  E5 E5 6F F9 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    ..o.NNNNNNNNNNNN
030C10:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030C20:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
030C30:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    NNNNNN..........
030C40:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030C50:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030C60:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5    ................
030C70:  E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 9C 98 4E 4E 4E    .............NNN
030C80:  4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E 4E    NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
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031060:  20 4D 41 53 54 45 52 20 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00     MASTER ........
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RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=180   CHEA=1   COD=11   MUSI=2   COP=2   GRA=56   WRIT=20   198=36   199=0   STARTER=0   KBI=36   CAAV=0   L.TOURNIER=0  
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fficient background.                    Which theme would you like to study     
                            1- Red Tragedy.                                2- Bl
ack blues.                                3- Brown Power.                       
         4- Quit.P                           ALL THE COLOURS OF AMERICA         
                         RED TRAGEDY      This theme deals with the fate of Amer
ican Indians through the ages.                    Which document would you lINDI
A1  TOTstuvwxyzINDIA1  TOTLOADER  000£ROUT3   BIN AMSEPI3 TOTAMSEXO31TOT+ike to 
study                   1- Letter by Thomas Jefferson (1808).                  2
- Statement by Indian Chief Seattle (1851).                  3- Poem by Bob Baco
n (1974).                  4- To study another theme.                  5- Quit.P
                           ALL THE COLOURS OF AMERICA                           
       BLACK BLUES    This theme deals with the fate of Black Americans through 
the ages.                    Which document would you like to study             
    1- Pro-slavery argument, George Fitzhugh (1857).                2- Negro-Spi
rituals.                3- Invisible Man, Ralph Ellison (1952).                4
- Article from Time, 1986.                5- To study another theme.            
    6- Quit.P                           ALL THE COLOURS OF AMERICA              
                    BROWN POWER    This theme deals with the fate of Hispanic Am
ericans through the ages.                    Which document would you like to st
udy                      1- Picture 1  advertissement.                     2- Ar
ticle from Time, May 4th, 1987.                     3- Article from Time, May 18
th, 1987.                     4- To study another theme.                     5- 
Quit.   !""""INTRO   TOT  INTRO   $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2HP!"!.d!mP                  
         ALL THE COLOURS OF AMERICA       For each theme, you'll find a selectio
n of authentic documents       with studies or guidelines for reading and a comp
lete data base       including historical and cultural landmarks, statistics, ma
ps and       dictionnaries to provide you with   PAFBGCHDIEdmv3, the U.S. bought
 an enormous share of Mexican territory  it was the Gasden Purchase. Once more, 
new987.                     3- Article from Time, May 18th, 1987.               
      4- To study another theme.                     5- Quit.   !""""BLACK1D TO1
BLACK1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2w*Landmarks/History/- bondage/- subordination/- violen
ce//Black Culture/- slave culture/- black is ROMAIN  TOTABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPLOADER  
COMnjklmnopqrstuvwLOADER  COMZabcdefghiLOADER  0008xyzAMSEXO13I005VWXYZAMSDICO1T
OTAMSEPI2 TOTAMSEXO21TOTAabcdefghBLACK1B TO1BLACK1B $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2v*Landmark
s/History/- bondage/- subordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/- 
black is ROMAIN  TOTABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPLOADER  COMnjklmnopqrstuvwLOADER  COMZabcdef
ghiLOADER  0008xyzAMSEXO13I005VWXYZAMSDICO1TOTAMSEPI2 TOTAMSEXO21TOTAabcdefgh de
ux phrases des lignes 33,34 (Elle se jeta...dans ses bras).                    1
- Il y a une opposition.                     2- Il y a une simultanit.          
           3- Il y a un accord.J2 Comment  ! Non, pas du tout  ils font et veule
nt la mme chose au mme moment.J2 Oui, bien-sr et heureusement. Pourtant dans la 
rptition de cette action, dans la lenteur que cela tend  exprimer, c'est comme s
i au fond c'tait encore trop long pour eux. C'est  la fois rapide, dSans doute, 
mais on ne sais pas bien de quoi, sinon de tout. Ce n'est pas ce que ce passage 
exprime principalement.J2 Non, pas  15 ans! pas  deux doigts de vivre l'amour! C
'est un sentiment trop physique pour l'instant, ils ne s'occupent pas de cela.J2
 Mais oui, le rythme s'est acclr, dans cette course d'enfants il y a de l'essouf
flement, de l'motion, de la crainte. Ils approchent quelque chose qui, au fond, 
leur fait encore un peu peur.J2 MvOPOzMOPOzNv"VBLACK1B TO2BLACK1B $$$!" y2 WO* !
" y2t and battery on a slave, without just cause or excuse, to be determinated b
y the jury, is guilty of a misdemeanor.a r8P(   The slaves songs or Negro Spirit
uals had various purposes. Here are three   Spirituals what are they in fact    
        1- Work songs.         2- Prayers.        3- Sorrow songs.xP            
       No, work is not mentioned in thoseBLACK1C TO1BLACK1C $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2*L
andmarks/History/- bondage/- subordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave cul
ture/- black is ROMAIN  TOTABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPLOADER  COMnjklmnopqrstuvwLOADER  COM
ZabcdefghiLOADER  0008xyzAMSEXO13I005VWXYZAMSDICO1TOTAMSEPI2 TOTAMSEXO21TOTAabcd
efgh thongs.xP             Yes, they are prayers  they are the result           
  of the "christianization" of the slaves.P          Sorrow is present in "Nobod
y knows the trouble I've been..."          But the constant appeal to God makes 
it a prayer.          Here's a sorrow song                      We raise the whe
at                     They give us the corn                     We bake the bre
ad                     They give us the crust                     We sif the mea
l   cette phrase sans verbe les enveloppe tous deux, comme le silence. Ce silenc
e peu silencieux au fond, puisque les arbres frissonnent (petit bruit), la pluie
 s'goutte avec un bruit argentin (dlicat), les hirondelles crient. Ils sont seul
s au monde et c'est cela qui leur donne l'impression du silence, de la pntration
, de la fusion avec la nature.J2 PRSQRSQlUY"KRRSOSJ             Que suffit-il po
ur que la situation volue (l.33)   1- Que leu  PAFBGCHDIE                  They 
give us the huss                     We peal the meat                     They g
ive us the skin                     And that's the way                     They 
take us in                     We skim the pot                     They give us 
the liquor                     And say that's good enough for nigger.          N
ote in that text the number of works, apart from field work,          that were 
given to the slaves.ABr"FLU Pxeyond it. In which song is this made clear        
 1- "Go tell it..."       2- "Deep River"          3- "Nobody..."P              
        Of course  but this was our example.P    No, this song stresses the omni
science of God and Jesus, who is the only    recourse.P  Of course. Notice that 
Jesus is both the guide and the object of the search." P(     The "deep river" s
ymbolized escape and freedom. What is the symbo    Many slaves songs were inspir
ed by the Old Testament - The blacks    identified to Canaan, son of Ham, who ha
d been cursed by his father Noah    -this is what is expressed in "Deep River". 
   But "Deep River" had a direct meaning to slaves    apart from that interpreta
tion of the Old Testament.                          1- It invited to suicide.   
                       2- It invited to rebellion.                          3- I
t invited to escape.P                         l of     liberty in that text P   
                       (the) Mountain, (the) hill£%4mountain, hill/the mountain,
 the hill/mountain/hill0Px  The mountain, indeed, is very important in the image
ry of negro spirituals.  It embodies freedom, rebirth, dignity, like in this ste
nza from another  Spiritual                          Did you ever               
          Stand on a mountain                          Did you ever             
No, read more carefully.P Rebellion means revolt against something  Slavery or s
omebody  the masters.                            These are not mentioned.       
          The song therefore symbolizes something else.P          Good, certain 
verses are meaningful.          See for example  "My home is over"...           
                 "I want to cross over into Cain's Ground"...h"%.8PH Mooses and 
his people crossed the Red Sea               Wash your hands in a cloud         
                 Did you ever                         Receive Jesus in your hear
t   What is it opposed to             1- the river.         2- the ground.      
   3- the land.P    No, the river is often a sacred river to cross to reach peac
e and freedom.P           No, the word "land" is in general applied to "promised
 land",                      "holy land" it metaphorizes freedom.P Yes, the grou
nd is the most materialistto escape from Pharao. Similarily the black people hav
e a "deep river" to cross towards freedom. Which is it                          
 1- the Mississippi.                          2- the plantation boundary.       
                   3- white people's prejudices.P            Alas, across the Mi
ssissipi, there were slave states too !P Yes, it was the first "deep river" to c
ross for a runaway slave. After leavingthe plantation, he would have to travel b
y night and hide by day, to cic term to suggest daily toil onearth. Notice in "N
obody knows..." the use of "ground"  "sometimes I'm almostto the ground" this su
ggests both submission, exhaustion and toil as mostslaves (75%) worked in agricu
lture.jtOt"enHt0P               Linked to the chorus this sentence clearly evoke
s            1- social status.        2- punishment.        3- despair.pP(      
        No, slave songs rarely deal with society as a whole.pP(    ross thestate
 boundaries and continue until he reached the first free state Pennsylvania, Ohi
o, Indiana.P   This couldn't be enough. Racial prejudices were as important in t
he North   as in the South.l'l"WfKl8PH Crossing the first "deep river", the slav
e will reach "that promised land, where all is peace". You see that spirituals a
re songs of hope, even of optimism  the slave wants to transcend the horrors of 
daily life to reach something b  PAFBGCHDIEYes, either lived or witnessed, punis
hment is part of the daily life    of the slave.    Read the Black Codes to be c
onvinced that the slave's life was in fact    regulated by the whip.pP(   No, on
 the contrary, slave songs are songs of hope because of the presence   of Jesus 
who knows, sees and shares the slave's burden.%rl"(PhSlave songs, negro spiritua
ls represent the first apparition of a new culture,an afro-american culture. The
 Gospal state.P                No, on the contrary he insists twice in the text 
               on being "a man of substance, of flesh and bone"."s8P8           
      Yes, certainly, but whose mental state is it                    1- the nar
rator's.                   2- people's.$P,  No, invisibility is how   the narrat
or feels.h2  Yes, he mentions repeatedly that   people made him invisible.c"TZ8c
8Pel interpreted in the slave quartersrepresented a potential rebellion sustaini
ng hope and the will to escape, thismay explain why the preachers were extremely
 influent and suspected people.Negro Spirituals are still very important nowaday
s for black people.See for example the titles James Baldwin (1924-1987) gave to 
some of hisnovels                             Go tell it on the mountain        
                   Mountain                           Notes of a Native sonP0   
Before answering the following questions, read the text as carefully as   possib
le and pay attention to the recurring terms and patterns.   Two semantic fields 
are mainly present in that text, which are they         1- vision.    2- race re
lation.    3- identity.    4- fantastic.P         Good. The theme of vision is p
resent throughout the text        through words like         "invisible", "see",
 "invisibility", "eyes", "unseen", "vision".P      No, we know that the naru for
 slavery."0PX        But considering the slaves as children has other why the pr
eachers were extremely influent and suspected people.Negro Spirituals are still 
very important nowadays for black people.See for example the titles James Baldwi
n (1924-1987) gave to some of hisnovels                             Go tell it o
n the mountain                           Mountain                           Note
s of a Native sonPrator is a black man, but it is not mentioned     in the text.
 He only speaks of "I" and "people".P      Good. But if you read carefully, you'
ll see that Identity is related to     another theme as in "they see... everythi
ng and anything except me."P  You have noted terms like "invisible man", "spook"
, "bio-chemical accident" that have appealed to your imagination and suggested a
 fantastic story. May be you have read The Invisible Man by H.G. Well  Be carefu
l, this is not the authoBLACK1C TO2""(BLACK1C $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2t and battery on
 a slave, without just cause or excuse, to be determinated by the jury, is guilt
y of a misdemeanor.j0PX          After reading this extract of the Prologue to I
nvisible Man,          would you say that the novels starts             1- like 
a fantastic story.            2- like a philosophical story.            3- like 
a quest story.%P+r's purpose here to write a fantastic novel.Y"8PH              
                   Are those terms                              1- rather positi
ve                               2- rather negative P      Sure  Look at stateme
nts like "refuse to see", "poor vision" or even      "see only"  they are restri
ctive.P     Yes, of course. These terms are either completely negative like     
"invisible", "unseen", or res  this is your first impression  you'll  see later 
if it turns out to be true.)h'  Yes, good intuition.!  Yes, good intuition.(P   
        We shall see later how these various elements combine with           eac
h other in the text and for which purpose.z---1£23PP(                     The na
rrator defines invisibility as                  1- a physical state.         2- 
a ment  PAFBGCHDIEtricted by negative terms related to     them like "refuse to 
see", "poor vision"."(Pp         These constant negations give the general impre
ssion of pain,         of difficulty, of an obstacle hard to define and to overc
ome.         Find in the text other images or metaphors that symbolize the      
   difficulties of being seen          Line         Line         LineH"surrounde
d by mirrors of hard, distorting glass""you're constantnd "I" correspond to each
 other.$"p0P           "eye" sounds like ...PP   Very good, as you can see or he
ar "eye" and "I" correspond to each other.EE!0INPP      *  What does this assimi
lation between "inner eye" and "inner I"         suggest to you          1- peop
le consciously refuse to use their eyes to see.         2- people are unable to 
use their eyes.         3- people are blind.P   ly being bumped against""a phant
om in other people's mind"26/7x17/1819(PX         The fact of being "unseen" mak
es Invisible Man suffer because           1- he is a black man.           2- he 
is not considered as a person.           3- he is physically attacked.P   Undoub
tedly, the ultimate fonction of the text is a criticism of racialist   attitudes
. But here, Invisible Man's complaint has a larger  Yes there is a conscious or 
unconscious refusal to accept the other or    any difference from themselves. It
's "a matter of construction of their    inner eye", that is of their "inner sel
f".P            No, their "physical" capacity to see is not the matter.sE"vP8   
      *  And the vindication of self-identity moves on to doubts.            Fin
d two verbs and two names reflecting this             Two verbs            Two n
amesPobject.P    In a world of "mirrors", "distorting glass" and "nightmare" can
 you still    interpret such a sentence as "you're constantly being bumped again
st..."    as a valid reality P   Therefore Invisible Man puts forwards a claim t
o existence and identity.F "(P( *  This vindication of self-identity starts with
 the acknowledgement of    a fact (on the part of other people) on which line   
  LineHB"When they approa             Good ! Invisible Man doubts whether he rea
lly exists.                   Social indifference leads to non-existence.09doubt
, wonderphantom, figurew£,,0 doubt$0 wonder phantom$ figure7P8           To fini
sh with a brutal reaction  "Out of resentment..."           Notice the use of ve
rbs expressing brutality,           either through bodily activity or through sp
eech.                     "ch me they see only my surroundings, themselves, or f
igments of their imagination - indeed, everything and anything except me."xP  Go
od, people do not accept him as he really is, but as they suppose, imagine  or w
ant him to be. They refuse to see a person different from what they want  him to
 be. Therefore, they refuse to "see" him.eH7/8/9xP( *  It goes along with an hyp
othesis concerning the others' incapacity    to "see" on which libump", "strike"
, "curse", "swear".£PP(                   But what is the outcome of this rebell
ion                     1- recognition           2- indifferenceP               
       No alas ! "it's seldom successful".P                      Yes alas, "it's
 seldom successful".5VyV" P(   So you see that the attitudes of the two communit
ies end in a deadlock.   Neither subordination nor violent action lead to recogn
ition andne(s)     LineB"peculiar disposition of the eyes of those with whom I c
ome in contact. A matter of the construction of their inner eyes,(...)"P        
      Good. Therefore the flaw is in the others' eyes... kk10/11vP      *       
 Can you imagine any pun based on the word "eye"                             1- 
Yes               2- No0P               Repeat aloud  eye, I, eye, I,...        
       So you see "eye" a  PAFBGCHDIE achieve   visibility. So it leads black pe
ople to a questionning of themselves.   Who incidentally reveals that to Invisib
le Man hP0      Good. This "innocent" question reveals the despair and helplessn
ess      of the black community as a whole                                 "What
 did I do                                 to be so black                        
           and blue "!PLouis Armstong/Armstrong0PP    As you have seen th"kqz PX
            Apart from testimonies of ghettos inhabitants.            The articl
e proposes mainly                 1- an analysis of behaviour in ghettos.       
         2- an analysis of the causes of ghetto violence.                3- a de
scription of ghetto life.                4- proposals to solve ghetto problems.P
                                  Yes exactly.P  Violence in the ghetto is only 
one aspect of the ghetto problem as a whole prologue is difficult and disconcert
ing because    statements are often ambiguous, contradictory or paradoxical.    
Remenber, you thought the novel started like a    Now read the writer's intentio
n when writing this     "the Prologue was written afterwards... I wanted to shif
t the reader off    balance, make him accept certain non-naturalistic effects." 
   This prologue is pronounced by a disillusioned narrator who remembers    his 
feelings of a young black man in a white society.3fante.P      In fact, the arti
cle goes beyond a mere description of ghetto life.P   No, the article contains i
n fact no mention of any solution to the ghetto   problem.K+UUU"CIOUP           
     This analysis of behaviour in ghettos contains                 1- reference
s to political programmes.                2- statistics.                3- quota
tion from biographies of blacks.                4- interviews with black peastic
 story.3philosophical story.3quest story.!r!Pu            , you thought the nove
l started like a    Now read the writer's intention when writing this     "the P
rologue was written afterwards... I wanted to shift the reader off    balance, m
ake him accept certain non-naturalistic effects."    This prologue is pronounced
 by a disillusioned narrator who remembers    his feelings of a young black man 
in a white society.3fantople.                5- report of testimonies made by bl
ack people.                6- references to literature.                7- analys
is of causes.                8- analysis of consequences.P                      
            Good.P           Of course a lot of statistics reinforce the descrip
tions.P                  No, no biographies are quoted in that text.P    No, an 
interview means questions and answers. Here the questions are not    mentioned.P
BLACK1D TO266QBLACK1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2t and battery on a slave, without just c
ause or excuse, to be determinated by the jury, is guilty of a misdemeanor.t"P  
                               DETAILED STUDY PH        "A new generation of Nat
ive Sons" is the title of this article.        Choose an explicit subtitle for i
t.        1- Attitudes black and white.        2- Black ghettos  poverty a      
   Yes, you'll find those lived experiences in several paragrahs.P             N
o, not in the body of the article, only in its title.P               Indeed, cau
ses are the main object of the article.P   No, the consequences for America of t
his situation in the ghettos are not   mentioned.$1J2345y678ev0PX      This anal
ysis of behaviour ind despair.        3- ghettos  the dead end.P            The 
whites' attitudes are mentioned nowhere in that text.P         Ok  it is the mos
t adequat subtitle.        Here is the subtitle given by Time         "America's
 inner-city blacks are mired in poverty and despair."P     The idea of a dead en
d is implicit from the text, yet a subtitle should    explain the main title. In
 fact "Ghettos  the dead end" would have been    a fairly good title.m  PAFBGCHD
IEn black ghettos falls into three parts.      For each part give the paragraph(
s) concerned           - an introduction describing the various aspects of      
      the black community           - a development analysing the causes of     
       the ghetto situation           - a short conclusion showing the dead end 
point "X1#p2,3,4,5,6,78TPh         But this article is mainly devoted to the ana
lysis of causes.  e     1- unemployed and undereducated, the Blacks are unable t
o fit in society    2- though many blacks could reach a satisfying social status
, part of       the black population is mired in poverty and despair.    3- from
 slavery to segregation, the Blacks have been victims of the white       America
n Society.P    No, this problem is specific to the ghetto population, not to the
 black    community as a whole.P          No, in many cases, segregation problem
s have been overcom       Could you make a list of the elements that are analyse
d here            1- unemployment.           2- segregation.           3- change
s in America's economy.           4- poverty.           5- lack of role models. 
          6- migration from the South of poor blacks.           7- drug.        
   8- lack of religion.           9- family breakdown.P   Yes, of course, unempl
oyment plays a special part in the ghetto situation.   It is qualified as a "cen
tral" problem.P   e.3"(Px        This is what the first paragraph means and prov
es with figures.        How would you qualify this situation         1- antithet
ic.        2- paradoxical.        3- logical.XP            "antithetic" means "i
n opposition" it's more than this.P                 "though" does not imply logi
cal consequence.P Yes, exactly, the situation of the black community is paradoxi
cal with, on the one hand, remarkab No, segregation is not mentioned as a direct
 cause of ghetto problems.    On the contrary, it seems to be taken for granted 
in this case.P  It could be a valuable reason because of the general difficultie
s for  low-skilled workers to find a job, but it is not analysed in this article
.P               Poverty is a consequence, not a cause, be careful.P   Of course
, the problem of drug addiction in the ghettos is very important.   We'll see la
ter its consequences.P  le success, and on the other hand, poverty and despair."
0PP    This article is rich in statistics and figures. The reading of the first 
   paragraph should help you to fill up this grid.                      U.S. nat
ion       whites       blacks       balck teens  below poverty rate       15 %  
            %            %             50 %  unemployment                %      
    6.5 %            %                % dd*                No, religion is not m
entioned in that text.P Yes this is a very important reason, it is even mentione
d twice in the text.P             Two paragraphs are dedicated to this important
 problem.£c12s345678t9-j(P8 This migration, which took place in the world wars, 
is not mentioned in the text, though we may imagine that bringing thou11731x6,9/
6.97x15Hx40k Px     When you read this table, which category is the most hit by 
the ghetto     crisis         1- whites.         2- blacks.         3- black tee
ns.4  No, of course not. Read the table more carefully.h4  No, because the black
 community is, paradoxically   enough, divided into rich and poor..0  Yes, as yo
u can see, figures are eloquent       - 40% of young sands of Blacks in the ghet
tos, it contributed to the making of the ghetto problem. Another migration is ev
oked in the text, which one (quote the line)  LineP  Good. This explains the lac
k of role models for young blacks in the ghetto.G"the migration of successful bl
acks out of the ghetto."%-370PX    In the introduction, the writer paints the va
rious aspects of the black    community and points out a problem  which on  PAFB
GCHDIEbalcks are unemployed.      - 20% dropout shool.      - 50% prisonners are
 black youths.      - 5% die of murder.  1" (Ph                 Reorder the vari
ous causes of ghetto failure.                    - lack of role models.         
           - family breakdown.                    - unemployment.               
     - drug.PP                   1- unemployment.                   2- lack of r
ole models.                   3- s "self-esteen" to ghetto kids.P1234Z P( The ma
in problem is that those kids, contrary to their parents, refuse low-paying and 
low-prestige jobs on account of a "misplaced sense of pride". Drug therefore pro
vides ghetto teens with both money and prestige. Similarily, prestige can be rai
sed by another means, which one P   Yes, violence in the ghetto is a daily reali
ty, but more than this, it has   becomedrug.                   4- family breakdo
wn. )2X4p13)(PX         Unemployment is the most important problem for Ghetto yo
uths.         But where are the causes of unemployment to be found            1-
 In the collapse of ghetto economy.           2- In the migration of successful 
blacks.           3- In the failure of education.P             The collapse of g
hetto economy is not the main a means of asserting one's personality, and theref
ore it seems to   be almost inherent to ghetto life. pviolence(P The last step o
f the analysis of the causes of ghetto collapse is the "breakdown of the family 
structure". According to the text, this means that                           1- 
the birth rate is falling.                          2- divorce is increasing.   
                       3- most mothers are single.P    No, reason.P           Ed
ucation in the ghettos is often inadequate to get a job,           but it is not
 the main reason given."o(PX     Yes, exactly what did the presence of those suc
cessful blacks provide     the ghetto with                   1- role models for 
children.                  2- money to be spent on the ghetto economy.          
        3- connections.P       Good. They "instill ambition, provide examples of
 the work on the contrary census figures show that the birth rate among whites  
  is 22%. and among blacks 32%. .P                             No, this is not t
he reason given.P Yes, therefore the family structure (father, mother, children)
 is incomplete.o3"&P  The figures quoted in the text show that 56% of black fami
lies are headed by  single women and that this percentage reaches 90% in ghetto 
areas.  What about these women       ethic".P      Yes, consequently, the few in
dustries and commerces tend to degrade.P           Certainly, this method to fin
d a job is typically American./1523460PP The result of this situation is that th
e inhabitants of ghettos are isolated from social life.zPP To compensate for thi
s estrangement or alienation from "mainstream society," young Blacks of the ghet
to have found an alternative,             1- they are mostly teenagers.         
        2- they have regular jobs.                 3- they live on welfare.     
            4- they have the protection of their family.                 5- they
 are alone because the father works far.                 6- they have been deser
ted.P      Yes, as Sybil says in her testimony, she became pregnant in her teens
.P          No, they have roughly the same unemployment problem as men.P    Yes,
 these welfare checks reawhich one $xdrug Ph                         What does d
rug bring them                           1- oblivion.                          2
- money.                          3- relief.                          4- status.
P    No, drug is considered rather as an object of commerce than as an object   
 of consumption.P       Yes, drug is the "alternative economy that can provide h
igh wages".P           Yes, drug provide   P A F B G C H D I Ech $286 a month pe
r head in a family without   regular wages, that is little more than $7,000 a ye
ar for a two persons   family whereas the average earning of a black family is $
16,600 and that   of a white family $23,500.P        You can hardly speak of fam
ily when you take the example of Sybil.P       No, most of these fathers deserte
d them and are still unemployed.      Look at Sybil  "She no longer sees Jeffrey
, an unemployed dropout."P      Yes, the fathers dropped them *Landmarks/History
/- bondage/- subordination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/- black is 
beautifulFacts/- minorities/- black slaves/- black Americans/- statisticsDocumen
ts/Black Codes/S. Northrup/G. Fitzhugh/Negro Spirituals/R. Ellison/Time 1986Tool
s/Dictionnary/People/QuitScksTa jt"*Landmarks/History/- bondage/- subordination/
- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/- black is beautifulFacts/- minorities
/- black slavesand their children.     12% of single black women from 18 to 29 h
ave children, whereas only 7%     white women of the same age are in the same si
tuation.123V4b56S#(PX        What would you say about the conclusion of the arti
cle           1- the decline has recently been reversed.          2- whatever th
e solution envisaged, the result was negative.          3- it's a dead end.P/- b
lack Americans/- statisticsDocuments/Black Codes/S. Northrup/G. Fitzhugh/Negro S
pirituals/R. Ellison/Time 1986Tools/Dictionnary/People/QuitScksTa jt"v'38g*nCF6O
                                YEARS OF BONDAGE      The first slaves in the US
 were not black but white. They were "indentured servants" who accepted to sell 
their lives for their passage to Am                              No, on the cont
rary.z"mm8P  To conclude, this article shows to what extent some people in Ameri
ca can  be alienated. Unfit for joining in society, they have recreated a societ
y  of their own with specific rules that restore their self-estime, prestige  an
d dignity.  If you have read the extract from Invisible Man, you can measure tha
t  for 30 years the problem has, at best remained the same, or worsened.Perica. 
They were mostly Englishmen, but there were already a few black people taken to 
America by Dutch traders.      After an average of a 7-year service, they were f
reed and could buy a piece of land of their own. In the late seventeenth century
 they became too numerous for the quantity of free land so that planters (settle
rs who lived by growing a single crop for export) turned to black slaves for lif
e. Slaves remained permanentely under the control of their masters. They could s
afely be denied riue shows to what extent some people in America can  be alienat
ed. Unfit for joining in society, they have recreated a society  of their own wi
th specific rules that restore their self-estime, prestige  and dignity.  If you
 have read the extract from Invisible Man, you can measure that  for 30 years th
e problem has, at best remained the same, or worsened.Pghts that the English, se
rvant or free, could legally demand. They could be subjected to harsh punishment
s without recourse to the courts. They could be kept unarmed, unorganized, helpe
ss to resist. And the fact that they happened to be black announced their probab
le status and made escape difficult.       Slavery thus became the dominant form
 of relationship between whites and other races and was recognized by law in eve
ry colony and later in every state.      In the eighteen twenties the spread of 
   Find the logical links between those statements              but / so / there
fore / and / moreover / consequently     - W*Landmarks/History/- bondage/- subor
dination/- violence//Black Culture/- slave culture/- black is beautifulFacts/- m
inorities/- black slaves/- black Americans/- statisticsDocuments/Black Codes/S. 
Northrup/G. Fitzhugh/Negro Spirituals/R. Ellison/Time 1986Tools/Dictionnary/Peop
le/Print/QuitScksTa jt"  PAFBGCHDIE the Cotton Kingdom to the Gulf States (Georg
ia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana) reinforced the unity of the Southern states
 around "the peculiar institution" now as described "a necessary evil". Moreover
 Slavery was a means of controlling an inferior race, of maintaining the purity 
and supremacy of the white race and above all, it was a viable and profitable la
bor system representing an enormous investment of Southern capital.      Yet, at
 that time, the first tensions appeared between North and Sion was threatened by
 white resentment that burst out in violence  the Ku Klux Klan became an instrum
ent of terrorism and, even officially disbanded in 1869 and 1871, it went underg
round or emerged in similar organizations. Soon the US North and South engaged i
n the Subordination of freedmen. Therefore, white people of North and South were
 reconciled at the expanse of black people on account of the "let-alone" philoso
phy, of "laisser-faire" and of states rights that virtually nullified the fourte
eouth. In 1820 the Missouri compromise had limited the extension of slavery to t
he 36 degrees North parallel.      In 1832 the first quarrel over tariff threate
ned the Union. In the eighteen thirties too, the South faced its first slave reb
ellion (Nat Turner killed 60 whites) and the North was shattered with abolitioni
st movements led by Garrison, the Tappans' brothers, Th. Weld, and ex-slaves cou
ld at least bear witness to their ordeal  Sojourner, Truth, Lunsford Lane, Frede
rick Douglass, David Wanth and fifteenth amendments.      The end of the ninetee
nth century and the first years of the twentieth century were under the sign of 
racial segregation  Jim Crow Laws led to a movement to disfranchisement for whic
h various devices were used such as literacy and property qualification, underst
anding clauses (any person wishing to register should be able to comment an arti
cle from the Constitution) or the Grand father clause (any person wishing to reg
ister should prove that his grand father halker or Harriet Tubman were speakers 
or writers of the abolitionist movement. For them, slavery was above all a moral
 issue. Therefore they relied, apart from a few extremists, to "moral-suasion" a
nd asked emancipation to be "promptly commenced but gradually accomplished". The
 South reaction galvanized the opposition as it developed an organized pro-slave
ry argument defining slavery as "a positive good" and based on theological, hist
orical, social and even scientific or rather pseudo-scientific argumd the vote t
oo).       Any black resistance, especially from young blacks not born under sla
very, met with white antagonism taking the form of lynching and murder. But the 
majority of black people followed Booker T. Washington who promoted the doctrine
 of work, thrift, self-help, sobriety and conforming to segregation, as the ulti
mate purpose was achievement of economic success rather than the obtention of ci
vil and political rights. For many blacks however, this doctrine expressed in th
e Atlanta Cents.      In the eighteen fifties a new step was taken as new territ
ories North and South of 36 parallel asked their admission in the Union, but but
 the 1850 Compromise was not satisfactory. Through the Dred Scott Decision black
s were denied the US citizenship  to crown it all Harriet Beacher Stowe punished
 in 1852 a strong denounciation of slavery  Uncle Tom's Cabin.      When the civ
il war started in 1861, blacks escaped in scores to join the Union Army, in spit
e of former governmental ompromise (1895) was rather a capitulation than a compr
omise.       After the first world war and because of labour shortage, several h
undred thousand blacks had moved to Northern Industrial centers where they were 
segregated in slums, and were the objects of race hatred. But after the experien
ce of war, most of them asked rights  higher wages equal protection under law, v
ote, holding of political offices. White terrorism increased in Washington and D
etroit were black slums were raided.      resistances  the war turned out to be 
a crusade against slavery when in February 1863, Emancipation was proclaimed.   
                        YEARS OF SUBORDINATION      After the civil war, the thi
rteenth Amendment freed the slaves in the US, the fourteenth granted them the US
 citizenship and the fifteenth gave them the franchise.      But those important
 steps were not seriously enforced by a poorly equipped president (Ulysses Grant
) who let corruption invade government. Black reconstruct  PAFBGCHDIE           
             YEARS OF VIOLENCE      The nineteen thirties were marked by a rise 
in expectations of American Blacks. Roosevelt made it a national policy to forbi
d discrimination in employment and appointed many able blacks to senior administ
rative positions where they would symbolize new opportunities for their race and
 where they would assist their fellows.      During the Second World War, the de
mand for labour provided new opportunities for blacks and new episodes of racial
 violence b economic success is concerned, many successful Blacks face the probl
em of "tokenism"  they are recruited by  compagnies just to show they are not ab
sent, but they are not accepted as professional equals (without real opportuniti
es).      And yet unemployment is very important among young Blacks. In educatio
n the problem is that of the defacto segregation as far as whites have abandoned
 certain areas. Government has tried a policy of busing the pupils to create a m
ultiracial equilibrium but it is deurst on in Los Angeles, New York, Detroit whe
re 30 people died after two days of guerilla fighting.      In the mid nineteen 
fifties, plans for desegregation, in schools first, were started (1954  Brown vs
 board of Education of Topeca outlawed racial discrimination in public schools),
 and later desegregation was extended to interstate trade, public building, airp
orts, bus, parks...      Black action was of paramount importance at that time  
with Martin Luther King started the non-violent resisteply unsatisfactory and ma
ny whites have opposed it.                              SLAVE CULTURE       The 
slaves brought from Africa were the finest and the fittest young men and women  
they brought with them cultural habits that had to be adjusted by force both to 
the American system and, of course, to other tribes' culture. This double adjust
ment was the first emergence of an Afro-american culture.        From Africa, bl
ack slaves have kept the tradition of an oral culture (indeed educationance move
ment. In 1963, he led 250,000 persons on a march in front of Lincoln memorial, W
ashington, where they listened to his speech  "I have a dream".      And yet vio
lence was rampant, Kennedy had tried to reach a new frontier carrying poors and 
non-whites with him  he was murdered (November 1963)  his brother Robert, attorn
ey general, had made himself the champion of outcasts  he was murdered (June 196
8)  Martin Luther King, the advocate of non-violence, was murdered too in April 
1968.      was not permitted to them), mainly based on tales, proverbs, songs an
d especially dances (which were forbidden as pagan to the Whites).       The tal
es, for example had educational and social functions  they gave guidelines in fi
shing, hunting, farming or concerning the behaviour of animals  but they also ta
ught how to cope with racial relationships, they showed how to use cunning to ov
ercome the strength of masters.       One of the favourite heroes was "Bryan Rab
bit" who triumphs over bigger a Already the North Blacks, rather than legal and 
political rights, asked equal social and economic opportunities - the advocates 
of violent action gathered strenght with the Black Muslims, advocating black sep
aratism, self-discipline and self-defence through voices, like those of Malcom X
 or Elijah Muhammad.      In 1966, was created the Black Panther Party organized
 on military lines by Elridge Cleaver and Stokely Carmichael. Riots exploded in 
black ghettos  in 1965, in Watts (LA) in 1966, in Soutnimals through his cunning
 and cleverness  such tales taught how to hide one's hanger behind humility, how
 to laugh in the face of adversity and become crafty enough to manipulate the ma
sters.       Proverbs also contained in a nutshell the same kind of morality and
 wisdom  they reflected the experience of the plantation, the codes of behaviour
, the labour to perform, how to avoid punishment a.s.o... Here are a few proverb
s        - "Don't say more with your mouth than you back can stand".       hside
 (Chicago) in 1967, in Atlanta, Detroit, Harlem (New York). This radicalization 
of urban Blacks was accompanied by a new affirmation of racial and cultural prid
e  black power (Afro hairfashion, soul music, black studies programs). In 1965 t
he Voting Rights Act enabled many Blacks to be elected in political offices.    
  In 1979, 5,000 blacks were in office (50% in the South) and such cities as Was
hington, Los Angeles, Detroid, Neward, Atlanta and Birmingham had black mayors. 
     As far as   P A F B G C H D I E- "You've got eyes to see and wisdom not to 
see".       - "The overseer regulates the day break".       - "The sun shines in
 everyman's door, once".       The use of African dialects and of African names 
reinforced the sense of kinship among slaves. In some regions like the Sea-Islan
ds, black people spoke African dialects until the beginning of the twentieth cen
tury. And the big plantations, with hundreds of slaves, often lived like African
 villages obeying to a medicine-man with strong powers overjected the Sambo imag
e of the black man (acquiescent and submissive) to foster the Rebel.       In th
e nineteen eighties, ghetto life has raised new problems that appear through son
gs like those of Stevie Wonder or Marvin Gaye. P                            MINO
RITIES IN THE U.S.                                 Hispanic   Oriental          
            Blacks     Americans  Americans   Indians     WhitesPopulation      
   26,495,000  14,609,000  3,726,000  1,420,400  188,372,000Percent of  the othe
r Blacks (using charms, herbs...).     One of the major influences of the white 
American system was the Christianization of the slaves. The Whites saw it as a j
ustification of slavery and believed that, once baptized (and convinced), the sl
aves could be more obedient. But they appropriated the religion of the masters f
or their for own purpose  the slaves indentified with the Jews who had triumphed
 over the bondage of Pharao, they had an example of liberation.     This  repres
ents the doubletotalpopulation             11.7         6.5        1.5        0.
6         79.7Age groups in %          under 5       10.1        11.4        8.6
       10.1          7.2         5-14          18.8        20.6       16.8      
 20.8         14.3         15-49         52          54         66         61.5 
        51.6         50-64         11.3         9.2        2.7        2.4       
  15.2         over 65        7.8         4.8        5.9        5.2         11.7
% of each grouphaving finished  meaning of all spirituals, both work- songs and 
liberty-songs impersonating the intimate presence of God, very similar to that o
f African religions. Spirituals were self-contained codes for slaves       - "Th
e North star" would guide them to the North ( liberty).      - "The land of Cana
an"  Canada (where there was no slavery).      - "Crossing the river Jordan"  Cr
ossing the border of slave states.       They were marks of a cultural resistanc
e on the part of the slaves and this accounts for     High school         32.5  
      27.2       24.7       31.3         38.8    College       1-3 years        
13.6        15.3       17.2       16.5         15.54 or more years         8.8  
       7.8       32.9        7.7         18.5% of persons below  poverty level  
      34.2        26.5       13.1       27.5         11.1% of urbanpopulation   
          82          87.7       91.7       48.2         74.4                   
               BLACK SLAVES                   Total Populatthe high prestige of 
the slave preacher, both as mediator between the two societies, and as leader of
 slave revolts.                             BLACK IS BEAUTIFULL       Between th
e two wars, the Jazz Age wanted to abolish traditional standards of conduct, and
 Jazz symbolically revealed this revival of sensuality, spontaneity and intimacy
.      Black men like Marcus Garvey (Universal Negro Improvement Association lea
der) initiated the strong desire of Blacks for self- identity, racial pridion   
          Black Population         %End of theeigteenth century     4,000,000   
                   750,000          20%  1850               23,000,000          
          2,500,000          11%                                                
      600,000 (free)    6%  1860               30,000,000                      9
00,000  South              12,000,000                    4,000,000White Populati
on in the South   (Total  12,000,000)                   - 3% were planters      
  e wich also appeared in talented black literature led by James W. Johnson, Lan
gston Hughes. Louis Armstrong, Duke Ellington, Ella Fitzgerald transmitted their
 inherited black culture through Blues, Gospel Songs and Jazz.       Later on, a
 new wave of black writers portrayed the difficulties of blackness in a white so
ciety        Richard Wright  Native Son (1940), Black Boy (1945)       Ralph Ell
ison   Invisible Man (1952)       James Baldwin   Go Tell it on the Mountains (1
953) They re  PAFBGCHDIE           - 50% had less than five slaves              
     - 12% had more than twenty slaves Yet, there were enormous differences acco
rding to the states. More than 50% of Louisiana, Alabama, population consisted o
f Negro Slaves. P                                BLACK AMERICANS          Total 
                     B  L  A  C  K        Population     population      %     S
outh    Illiteracy    Urban1910   92,000,000     10,000,000     11%      90%    
   30%          27%1970  204,inner  interne, profond                wear on some
body nerves  porter                                                     sur les 
nerfs, nerver                       FITZHUGH  PROSLAVERY ARGUMENT burden  poids 
                           starve  mourir de faim care  soucis                  
           stout  solide, fort dooms-day  jour du jugement dernier      subject 
 soumettre dwell  insister                          wants  manques, besoins fate
  destin guardian  parrain improvid000,000     22,600,000     11%      50%      
  -           70%1980  224,000,000     26,400,000     12%Black Urban Population 
        In 1970                   - Washington -------- 71%                  - N
ewark ------------- 54%                  - Detroit ------------ 44%        In 19
80                   - East St Louis ------ 95%                  - Washington --
------- 70%                  - Detroit ------------ 63%                  - Newar
k ------------- 60%                  - New Orleanent  imprvoyant lunatic  fou on
 the average  en moyenne outwitted  dpass mentalement prevent  empcher provide f
or  fournir relieve  soulager sabbath  jour de repos                            
   NEGRO SPIRITUALS gambler  joueur,tricheur gospel  vangile sinner  pcheur     
                         Time  NATIVE SONS all the stuff  tout le reste         
      seemingly  apparemment breakdown  rupture                         unshrink
able  qui ne diminue decade s -------- 55%                            STATISTICS
 ABOUT BLACKS    * AGE             - 50% Blacks are under twenty years old.     
                                    WHITE              BLACK            - Averag
e age                 Men                      27,6               20,6          
      Women                    30                 22    * Birth Rate            
             20%.               32%.    * Life Hope                          71 
                67    * Poverty (in dcennie                                     
     pas de facto  de fait                          unwed  non mari dropout  tud
iant qui abandonne ses tudes entrenched  implante fermement fuel  alimenter hard
-core  dur high-school  collge instill  insuffler, inculquer Jim Crow Laws  lois
 sgrgationnistes                 des annes 1890-1900 mainstream  mouvement gnral
 released  publi                               Ralph Ellison      He was born in
 1914 in Oklahoma, and 1983)                  12%                36%    * unempl
oyment (in 1984)              6,5%              16%    * average incomeper per f
amily       23.500$            13.600$                    R.ELLISON  INVISIBLE M
AN, PROLOGUE ache  souffrir, brler d'envie anguish  angoisse                    
  mind  esprit, me bump  bousculer                        nightmare  cauchemar c
omplain  se plaindre de               occur  se produire curse  jurer, mentir   
                peculiar he is still alive. Invisible Man was his first novel fo
r which he got a prize in 1952. It is not only the novel of a black man, but thi
s dimension is transcended by the challenge to be both Black and American. Throu
ghout his novel he always links black culture and American culture.     His seco
nd book was published in 1964  Shadow and Act, where he specifically develops th
e complex relationships between Black subculture and general culture in America.
 This book is not a novel but a compilat  particulier distorting  dformant      
            resentment  haine ectoplasm  ectoplasme                  seldom  rar
ement (zone visible mise parfois par         sideshow  attraction (cirque)  un m
dium en tat de transe)           spook  revenant flesh  chair                   
        strength  force figment  invention, cration           strike  frapper   
        de l'imagination              surroundings  contour haunt  hanter       
                   swear  jurer, blasphmer   PAFBGCHDIEion of essays and intervi
ews.                              George Fitzhugh      He was born in 1804 in Vi
rginia. Although he descended from one of Virginia's oldest and most prominent f
amilies, Fitzhugh himself was never prosperous. The agricultural decline of the 
eighteen twenties in Virginia, forced the sale of the family plantation. He was 
a self-taught man and becamed a lawyer. Later he became increasingly preoccupied
 with local concerns, especially slavery. The titles of the books and articluld 
remind those who deprecate and sympathise with negro   slavery, that this slaver
y here relieves him for a far more cruel   slavery in Africa, and from idolatry 
and cannibalism, and every brutal   vice and crime that can disgrace humanity an
d that is christianizes,25 protects, supports and civilizes him that it governs 
him far better   than free laborers at the North are governed.       The negro s
laves of the South are the happiest, and, in some sense   the freest people in t
he world. The chiles he published are eloquent enough to situate him among the h
arsher defenders of slavery and the key figures of the pro-slavery argument.    
     1851 Slavery Justified by a Southerner              What shall be done with
 Free Negroes          1854 Sociology for the South  or the Failure of Free Soci
ety         1857 Cannibals All ! Or Slaves Without MastersUU8PH   You are going 
to read a text written by George Fitzhugh, published in 1857   in Virginia, and 
extradren and the aged and infirm   work not at all, and yet have all the comfor
ts and necessaries of life30 provided for them. They enjoy liberty, because they
 are oppressed   neither by care nor labor. The women do little hard work, and a
re   protected from the despotism of their husbands by their masters. The   negr
o men and stout boys work on the average in good weather, not more   than nine h
ours a day. The balance of their time is spent in perfect35 abandon. Besides the
y have their Sabbaths and holicted from a book called                   Cannibal
s All ! or Slaves without Masters.                           THE PROSLAVERY ARGU
MENT 1     He the Negro is but a grown up child, and must be governed   as a chi
ld, not as a lunatic or criminal. The master occupies towards   him the place of
 parent or guardian. We shall not dwell on this view,   for no one will differ w
ith us who thinks as we of the negro's 5 capacity, and we migh argue till dooms-
day in vain, with those who have   a hightdays. White men,   with so much of lic
ense and liberty, would die of ennui but negroes   luxuriate in corporal and men
tal repose. With their faces upturned to   the sun, they can sleep at any hour, 
and quiet sleep is the greatest   of human enjoyments. "Blessed be the man who i
nvented sleep". 'Tis40 hapiness in itself -and results from contentment with the
 present, and   confident assurance of the future.a2cy(Ph You are going to read 
three negro spirituals, they are songs sun opinion of the negro's moral and inte
llectual capacity.       Secondly, the negro is improvident will not lay up in s
ummer for   the wants of winter will not accumulate in youth for the exigencies 
of   age. He would become a insufferable burden to society. Society has the10 ri
ght to prevent this, and can only do so by subjecting him to domestic   slavery.
 In the last place, the negro race is inferior to the white   race, and living i
n the midst, they would be far outstripped or   outwitted in theg by the slaves 
mostly at work, or at the religious meetings held in the quarters, or even in li
ttle groups at night. These songs are part of an oral tradition and therefore ca
nnot be relied because any negro singer simply created a new version of the song
. Some of these negro spirituals were collected by slaveholders themselves in th
eir Diaries or Memoirs, others were discovered after an enquiry made in the nine
teen thirties  that is why you can find different versions of the same song.    
 chaos or free competition. Gradual but certain   extermination would be their f
ate. We presume the maddest abolitionist15 does not think the negro's providence
 of habits and money-making   capacity at all to compare to those of the Whites.
 This defect of   character would alone justify enslaving him, if he is to remai
n here.   In Africa or the West Indies, he would become idolatrous, savage and  
 cannibal, or be devoured by savages and cannibals. At the North he20 would free
ze or starve.      We wo  PAFBGCHDIE                      Go tell it on the moun
tain          1                When I was a sinner                           I s
inned both night and day                           I asked my Lord to help me   
                        And he showed me the way          5    Chorus      Go te
ll it on the mountain                           Over the hills and everywhere   
                        Go tell it on the mountain                           Whe
re Jesus Christ is born                           Whenss heads you see   sometim
es in circus sideshows, it is as though I have been surrounded   by mirrors of h
ard, distorting glass. When they approach me they see   only my surroundings, th
emselves, or figments of their imagination   - indeed, everything and anything e
xcept me.10    Nor is my invisibility exactly a matter of bio-chemical accident 
to   my epidermis. That invisibility to which I refer occurs because of a   pecu
liar disposition of the eyes of those with whom I come in contact.   A matter  I
 was a gambler         10                I gambled both night and day           
                I asked my Lord to help me                           And he show
ed me the way.               Chorus                     Nobody knows the trouble
 I've been         1   Chorus   Nobody knows the trouble I've been              
               Nobody knows but Jesus                      Nobody knows the trou
ble I've been                                Glory Alleluia !             Chorus
         5   of the construction of their inner eyes, those eyes with   which th
ey look through their physical eyes upon reality. I am not15 complaining, nor I 
am protesting either. It is sometimes advantageous   to be unseen, although it i
s most often rather wearing on the nerves.   Then too, you're constantly being b
umped against by those of poor   vision. Or again, you often doubt if you really
 exist. You wonder   whether you aren't simply a phantom in other people's minds
. Say, a20 figure in a nightmare whi         Sometimes I'm up, sometimes I'm dow
n                                   Yes Lord !                      Sometimes I'
m almost to the ground                                 Oh yes Lord !            
 Chorus                                Deep river     1  Deep river, Lord       
 My home is over,                       How dared you want to go        Join on 
me.                            To that gospel field        Deep river, Lord     
                  That promised land     5  I want toch the sleeper tries with a
ll his strenght to   destroy. It's when you feel like this that, out of resentme
nt, you   begin to bump people back. And, let me confess, you feel that way most
   of the time. You ache with the need to convince yourself that you do   exist 
in the real world, that you're part of all the sound and anguish,25 and you stri
ke out with your fists, you curse and you swear to make   them recognize you. An
d, alas, it's seldom successful (...)   One night I heard Louis Armstrong inn cr
oss over into           10 Where all is peace        Cain's Ground              
                Oh deep river my Lord                              I want to cro
ss over                              Into Cain's ground                         
     I want to cross over                           15 Into Cain's Ground.jk8PH 
 You are going to read a text written by a black writer, Ralph Ellison. It's  pa
rt of the prologue to a novel called Invisible Man published in 1952.  ocently a
sking                                  "What did I do                           
       To be so black30                                  And blue "t4v  Pp      
  You are going to read an article from Time, december 7, 1986.   Richard Wright
 drew a complex portrait of disaffected young black men   in the character of Bi
gger Thomas, the antihero of his controversial 1940   protest novel Native son. 
Today there is a new generation of Bigger   Thomas in the U.S, In fact these are
 the very first lines of the novel. Do not forget this  when you read this passa
ge.                   Ralph Ellison  Invisible Man, PROLOGUE1     I am an invisi
ble man. No, I am not a spook like those who haunted   Edgar Allan Poe nor am I 
one of your Hollywood-movie ectoplasms. I am   a man of substance, of flesh and 
bone, fibre and liquids - and I might   even be said to possess a mind. I am inv
isible, understand, simply5  because people refuse to see me. Like the bodile  P
AFBGCHDIEthousands of Native Sons who can be hanging out on   street corners, ta
lking tough, listenning to music boxes, dealing drugs,   slipping into lives of 
crime.                         A NEW GENERATION OF NATIVE SONS      Johnnie Dery
l Scott, 23, is serving a life sentence for taking part    in robbery of a Detro
it car wash that resulted in the murder of the    owner. He is seeking a new tri
al, and hopes someday to be reunited    with the daughter he fathered out of wed
lock six years ago.      ance to becoming murder15 victims, more than six times 
greater than the population as a whole.   While the national unemployment rate i
s 6,9% for black men it is 15%,   for black teens it remains more than 40%. Some
 18% of black men drop   out of high school. This hard-core segment of the commu
nity, dominated   by young men who are both the victim of broken families and pr
eparators20 of new ones, has involved into entrenched subculture, where poverty 
  and despair and crime are recycled frome one gen"The young men I grew up with 
are dead, incarcerated or born-again       Christians. A few... got nice jobs. B
ut a lot of black kids don't       have that opportunity."      Darryl Swafford 
grew up in and around Gary, where thousands of   blacks once earned a living in 
the local steel mills. But economic   stagnation has devasted Big Steel. Unemplo
yed, Swafford has had to rely   on the government for food stamps and rent.    "
I always had that goal, working in the mill. Have a home, a big car.  eration of
 the next.      In the complex mix of forces that has led to the dilemma of youn
g   men, joblessness is perhaps the most central. A report released this   month
 by the Census Bureau and the Conference Board finds that "a large25 number of b
lacks are falling out of the mainstream of our economic   life." In 1950 the une
mployment rate for young blacks was one and half   time greater than that for yo
ung Whites. Now it is more than two times   greater.      Getting a good job in 
America often   But now there's no mill and I'm down. Just trying to make it,   
   trying to survive."       Danny Coleman, 24, has been out of work since losin
g his job at a fast-food shop nearly a year ago. He lives with his parents in Wa
tts. He cannot provide for his young son, who lives with his mother in a nearby 
town and is supported by welfare.   "They treat you like a child on those minimu
m-wage jobs. And there is    no way you can make it on that kind of salary. It i
s just a dead end."              depends on being part of culture30 that instill
s ambition, provides examples of the work ethic and, not   least of all, offers 
personal connections to potential employers. But   the migration of successful b
lacks out of the ghetto has left it   populated by the less skilled and the less
 hopeful. Most ghetto shops   and small businesses are run by outsiders. Says Ha
rriet Mc Adoo of35 Howard University's Department of Social Work  "Unlike kids i
n black   communities in earlier years, where poor and n            A NEW GENERA
TION OF NATIVE SONS 1    Despite all the problems that have historically afflict
ed their   community - from slavery to Jim Crow laws to de facto segregation   -
large numbers of blacks in recent decades have been able to work their   way int
o the broader economic and social life of the nation. Though the 5 poverty rate 
of blacks is 31%, compared with 11% for whites, many have   become part of the g
rowing black middle class, enjoying hard-won gains   in civil rights politics ot
-poor were in the   same school together, kids today don't have somebody moving 
up and out,   somebody going to college, somebody as an example.      Drugs have
 produced an alternative economy that can provide high40 wages and self-esteem t
o young men who cannot earn either in the   mainstream. With the lack of role mo
dels in the ghetto, successful   neighborhood drug dealers often become heroes t
o inner-city kids.      Drugs also fuel much of the violence in the inner city. 
     For this generatiand wage equality. Yet a seemingly unshrinkable   segment 
of urban males - perhaps as much as 50% of young black males   in certain cities
 - still find themselves cut off from the American10 mainstream. Unemployed and 
undereducated, they seem unable, and   in some cases unwilling to fit into the b
roader society.      While black men account for only 6% of America's population
, they   make up half its male prisoners. The leading cause of death among young
   black men is murder  they have a 1-in-21 ch  PAFBGCHDIEon of street-corner me
n, violence has reached such45 a level of pervasiveness that it is accepted almo
st matter-of-factly.   Young men are beaten and killed not only over money, girl
friends and   drugs but often for saying the wrong thing or wearing the wrong ty
pe of   clothes. Acts of brutality serve as way of proving one's manhood, and   
the casual nature of the violence might reflect a general feeling that50 life is
 not worth much in the ghetto.      The Native Son crisis is contributing to the
 brslavery and became the                     greatest of all anti-slavery write
rs.                   - Harriet Tubman, escaped from slavery in Maryland too,   
                  but returned 19 times to help several hundreds slaves         
            flee from their bondage.                 SOLOMON NORTHRUP, 12 YEARS 
A SLAVE, 1853      When "in his cups," Master Epps was a roystering, blustering,
 noisy fellow, whose chief delight was in dancing with his "niggers", or lashing
 them about the yaeakdown of the family   structure in the inner city, a trend t
hat is seen as both a cause and   an effect of the poverty cycle. According to C
ensus Bureau statistics,   nearly two-thirds of all black children are born to u
nwed mothers.55 Of the nation's 4.6 million black families with children, 2.6 mi
llion   are headed by a single woman - and in some ghetto areas it is estimated 
  to be close to 90% As a result, most inner-city black children never   know th
e experience of having a father at home witrd with his long whip, just for the p
leasure of hearing them screech and scream, as the great welts were planted on t
heir backs. When sober, he was silent, reserved and cunning, not beating us indi
scriminately, as in his drunken moments, but sending the end of his rawhide to s
ome tender spot of a lagging slave, with a sly dexterity peculiar to himself (..
.)      The ground is prepared by throwing up beds or ridges, with the plough-ba
ck-furrowing, it is called.      During all these hoeing the overseh steady work
 who   can instill the ambitions and habits that lead to success.60    "It's lik
e a pattern", says Sybil Lemon. "We're talking about my   mother, my auntie and 
two cousins." Each of them became pregnant in   her teens, dropped out of shool,
 went on welfare. So did Sybil. She was   17 when she met Jeffrey. "I was introd
uced to so many things through   him." She recalls. "like liquor and drugs and s
tuff". Today she lives65 with her mother in a suburb of Chicago and supports her
 two-year-er or driver follows the slaves on horse-back with a whip, such as has
 been described. In fact, the lash is flying from morning until night, the whole
 day long.      In the latter part of August begins the cotton picking season. A
t this time each slave is presented with a sack. A strap is fastened to it, whic
h goes over the neck, holding the mouth of the sack breast high, while the botto
m reaches nearly to the ground. Each one is also presented with a large basket t
hat will hold about two barrels. Thold   twins and an infant on a monthly welfar
e check. She no longer sees   Jeffrey, an unemployed dropout. "I didn't love him
", she says. "Why did   I go with him  " she asks. "Why not ".       The persist
ence of the Native sons problem shows how difficult it is70 to find solutions. N
either the spending programs of the 1970s nor the   modest sustained growth and 
laissez-faire attitude of the Reagan years   have reversed the decline.PP     So
lomon Northrup was among the slis is to put the cottom in when the sack is fille
d. The baskets are carried to the field and placed at the beginning of the rows.
      When a new hand, one unaccustomed to the business, is sent for the first t
ime into the field, he is whipped up smartly, and made for that day to pick as f
ast as he can possibly. At night it is weighed, so that his capability in cotton
 picking is kown. He must bring in the same weight each night following. If it f
alls short, it is considered evidence that he has been aves who managed to escap
e and     reach the Northern states. There, he joined the abolishionist movement
     and published an account of his life.     Twelve Years a slave in 1853     
Most black leaders of the abolishionist movement were ex-slaves.     For example
                    - Lunsford Lane, born a slave in North Carolina, bought     
                his freedom.                   - Frederick Douglass, escaped fro
m slavery in Maryland,                     later published 2 books on   PAFBGCHD
IElaggard, and a greater or less number lashes is the penalty.      The softest 
couches in the world are not to be found in the log mansion of the slave. The on
e whereon I reclined year after year, was a plank twelve inches wide and ten fee
t long. My pillow was a stick of wood. The bedding was a coarse blanket, and not
 a rag or shred beside. Moss might be used, were it not that it directly breeds 
a swarm of fleas.      The cabin is constructed of logs, without floor or window
. The latter is altogether nty stripes, at the discretion of any justice before 
whom he may be taken. *    If any slave go upon the plantation, or enter the hou
se or out house of any person, without permission in writing from his master or 
overseer, or in the prosecution of his lawful business, the owner or overseer of
 such plantation or houlseholder may give, or order such slave to be given ten l
ashes on his bare back. *    Riots, routs, unlawful assemblies, trespasses, and 
seditious speeches by a slave, are punished by thunnecessary, the crevices betwe
en the logs admitting sufficient light. In stormy weather the rain drives throug
h them, rendering it comfortless and extremely disagreeable. The rude door hands
 on great wooden hinges. In one end is constructed an awkard fire-place.      An
 hour before day light the horn is blown. Then the slaves arouse, prepare their 
breakfast, fill a gourd with water, in another deposit their dinner of cold baco
n and corn cake, and hurry to the field again. It is an offence invariablye dire
ction of any justice before whom he may be carried, with stripes not exceeding o
ne hundred. *    No slave can own property, and any property purchased or held b
y a slave, not claimed by the master or owner, must be sold by order of any just
ice of the peace one half the proceeds of the sale, after the payment of costs a
nd necessary expenses, to be paid to the informer, and the residue to the countr
y treasure. *    Runaway slaves may be apprehended by any person, and carried be
fore any justic followed by a flogging, to be found at the quarters after daybre
ak. Then the fears and labors of another day begin and until its close there is 
no such thing as rest. He fears he will be caught lagging through the day he fea
rs to approach the gin-house with his basket-load of cotton at night he fears wh
en he lies down, that he will oversleep himself in the morning. Such is true, fa
ithful, inexaggerate picture and description of the slave's daily life, during t
he time of cotton-picking, on the shoe of the peace, who must either commit them
 to the country jail, or send them to the owner, if known who must, for every sl
ave so apprehended, pay the person apprehending him six dollars, and all reasona
ble charges. Master and Slave  *    The state or condition of negro or African s
lavery is established by law in this state conferring on the master property in 
and the right to the time, labor and services of the slave, and to enforce obedi
ence on the part of the slave, to all his lawful commanres of Bayou Boeuf.(Px   
  Alabama became a state in 1819, it was among the new states of the     Cotton 
Kingdom, and seceded during the Civil War.     The Slave Code you are going to r
ead was adopted in 1852 to reinforce     an existing legislation dealing with sl
aves.     The articles selected are representative of the complete document.    
 When you read it, notice the definition made of slavery, the way any     moveme
nt made by slaves are regulated, the way masters areds. This authority he may de
legate to another. *    The master must threat his slave with humanity, and must
 not inflict upon him any cruel punishment he must provide him with a sufficienc
y of healthy food and necessary clothing cause him to be properly attended durin
g sickness, and provide for his necessary wants in old age. Offences against sla
ves  *    Any person who with malice aforethought causes the death of a slave, b
y cruel whipping or beating, or by any inhuman treatment, or by the  "punished" 
    when cruel to their slaves.     If you want to read about slavery from the s
lave's point of view,     read Solomon Northrup's text.                         
BLACK CODES IN ALABAMA Slaves  *    No slave must go beyond the limits of the pl
antation on which he resides, without a pass, or some letter or token from his m
aster or overseer, giving him authority to go and return from a certain place an
d if found violating this law, may be apprehended and punished, not exceding twe
  PAFBGCHDIEuse of any weapon in its nature calculated to produce death, is guil
ty of murder in the first degree. *    Any master, or other person standing towa
rds the slave in that relation, who inflicts, or allows another to inflict on hi
m any cruel punishment, or fails to provide him with a sufficiency of healthy fo
od, or necessary clothing, or to provide for him properly in sickness or old age
, or treats him in any other way with inhumanity, on conviction thereof must be 
fined not less than twenty-five or moP        "He would be far(...) outwitted in
 the chaos of free competition".7Ms"PP          To "sympathize" with negro slave
ry means            1- to show enthusiasm for slavery.           2- to deplore t
he existence of slavery.xA"Sympathize" is a false friend it means to show compas
sion.AExactly. You didn't get mixed up with the false friend"sympathize". Congra
tulations !.re than one thousand dollars. *    Any person other than the master,
 or person occupying that relation, who commits an assault and battery on a slav
e, without just cause or excuse, to be determinated by the jury, is guilty of a 
misdemeanor.TP                                 COMPREHENSIONHP                 T
he narrator defines slave-master relation as           1- Hierarchical          
  2- Parental            3- NaturalP                           No, he doesn't sa
y t"nw PX              According to G. Fitzhugh, slavery in the South is        
        1- better than free labour in the North.               2- equivalent to 
free labour in the North.               3- worse than free labour in the North.P
       Yes slaves are governed "better than free labourers at the North"P       
              No, it is even "better" for the slave.P                   On the c
ontrary slaves are governed                hat.                "the master occup
ies towards him (the slave)                       the place of parent or guardia
n".P               Yes, "the master occupies towards him (the slave)            
   the place of parent or guardian".G"wwPP  The narrator is ready to argue with 
other people about the negro's capacities.                     1- Right         
            2- WrongP               No, because "we might argue till dooms-d    
"better than free labourers at the North".0"HPh   What would be a white man's re
action to the slavery Fitzhugh describes                      1- He would enjoy 
a well-deserved rest.                     2- He would be bored to death.        
             3- He would try to escape. xP                No, on the contrary, "
he would die of ennui".P                      Yes indeed, "he would die of ennui
".Pays".P     Good. He "shall not dwell... (because) we might argue till dooms-d
ays.""HP                                Improvidence is     1- not caring for on
eself.           2- not caring for the future.P                                N
o. See for example          "he will not accumulate in youth for the exigencies 
of age".P   Exactly. The negro will "not lay up in summer for the wants of winte
r...""                        Worse, "he would die of ennui".2w" P        To sum
 up, reorder the various steps of Fitzhugh's pro-slavery        argumentation   
     - Slavery is the best-fitted system for negroes.       - the negro is irres
ponsible.       - the negro is improvident.       - Slavery protects the negro f
rom the daily cares of free labourers.       - slavery is beneficial to the negr
o.       - the negro is unfit forjs HP             Freed in the midst of a white
 society, the negro would   1- adapt      2- be exterminated      3- become a fa
natic      4- become madP        No.P        Certainly because P         No. In 
a white society, supposed to be christian and rational,P         Maybe but the m
ad men here is the abolitionist because         in a free society, the slave "wo
uld be far(...) outwitted         in the chaos of free competition".  PAFBGCHDIE
 living in a white society.P       - the negro is irresponsible.       - the neg
ro is improvident.       - the negro is unfit for living in a white society.    
   - slavery is beneficial to the negro.       - Slavery protects the negro from
 the daily cares of free labourers.       - Slavery is the best-fitted system fo
r negroes.6X1p2543 P           Coment for slavery."0PX        But considering th
e slaves as children has other implications         1- they are mentally deficie
nt.        2- they are irresponsible.        3- they are improvable.P         Me
ntally deficient means lunatic, idiot, this is not the case."(PX               Y
es, that's typically a Southerner's point of view.               What would be a
 Northerner's point of view plete this argumentation by the use of logical links
           moreover / and / therefore / thus / to conclude / because /asLanddthe
reforemoreoverbecauseto conclude"5G Landdtherefore/thusmoreoverbecause/asto conc
ludehnfGood, you have perfectly understood the main ideas expressed in the text 
and its logical progression.You have misin               1- they are mentally de
ficient.               2- they are irresponsible.               3- they are impr
ovable.P                               Careful.P     All right. You have underst
ood why Northerners and Southerners     could not agree about Negroes !     That
's why Fitzhugh says "we might argue till dooms-day in vain...".7"(PP           
    Yes, that's typically a Northerner's point of view.             terpreted so
me passages of the text. You should read it again and check about the vocabulary
 you do not understand.1 Ph     Now we are going to analyse in greater details F
itzhugh's pro-slavery     arguments. Fitzhugh places the master as a "father" or
 "guardian" to     the slave because                  1- he is sentimentally att
ached to his slave.                 2- he enjoys full powers towards his son.   
              3- he feels responsible   What would be a Southerner's point of vi
ew                1- they are mentally deficient.               2- the are irres
ponsible.               3- they are improvable.HH7"39&H8P8              What is 
the second grievance held against negroes                      1- idleness      
      2- improvidence                     3- carelessness        4- credibilityP
   No, though all slaveholders complained about the idleness of their slavfor hi
s slave.P       No, the Black Codes insist on the fact that the whites are globa
lly      responsible for the maintenance of slavery. For example any master     
 can have authority over any slave. Therefore, regarding law, the white      soc
iety is globally more than individually responsible.P   Let's not exaggerate ! R
ead S. Northrup's testimony concerning this aspect."(P(    Yes, a father enjoys 
full power towards his son... This es.   It is not mentioned here.P             
     No, find Fitzhugh's second grievance.,"'e0PP        Yes, according to Fitzh
ugh, what didn't the Negroes care about             1- themselves            2- 
freedom            3- the futureH6 No, find Fitzhugh's opinion.9 Risky, isn't it
 "PP                  Of course so the negroes were'cc1Pis a law from      1- th
e Black Codes        2- the Bible         3- the ConstitutionhP                 
                 Of course not.hP      Yes, good. This is a principle upon which
 the Bible is based.      God, the Father rules over all his creatures.      In 
the same way, a father rules over his family (wife and children).      Consideri
ng their slaves as children, the masters felt justified for      their allmighty
 rule.      This was called the scriptural argum  PAFBGCHDIEimprovident(j(Px    
                    This improvidence is a danger                              1
- for the slave.                             2- for the master.                 
            3- for the free man.XP           Certainly not, as the slave is by d
efinition provided for.           His own improvidence has no impact.P          
Certainly not, the slave has no responsability because he is          irresponsi
ble. His improvidence means not Fitzhugh echoes an important Southern statesman.
                          Can you remember his name                         1- Y
es.                     2- No.P                 It was J. Calhoun, governor of S
outh Carolina.       Maybe you should read the historical landmarks concerning s
lavery.&A"bHP                                   It was P                Good. J.
 Calhoun was governor of South Carolina.A hing to the master.P      Yes of cours
e. A free man in a free society has to care for himself      and his family."  P
h      In case of failure, who is to be in charge of him and of his family      
                               1- friends.                                    2-
 society.                                    3- employer.P(           No, friend
s have no legal duty to that !P(           No, the employerCalhoun/J. Calhounf8P
x           Quote from the text four verbs that illustrate slavery as           
a "positive good" for the negro race.                                 C---------
-E                                 P-----T                                 S----
-T                                 C------E" HRISTIANIZ"xROTEC"UPPOR"IVILIZP  To
 appreciate for yourselves the civilizin is not responsible for his worker's    
       improvidence. Especially at that time (second half of           nineteent
h century) where social welfare did not exist yet.P(           Yes, society as a
 whole bears the burden of unemployment,           old age, a.s.o... and accordi
ng to Fitzhugh, society would           fail if an important part of it was unre
liable and           improvident. Therefore "Society prevents this by           
subjecting him (the negro) to domestic slavery."g value that slavery brings to t
he  negro, and to appreciate the description that Fitzhugh makes of plantation  
life, you can read a slave's testimony by Solomon Northrup.  You will find there
 an eloquent counterpoint to such assertions as             "the comforts and ne
cessaries of life provided for them".            "the average good weather".    
        "no more than nine hours a day".            "perfect abandon".          
  "licence and liberty".            a.s.o...   You can also appr-"x08P0         
   Line 11 "the negro race is inferior to the white race".            Is this st
atement clearly demonstrated                           1- Yes.                 2
- No.P                          Where P    In the same way as Fitzhugh asserts t
hat the negro is irresponsible and    improvident, he says he is inferior. He do
es not demonstrate it but    once more, enumerates consequences.inY"eeciate how 
society cared for the slaves by having a look   at the Black Codes.JPuread a sla
ve's testimony by Solomon Northrup.  You will find there an eloquent counterpoin
t to such assertions as             "the comforts and necessaries of life provid
ed for them".            "the average good weather".            "no more than ni
ne hours a day".            "perfect abandon".            "licence and liberty".
            a.s.o...   You can also apprn8P(           But in that case, for who
m will the consequences be fatal               1- for the negroes.         2- fo
r the white society.P               Indeed. There, Fitzhugh reaches an ultimate 
point              Slavery is a positive good for the negroes themselves.P    No
, this is not what he says. Improvidence is dangerous for both whites    and neg
roes. But what about negro inferiority I"CI8P0        Saying this,  PAFBGCHDIE  
 #w#/w#w#!9! E9!!9(+F!"9!(#2*" "2(  *w*6!$! (( #CONTRMKBDLSTCAUXUSR2i*0*(q##pZ*(
 x2*6#"v( * 26"!"""2""v2"!"(!8O6*"INDIA1C TO2++BINDIA1C $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2f thei
r negative   attitude and learn to accept us."0PP  This text was written by an I
ndian Chief as an answer to governmental  proposals. You probably couldn't imagi
ne it had been written by a white man.  Can you explain why   1- because of the 
expressions used.  2- because of the logic used.  3- because of the meaning.P   
 Be careful, a white maINDIA1C TO1INDIA1C $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2*Landmarks/History/-
 17th century/- 19th century/- 20th century//Red Culture/- variety/- way of liBL
ACK1  TOT&'()*+,-./012345BLACK1  TOT6789ABCDEBLACK1  TOTAVWXYZINDIA1C TO1AMSEXO1
3I005VWXYZAMSDICO1TOTAMSEPI2 TOTAMSEXO21TOTAabcdefghn could defend the Indians'r
ight to the land and    oppose their removal to reservations. This was the case 
for a minority of    Eastern humanitarians.P        Indians use very charaterist
ic expressions, but if you have read   Jefferson's or Jackson's letters, you kno
w that they are easy to imitate !GG"AGHP(     "logic" indeed. But "logic" implie
s a reasoning, a series of arguments     organized by specific link words. Can y
ou see any in the text 4q*##62*((6-#RM8(G A#*'C! !TRUEFALSE!9N#Y#(G#     "(k((!0
(!!2Sz0*6##ww#w$w#w ##N#F*B2w#w#s#r"*-w#ww##""2ZR0*4#42ZR *4 #4(                
      1- Yes                       2- NoP(       So as you can see, there is no 
explicit logic in the text,       no demonstration of a point of view. In the sa
me situation a       white man would have answered with a strong logical argumen
tation.       See how the whites wrote to the Indians in the letters by Jackson 
      or Jefferson.P0         Quote them ! ....         As you can see there is 
no "if... then", "thus", "therefore",         "moreover", "neverthelessINDIA1D T
O1INDIA1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2%*Landmarks/History/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 
20th century//Red Culture/- variety/- way of liBLACK1  TOT&'()*+,-./012345BLACK1
  TOT6789ABCDEBLACK1  TOTAVWXYZINDIA1C TO1INDIA1D TO1AMSDICO1TOTAMSEPI2 TOTAMSEX
O21TOTAabcdefgh". In the same situation a white man         would have answered 
with a strong logical argumentation.         See how the whites wrote to the Ind
ians in the letters by         Jackson or Jefferson.&r&"dP          There is no 
strict demonstration in that text. How would you          qualify the dominant m
ode(s) of enunciation   1- statements.     2- questions.     3- negations.     4
- complex sentences.P     Questions are important as we shall"*w#wx(9*O *-4 #4!*
4 #4*-N#Fq#pV+Bq#pSZR&*s#r$s#rL*L!(!$22L!(*$(!3 1!(7" 2"S"Ns#FrB(Z#(*"K! !*#"!x 
* *) 2""!"*  PAFBGCHDIE see, yet they are not preponderant.P   No, there are ver
y few negations, and if you read them carefully, you'll  see that they rather te
nd to be the statement of a negative aspect.  One example is "the earth is not h
is brother, but his enemy" or  "the earth does not belong to man. Man belongs to
 the earth".P            Complex sentences imply using of subordinations, but if
           you read carefully the text, you won't find any relatives,           
and very few coordinations.A P    Of course, nature is ever-present in the India
ns' universe.    It is part of their environment and even of themselves. The "ea
rth"    is particulary important  have you noticed that this term was repeated  
  eight times     Look at the other terms refering to natural elements in relash
ionship    to the Indians like     "land", "sky", "country", "stars", "air", "br
eath", "beast", "tree",    "buffalo" and "horses".    The abundance of notations
 reveals the strong affinitie%B"£8P    Yes, there is a majority of statements in
 that text. See for example          "Every part of the earth is sacred to many 
people"         "The earth is not his brother, but his enemy"         "Our ways 
are differents from your ways"         "There is no quiet place in the white man
's cities"     What do these statements represent  1- a description of action.  
  2- a statement of beliefs.    3- definitions.P               Are "s between   
 the red and nature.0(P        Some sentences are eloquent  for example, the ear
th is sacred         "every part of the earth is sacred to my people".        Bu
t find another example qualifying the earth         LinehP        And one qualif
ying the air         LinePB6  "this beautiful earth".xB25  "the air is precious"
 eAP               Good. Let's study now another of these registers.Pbe", "belon
g", "understand" verbs of action P      Yes, they are definitory sentences. Find
 what they clearly describe.."8/8PX  Of course the narrator states in that way w
hat he and his people believe in.  Could you find in the last paragraph two of t
hese strong beliefs        Line       Line hC29   "the earth does not belong to 
man. Man belongs to the earth" "Destiny is a mystery".i h6x25.(P   There is only
 one family link mentioned  between the Indians and Nature.   Which one       1-
 fatherhood.      2- motherhood.      3- brotherhood.H  no, be careful. This doe
s not apply to the relation   Indian-Nature.  No, not in that text.x(  Good. The
 text says  "the earth is not his brother"   but his enemy". It implies that for
 the Indian the   earth stands as a sacred brother. Most impo29/30i 330PP    Goo
d. In these statements, the narrator draws parallels and differences    between 
the white man and the red man. Which vocabulary registre(s) is    (are) more par
ticulary related to the Indian                 1- nature.         2- war.       
     3- family.                4- sharing.        5- conquest.       6- robbery.
P0  No, this vocabulary register is never applied to the Indian. As we shall see
  later itrtant is   to notice that there is no idea of hierarchy between   them
.b7bZA"JPV9b0P       As we have seen, the narrator creates a network of relashio
nships       between the Indian, nature, family and the sense of sharing.       
What are the themes constantly associated to the white man                1- nat
ure.            2- war.            3- family.      4- sharing.        5- conques
t.       6- robbery.        7- exchange.P      L qualifies the white man.P0     
Yes, the sense of sharing is very important in Indians' beliefs             "All
 things share the same breath"            "The beast, the tree, the man all shar
e the same breath"     This reinforces the idea of equality in front of nature a
nd in nature     -The red man is part of nature. But it also emphasizies the dif
ference     with the white man.q1"23v456  PAFBGCHDIEook at the text  "forget", "
devour", "does not seem to notice".      They refer to another vocabulary regist
er.P         Yes, the idea of war is looming, but try and be more precise.P     
     No, the white man doesn't share anything. On the contrary           "he kid
naps the earth".P          Good, for the white man the earth is a place for exch
ange            - exchange for money  "buy", "sell",           - exchange of pla
ces  "he says he will reserv us a place".ations to nature, based on conquest    
and exchange are perplexing to the Indian  "the idea is strange to us",    he sa
ys.    This creates a series of p%5 questions/five questions/questionsPp   Read 
carefully those questions         "How can you buy or sell the sky, the warmth o
f the land "        "why are the corners of the forest heavy with the scent of m
en "        "why is the view of the hills troubled by the talking wires "       
 12r345675 Ph      What are the family links evoked to qualify the relashionship
s      between white man and red man       1- fatherhood.      2- motherhood.   
   3- brotherhood.  Yes, but what is remarkable is that this link is not  "natur
al" but it has been decided by the white man himself.  "He will be our father an
d we'll be his children".P        "where is the forest "        "where is the ea
gle "   What do they really mean       1- sincere desire to          2- incompre
hension.         3- despair.         have an answer.P0            No, the answer
 is not important. Here, the questions are            as many exclamations.P0   
    Yes of course. The question does not seek an answer. It manifests       the 
utter incomprehension of two races            "the idea is strange to us"       
    "We do not understand"             Let's study now another of these register
s.  No, not in that text.  No, the white man seems to refuse this   idea of equa
lity.76Y"z0P    "Conquest" certainly qualifies best the white's attitude towards
 nature.  The very term is used  "When he has conquered it (the earth), he moves
 on".  But find other words and expressions that could be related to the same th
eme.     Line    Line 18  "he kidnap   And the succession of questions in the la
st paragraph has a more      powerful aspect.8P    Good ! Despair and incomprehe
nsion are at the core of the declaration.    The questions emphasize the situati
on of urgency in which the Indians    find themselves.    They have just realize
d that something was changing without them and this    is beautifully expressed 
in the desperate last words of the text.               "The end of living and th
e beginning of survival".1£"s". x20  "devour".P      Good, there is another impo
rtant theme connected with white people.qq 18ww x208PP   Yes, robbery is clear i
n the term "kidnap" in  "he kidnaps the earth from   his children". But there se
ems to be more important robbery than the   robbery of land. In which paragraph 
                  1- first paragraph.        2- second paragraph.               
   3- third pa8P    If you have studied Jackson's letter and this text, you now 
realize    that white and red people couldn't possibly agree, so basically diffe
rent    were their scales of values.    Cohabitation in the same society was of 
course impossible, but couldn't    they simply be free, equal and separate     I
f you want a contemporary view, see Bob Bacon's poem or Navajo Power.P          
       No of course. Indians lived there first."ragraph.        4- fourth paragr
aph.P   Yes, you have understood that the white man robs himself of his memory a
nd  of his past  "The white man's dead forget the country of their birth (...)  
Our dead never forget this beautiful earth".  There is another important theme..
.P                  No, read the text more carefully.                  This robb
ery is not explicitely mentioned.%"P    As we have seen, the white man 's rel  P
AFBGCHDIEINDIA1D TO2INDIA1D $$$!" y2 WO* !" y2f their negative   attitude and le
arn to accept us."hr(P   "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men 
are created equal,   that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien
able Rights,   that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness."
   Where do these words come from       1- The US Constitution.                2
- Th                  Of course not, read the poem again !*F"7jF(PX   To underst
and why it is rejected, find out in the poem the words that are   linked with th
e theme of equality in the American mentality.              Line                
          Line              Line                          LineP  So you understa
nd that the rejection of equality (line 4) stands for a  rejection of the Americ
an society as a whole, because this society pe French Constitution.      3- The 
Declaration of Independence.    4- The thirtieenth amendment                    
                              on slavery.P(     No, the purpose of a constitutio
n is to constitute, to organize the     government of a country. It doesn't stat
e that kind of general truths.P(  Very good. This is the second paragraph of The
 Declaration of Independence,  drafted in 1776 and adopted by the thirteen colon
ies. This passage is fundamental as it defiretends  to integrate all men in the 
same melting-pot.X(6   integrate19  civil rights3X(18  integration20  melting po
t8fgX64X18x194x20g(P    The rejection of the American society is clear through s
uch expressions    as "I do not want" or "I am not".    "I can't live by your ru
les" expresses the utter incompatibility between    the Indian and the American 
values. Which rules are tnes the "human rights" for the first time in the histor
y of the world.P(  Here is the thirteenth amendment    "Neither slavery nor invo
luntary servitude, except as punishment for crime   whereof the party shall have
 been duly convicted, shall exist within the   US, or any place subject to their
 jurisdiction."ZGHZ"EEKTZP0     Now, you have probably noticed that those self-e
vident truths are all     present in this poem. "equality" is quoted hus critici
zed       1- the American law.      2- the American education.      3- the compe
tition for money.7  The rejection of the law is that of someone wishing   to liv
e apart from the law but not against it.x,  Of course (line 7) as it provides wi
th   the example and the reference.".  Yes, this is the most remarkable.o1w23v(P
       Find in the text the four lines where this rejection ofline 3 and line 4.
     Where do you find the Right to "Life"         Line13  "I only want to live"
.XP     Where do you find the Right to "Liberty"         Lineh(5  "Just freedom 
and some land".P8     Where do you find the Right to the "Pursuit of Happiness" 
        Line (17  "So please, leave me alone".(Line 22  "I'd rather be an Indian
".Line 23  "I'd rather be myself".O!13d competition       for money is expressed
          Line         Line         Line         LineP  Good. Have you noticed t
he progression in the violence of the terms used PA88   "I do not want a better 
job".10  "I'm not status-seeker".11  "I'm not competitive".16  "I'm not money-cr
azy".kNNP810p11160Px       What is the ultimate, and perhaps the most important 
reph5uCo''  17/22/23/17,22,2328P8              But the poet denies one of these 
right, which one              1- Equality.            2- Life.             3- Li
berty.             4- the Pursuit of Happiness.P               Good ! Did you no
tice the progression               - line 1, equality is questioned  "Equality "
              - line 4, equality is rejected  "I do not want equality".P      PA
FBGCHDIEroach made       to the US society         1- It is violent.        2- I
t is uniform, conformist.        3- It is rich.P8  "seeker", "crazy" indeed sugg
est an idea of violence.   Yet it is not the main and final reproach made to   t
he US society.(  Rich, because all its members are "money-crazy"   "status-seeke
rs" !   Find  another answer."6(P       Of course, on which line do you find thi
s rejection of conformism *Landmarks/History/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 20t
h century//Red Culture/- variety/- way of life/- religionFacts/Figures/- minorit
ies/- indians/- statisticsDocuments/Th. Jefferson/A. Jackson/Chief Seattle/Bob B
acon/Time, 1974Tools/Dictionnary/People/Print/Quit))*/.05F RhlFF*Landmarks/Hist 
                LineP                        "Take your integration             
           Take your civil rights                        And melt them in your m
elting pot                        That always comes out white."P     The poet de
nounces the unity and conformism that pervade the American    society. If "integ
ration" cannot but lead to conformism  "always come    out white", it is dangero
us  as it leads to a narrow-minded nationalism,    and has to be rejected as suc
h.ory/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 20th century//Red Culture/- variety/- way 
of life/- religionFacts/Figures/- minorities/- indians/- statisticsDocuments/Th.
 Jefferson/A. Jackson/Chief Seattle/Bob Bacon/Time, 1974Tools/Dictionnary/People
/Quit))*/.05F RhlF*Landmarks/History/- 17th century/- 19th century/- 20th centur
y//Red Culture/- variety/- way of life/- religionFacts/Figures/- minorities/- in
dians/- statisticsDocuments/Th. Jefferson/A. 18/19/20/21 0P     This poem starts
 with a question and as you have seen, it is in fact     a questioning of Americ
an Society, of its myths and ideals.     The melting pot, the ideals of integrat
ion, assimilation and mobility     are rejected, thus enabling the poet to claim
 for a recognition of his     specificity, and for his right to the difference. 
    If you read the Time text, you'll know more about the contemporary     probl
ems ofJackson/Chief Seattle/Bob Bacon/Time, 1974Tools/Dictionnary/People/Quit))*
/.05F RhlF                                    VARIETY    The history of the USA 
is a white one  it has refused to take into account the Indians as first citizen
s of the new world. Therefore the traditional image that stuffs most Western fil
ms is the manichean one, of "good" cowboys and "bad" Indians. Indians being a ge
neric term meaning savage, uncivilized or simply  the Indians.Po idea of hierarc
hy between   them.b7bZA"JPV9been, it is in fact     a questioning of American So
ciety, of its myths and ideals.     The melting pot, the ideals of integration, 
assimilation and mobility     are rejected, thus enabling the poet to claim for 
a recognition of his     specificity, and for his right to the difference.     I
f you read the Time text, you'll know more about the contemporary     problems o
fnon-white people.    Of course this picture obliterates the true situation  Ame
rica was peopled with Indians, they were very numerous (see FACTS) but they were
 organized in tribes ie groups numbering from 10 to 100 or 200. These  tribes li
ved all over the continent, from the East coast (Mohican) to the West coast (Nez
 Perc) including the Appalachian Mountains (Cherokee), Florida (Seminole), the N
orth-west (Sioux, Dakota), the Great Plains (Comanche, Apache, Hopi, Navajo, Kio
wa), and the Rocky M  PAFBGCHDIEountains (Cheyenne). (see FACTS)    These tribes
 formed as many independent and self-reliant societies, as many competitors rare
ly able to unite for a common purpose.                                 WAY OF LI
FE    When the Americans started to occupy their territory, they faced Indians w
hose techniques were those of the neolithic man. They lived in close relationshi
p with nature and therefore their ways of life were very very different accordin
g to the place where they lived.    In te Indians because they were better-train
ed, better-armed and they practised a systematic killing in case of resistance. 
     As an embodiment of this period came in 1787 The North-west Ordinance organ
izing the territories of the North-west. At that time the Indians had been evict
ed from the Eastern territories and many tribes had to move West. Yet the Ordina
nce granted them liberty on their lands even if, contradictorily, Congress could
 put an end to this at any moment       "The utmost goohe East, for example, mos
t tribes lived from fishing and hunting (the whites used this when they started 
a fur traffic with Indians) but some like the Mohicans or the Iroquois lived fro
m farming (they grew beans, squash and maize then unknown to the first settlers)
.    On the contrary, the Great Plains were peopled with nomadic tribes, hunting
 the buffalo and living entirely on this. The buffalo provided them, with food, 
clothing, shelter and even fuel (Dakotas, Sioux, Comanches).    In the harsh cld
 faith shall always be observed to the Indians... in their property rights and l
iberty  they shall never be invaded or disturbed unless in just and lawful wars 
authorized by Congress."7                      19th century  YEARS OF CONFRONTAT
ION     While the Whites gradually invaded the North-west, the Indians started a
 movement of resistance  it was the very beginning of the cruel Indian wars (Tip
pecanoe Battle in 1811).     What was at stake was the very essence of red cultu
reimate of the Northern Rocky Mountains lived very poor tribes. (Nez Perc)2     
                             RELIGION   Religion was the most important feature 
of Indian life. They worshipped various Gods but mostly Nature. The earth,  for 
example, was a sacred mother to them.   The land was the land of the ancestors, 
buried in the sacred soil. Therefore the land could not be ploughed, nor could i
t be sold   it meant anathema to them.   For them  "The earth does not belong to
 man. , their way of life, their religion and liberty because the avowed purpose
 of the Whites was to convince them to cultivate land instead of hunting. (See J
efferson's letter in 1808).     But in the eighteen thirties, the policy of syst
ematic Indian Remoral was enforced by President Jackson, pretexting the Indians'
 benefit first. Nevertheless, most tribes were forced into signing treaties and 
were driven out of their homes by military force. (See President Jacksons'letter
 to the Seminoles, 1835).              Man belongs to the earth."              "
The air is precious.               All things share the same air."   and any act
ion against nature was a sacrilege.               17th and 18th centuries  YEARS
 OF CONCILIATION      The first American was an immigrant. He was moved out of E
urope by an urge for freedom and independence. Then, he took possession of Ameri
can land as if it was a virgin country without noticing or refusing to take into
 account the presence of predece    The Seminoles, led by Chief Osceda and suppo
rted by runaway slaves had rebelled in Florida.     Other tribes reacted  in  18
32 the Sac and Fox Indians led by Chief Black Hawk returned to Illinois from whe
re they had been evicted but the army soon drove them back.     In 1835, the Che
rokees tried resistance through legal action in Georgia, and even appealed to th
e Supreme Court, but they were defeated.     After the civil war, the pace of We
stern colonization increased  Indians were ssors. So that, from the very beginni
ng, the Indians, the first Americans, were never considered as citizens of the n
ew world.      Various aspects of red culture made the taming of red tribes quit
e easy for the first whites  tribes were very numerous but tended to be over-ind
ividualistic, self-reliant and in active competition with each other. The Whites
 could easily make peace with some, wage war to others, buy land or sign treatie
s, agree about fur traffic. They quickly had an advantage over th  PAFBGCHDIEthe
 first victims of the federal policy of concentration. Tribes were "concentrated
" on territories granted by government that would never be violated, and yet the
se territories were soon threatened by the mining frontier in the West and the a
gricultural one in the East.      The resistance of Indians intensified and Whit
es had to face the fearsome Plain Indians. From the 16th century, they had domes
ticated horses, they were warriors  for two and a half centuries, they had rejec
ted Spanish, Fret that these policies did not outlast the New Deal, they started
 a rectification of centuries of injustices.     In the fifties, new policies we
re started. In 1953, the Indians were granted the US citizenship and a resolutio
n was voted to put an end to the reservation system, to the tribe system and to 
the special protection applying to Indians.     In the seventies, Nixon wanted C
ongress to repeal this resolution and therefore enable the Indians with assuming
 control of their own affairs winch, English and American settlers, they were Bu
ffalo hunters  it was their only weakness.    But the pace of colonization still
 accelerated       In 1848, Gold was discovered in California, and "fortyniners"
    rushed westward.      In 1869, the Union Pacific RailRoad was built. The buf
falo was    exterminated, so were the Indians after a few bleeding battles and  
  massacres.  1864 the Sioux War in the North-west ended with the Fetterman Mass
acre.  1869-1874 Sheridan started a real war ofth federal protection.     For ex
ample, the paternalistic Indian Bureau was indianized  in 1974, more than 60% of
 its members were of Indian origins.     At that time, the Indians started for t
hemselves an activist movement. - 1968  the American Indian Movement was created
. They adopted the   motto of "Red Power" as an echo to black civil rights movem
ent. - 1969  the Indians occupied Alcatraz (a deserted prison in the San   Franc
isco Bay) and issued the Alcatraz Proclamation  they ironi extermination.  1876 
Battle of Little Big Horn  Sitting Bull and his Sioux       slaughtered General 
Custer and 265 men. Repression started.  1877 the Nez Perc tribe surrended.  188
6 the Apaches led by Geronimo were defeated.  1890 the last battle, the US troop
s massacred hundreds of Dakota Indians       at the Battle of Wounded Knee.   In
 a parallel way, Indian territories were even more restricted   in 1887 the Allo
tment Act created the reservation, and the Dawes Act  allowed thcally   reclaime
d the island where they could establish a reservation in any   point correspondi
ng to what Whites wished for them  isolated,   overcrowded, completely dependent
, without healthcare or education. But   this violent movement seems to decrease
 by now  Indians turn to courts   for the restoration of their rights to land, w
ater, or fishing areas... - 1978  a 5500 km procession from Alcatraz to Washingt
on was meant to   protest against bills aiming at suppressing traditional govern
ment.eir breaking-up into fields therefore endangering the tribal authority.   I
n 1889, Oklahoma the last Indian territory was opened to white settlement and th
e 200,000 remaining Indians were packed into barren reservations.               
        20th century  YEARS OF REACTION     Packed into reservations, considered
 as an under-developed people, without being granted the US citizenship, the Ind
ians were very slow to react and rebel for themselves.     In the thirties, the 
good resolution   A women's movement was created  Women of All Red Nations.E d P
                            MINORITIES IN THE U.S.                              
   Hispanic   Oriental                      Blacks     Americans  Americans   In
dians     WhitesPopulation         26,495,000  14,609,000  3,726,000  1,420,400 
 188,372,000Percent of totalpopulation             11.7         6.5        1.5  
      0.6         79.7Age groups in %          under 5       10.1        11.4   
     8.6 s of the New Deal enacted by the zeal of John Collier, commissionner of
 Indians Affairs, led to the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934. Discrimination a
gainst Indian religion and culture was forbidden, schools were created on reserv
ations to perpetuate Indian language and culture. Indians could organize themsel
ves "for the purpose of local Self-Government and economic enterprise". A Court 
of Indian Affairs was created and the division of reservations into parcels was 
abandoned.     Despite the fac  PAFBGCHDIE      10.1          7.2         5-14  
        18.8        20.6       16.8       20.8         14.3         15-49       
  52          54         66         61.5         51.6         50-64         11.3
         9.2        2.7        2.4         15.2         over 65        7.8      
   4.8        5.9        5.2         11.7% of each grouphaving finished     High
 school         32.5        27.2       24.7       31.3         38.8    College  
     1-3 years        13.6        15.3       17.2       16         scarce  rare 
  clothe  habiller                  spin  filer   crime  dlit                   
   spirituous liquors  alcool   decrease  diminution              spread  se rpa
ndre   deer  cerf, daim                  swarms  masses   disease  maladie      
            unwholesome  malsain   flocks  nues                     weave  tisse
r   hence  donc, ainsi                westward  vers l'ouest   hoe  houe   hog  
porc   hunt  chasser   increase  augmentation   lessen .5         15.54 or more 
years         8.8         7.8       32.9        7.7         18.5% of persons bel
ow  poverty level        34.2        26.5       13.1       27.5         11.1% of
 urbanpopulation             82          87.7       91.7       48.2         74.4
n) P                              INDIANS IN THE USA               16-17 th.   s
everal millions  about 10 millions.               1900 ....   240,000           
     1920 ....   245,000                1940 diminuer   plows  charrue   Letter 
by Andrew Jackson   advise  conseiller                annuities  annuits, sommes
        attend to  prter attention      counsel  conseil                  deceiv
e  tromper                  forcibly  par la force            game  gibier      
                indulgence  satisfaction          kindred  peuple               
    lest  de peur que                 settle  s'intaller, coloniser     starvati
on  famine                support  faire  ....   330,000                1950 ...
.   340,000                1960 ....   520,000                1970 ....   800,00
0   (467 tribes)                1980 ....   1,5 millionn.                       
    STATISTICS ABOUT INDIANS                 1980    70 % live on reservations  
                        30 % live mostly in urban centers                       
   (4 % in New York)                                     Indians              Wh
ites           life hope          vivre              survey  arpenter           
       tract  tendue, zone              Statement by Chief Seattle   belong  app
artenir                      ways  habitudes    birth  naissance                
        warmth  chaleur   breath  souffle, respiration            wire  fil lect
rique,   breathe  respirer                              du tlgraphe   buffalo  b
ison   eagle  aigle   earth  terre   notice  faire attention, remarquer   pain  
faire mal, heurter   pass  pass        46                   70           unemplo
yment               40%                  6%           suicide rate            37
/100 000           74/100 000           incomes               from very low     
    to very high.                    Navajo get money from oil, uranium, gaz    
       Soshones              320 $ / month                             POPULATIO
N OF THE USA       1790   4,000,000      1860   31,500,000      1930  123,000,00
0        1800   5,200,000      1870   4er, disparatre   scent  odeur   share  pa
rtager   survival  survie   talkingwire  "le fil qui chante" (tlgraphe)   tamed 
 dompt    Time article, 1974  NAVAJO POWER   acre (1 acre)  4 000 mtres carrs   
   rags  lambeaux   available  disponible                   rib  cte   average  
en moyenne                     rednecks  ractionnaires   border  limite         
                 secluded  isol   breath  souffle, respiration            sin  p
ch   breed  engendrer      0,000,000      1940  131,600,000        1810   7,200,
000      1880   50,200,000      1950  150,600,000        1820   9,600,000      1
890   63,000,000      1960  178,400,000        1830  13,000,000      1900   76,0
00,000      1970  204,000,000        1840  17,000,000      1910   92,500,000    
  1980  224,000,000        1850  23,000,000      1920  106,000,000 0G  Letter by
 Thomas Jefferson   buffalo  bison                    scanty  maigre   cattle  b
tail             PAFBGCHDIE                  to get rid of  se dbarrasser   dull
 team  quipe de tte                               de   enforcement  application 
               trading post  comptoir de   harass  harceler, tourmenter         
                  commerce   highschoolers  tudiants                unemployment
 rate  taux de   improve  amliorer                                          chma
ge   lease  bail   prank  plaisanterie   prejudice  prjug   prospective custody 
 dtention prventive    (foritory with it.      The picture which you have drawn,
 my son, of the increase of our   numbers and the decrease of yours is just, the
 causes are very plain,   and the remedy depends on yourselves alone. You have l
ived by hunting   the deer and buffalo -all those have been driven westward  you
 have5  sold out on the seaboard and moved westwardly in pursuit of them. As   t
hey became scarce there, your food has failed you  you have been a   part of eve
ry year without food, except the roots and oth drunked men)    (pour tat d'ivres
se)5     Thomas JEFFERSON  (1743-1826)    Lawyer, owner of the estate of Montice
llo, Virginia, Thomas Jefferson was a very important figure in American history.
 He was one of the Founding Fathers who in 1776, drafted the Declaration of Inde
pendence and, in 1787, participated to the elaboration of the Constitution.    J
efferson was a physiocrat  he believed in a society based on small agricultural 
properties and rejected both industry and city life aser unwholesome   things yo
u could find in the forest. Scanty and unwholesome food   produces disease and d
eath among your children, and hence you have10 raised few and your numbers have 
decreased. Frequent war, too, and the   abuse of spirituous liquors, have assist
ed in lessening your numbers.      The Whites, on the other hand, are in the hab
it of cultivating the   earth, of raising stocks of cattle, hogs, and other dome
stic animals,   in much greater numbers than they could kill of deer and buffa s
ources of evil.    Jefferson was elected third president of the US in 1801, and 
reelected four years later. As a president he negociated the purchase of Louisia
na in 1803, and placed the presidential function above party warfare, therefore 
reinforcing the president's power.    Andrew JACKSON (1767-1845)    When Andrew 
Jackson was elected president of the USA in 1829, started the "era of the common
 man" embodying a new sense of Democracy.    Jackson was born in a settler's fam
ily and had lived palo.15 Having always a plenty of food and clothing they raise
 abundance of   children, they double their numbers every twenty years, the new 
swarms   are continually advancing upon the country like flocks of pigeons, and 
  so they will continue to do. Now, my children, if we wanted to diminish   our 
numbers, we would give up the culture of the earth, pursue the deer20 and buffal
o, and be always at war  this would soon reduce us to be as   few as you are, an
d if you wish to increase yours numbers yourt of his life on the frontier  there
fore he stood for both the people and the West (whose aspirations were quite dif
ferent from that of the Eastern industrial cities).    To impose the occupation 
of the national territory, Jackson initiated a policy of systematic removal of t
he Indian tribes to the West of the Mississippi. This decision concerned mainly 
the Seminoles in Florida, the Cherokees and the Chutes in Georgia.    Bob BACON 
   Is a contemporary Indian poet. He has published a lot and mai must give   up 
the deer and buffalo, live in peace, and cultivate the earth.      You see then,
 my children, that it depends on yourselves alone to   become a numerous and gre
at people. Let me entreat you, therefore, on25 the lands now given you to begin 
to give every man a farm  let him   enclose it, cultivate it, build a warm house
 on it, and when he dies   let it belong to his wife and children after him. Not
hing is so easy as   to learn to cultivate the earth  all your women understand 
it, anly    through one of the most important Indian reviews  Akwesasne Notes   
 Though he lives in Chicago, his wife and his children are Lakota.nF2GP   Letter
 by Thomas Jefferson   You are going to  read a letter written by Thomas Jeffers
on in 1808   addressed to an Indian tribe.   Jefferson was 65 at that time, and 
third president of the USA. In 1803   he had negociated the purchase of Louisian
a from the French, and the   Americans had doubled their terr   P A F B G C H D 
I End to   make it easier, we are always ready to teach you how to make plows,30
 hoes, and necessary ustensils. If the men will take the labor of the   earth fr
om the women they will learn to spin and weave and to clothe   their families. I
n this way you will also raise many children, you   will double your numbers eve
ry twenty years, and soon fill the land   your friends have given you ... When o
nce you have property, you will35 want laws and magistrates to protect your prop
erty and persons, and to    you can raise   all the necessaries of life, and whe
re game is yet abundant  The   annuities payable to you, and the other stipulati
ons made in your favor,   will make your situation comfortable, and will enable 
you to increase   and improve. If, therefore, you had a right to stay where you 
now are,25 still every true friend would advise you to move. But you have no rig
ht   to stay, and you must must go. I am very desirous that you should go   peac
eably and voluntarily. You shall be comfortably takthose among you who commit cr
imes. You will find that our laws are good   for this purpose  you will wish to 
live under them, you will unite   yourselves with us, join in our great councils
 and form one people with   us, and we shall all be Americans  you will mix with
 us by marriage,40 your blood will run in our veins, and will spread with us ove
r this   great island.nS TiP   President Jackson's letter to the  Seminoles   Yo
u are going to read a letter written by Andren care of, and   kindly treated on 
the road, and when you arrive in your new country,   provisions will be issued t
o you for a year, so that you can have ample   time to provide for your future s
upport.30     But lest some of your rash young men should forcibly oppose your  
  arrangements for removal, I have ordered a large military force to be   sent a
mong you. I have directed the commanding officer, and likewise   the agent, your
 friend General Thompson, that every reasonable   indulgence be helew Jackson in
 february   1835 to the Seminoles. Jackson was 68 at that time, and President   
of the USA since 1829. He had contributed largely to the peopling   of the Weste
rn territories being himself born in a settler's family.    My children,        
       I am sorry to have heard that you have been listening to   bad counsel. Y
ou know me, and you know that I would not deceive, nor   advise you to do anythi
ng that was unjust or injurious. Open your ears 5 and attend to what I shall now
 say to d out to you. But I have also directed that one third35 of your people, 
as provided for in the treaty, be removed the present   season. If you listen to
 the voice of friendship and truth, you will go   quietly and voluntarily. But s
hould you listen to the bad birds that   are always flying about you, and refuse
 to move, I have then directed   the commanding officer to remove you by force. 
This will be done.40 I pray the Great Spirit, therefore, to incline you to do th
at is right.                    you. They are the words of a   friend, and the w
ords of truth.      The white people are settling around you. The game has disap
peared   from your country. Your people are poor and hungry. All this you have  
 perceived for some time...10     My Children, I have never deceived, nor will I
 ever deceive any of   the red people. I tell you that you must go, and that you
 will go. Even   if you had a right to stay, how could you live where you now ar
e    You have sold all your country. You have not a p                           
        Your friend                                                        A. Ja
ckson                                           Washington, February 16, 1835nMa
i0P                You are going to read a statement made by the                
Indian Chief Seattle in 1851.                It was a part of his answer to a pr
oposal by the                American Government to buy his tribe's territory   
             for $ 150,000.   How can you buy iece as large as a   blanket to si
t down upon. What is to support yourselves, your women,15 and children  The trac
t you have ceded will soon be surveyed and sold,   and immediatly afterwards wil
l be occupied by a white population. You   will soon be in a state of starvation
. You will commit depredations   upon the property of our citizens  You will be 
resisted, punished,   perhaps killed. Now is it not better peaceably to remove t
o a fine,20 fertile country, occupied by your own kindred, and where  !P!A!F!B!G
!C!H!D!I!Eor sell the sky, the warmth of the land    The idea is strange to us. 
  Every part of this earth is sacred to my people.   The white man's dead forget
 the country of their birth 5 when they go to walk among the stars.   Our dead n
ever forget this beautiful earth,   for it is part of us.   The Great Chief in W
ashington asks much of us.   He says that he will reserve us a place10 so that w
e can live comfortably.   He will be our father and we will be his children.   W
e will consider your offer tot white.10 I'm not a status seeker                I
'd rather be an Indian   I'm not competitive                    I'd rather be my
self   Those things do not want for me        Than one of many plastic puppets  
 I only want to live.                25 Crowded on a shelf.nln0PP  You are going
 to read an article published in Time Magazine in June 1974.  It reports about t
he situation around the Navajo reservation located in  three Western states  Ari
zona, Utha and New Mexico buy our land,   but it will not be easy.   We know the
 white man does not understand15 our ways.   The earth is not his brother but hi
s enemy.   When he has conquered it, he moves on.   He kidnaps the earth from hi
s children   and he does not care.20 His appetite will devour the earth   and le
ave behind only a desert.   Our ways are different from your ways.   The sight o
f your cities pains the eyes of the red man.   There is no quiet place in the wh
ite man's cities.25 The air is precious. A since 1868 when they  were deported a
fter their defeat in front of Colonel Kit Carson.  Today, this reservation has 1
40,000 inhabitants.                                  NAVAJO POWER       "Around 
here, prejudice too often leads to more than insults.   On April 21, John Harvey
 and Erman Benally died after being stripped,   beaten and covered with burning 
rags. Six days later, David Ignacio,   his ribs crushed, died after a two-hour b
attle for breath. For the 5 three white teen-agers who confesll things share the
 same breath.   The beast, the tree, the man all share the same breath.   The wh
ite man does not seem to notice the air   he breathes.   This we know  the earth
 does not belong to man.30 Man belongs to the earth.   The whites too shall pass
,   perhaps sooner than the other tribes.   Destiny is a mystery.   We do not un
derstand when the buffalo are killed,35 the wild horses tamed.   Why are the cor
ners of the forest heavy with the scent   of men    Why is the view of the hsed 
to the murder, their sin was   locally viewed by the Indians haters as mainly on
e of degree. Harassing   drunken Indians is considered a prank by Farmington hig
hschoolers.      "Farmington has more rednecks than anywhere else in the world" 
says   Wilbert Tsosie, 27, a founder of the Coalition for Navajo Liberation.10 "
They kill you with their eyes first, then pick a secluded spot to beat   you up.
 For the past six weeks Tsosie's coalition has sponsored   Saturday parades in F
armington to protestills troubled by talking wires    Where is the forest  Gone.
40 Where is the eagle  Gone.   The end of living and the beginning of survival.n
h%i8P         You are going to read a poem by a contemporay Indian writer,      
   Bob Bacon. This poem was published in 1974 in an Indian Review         called
 Akwesasne Notes. As the publication date is important         check what you kn
ow about the  seventies...                               Equality    Yellow, whi
te an the murders and press for   more service for the Indians. The demonstratio
ns were peaceful until   the most recent one when the Indians collided with the 
annual sheriff's15 passe rodeo parade. The drill team was dressed in old cavalry
 costumes   like the ones worn by the Indian's original oppressors. The result i
n   fracas left one policeman injured and 31 Indians under arrest."      The dem
and most stressed by Tsosie's young militants is strict   enforcement of laws ag
ainst selling alcohol to the od black man            It's not that I am lazy   W
hen will you understand            15 I work to help my own   I do not want equa
lity                 But I'm not money-crazy 5 Just freedom and some land.      
      So please leave me alone.   I do not want to integrate             Take yo
ur integration   Your country clubs and schools         Take your civil rights  
 I do not want a better job          20 And melt them in your melting pot   I ca
n't live by your rules.            That always comes ou  "P"A"F"B"G"C"H"D"I"Ebsv
iously20 intoxicated. Prohibited by the New Mexico constitution from buying   al
cohol until 1953, Indians now find it all too easily available, and   many Navaj
os are outraged by the profiteering taverns in towns near the   reservation bord
er. In just the past ten weeks, more than 6,250 Indians   have been taken into "
prospective custody" in Gallup of drunkenness.25 "Once Navajos start drinking, a
n incredible wave of hostility pours   out", says the Reverent Henry Bird, direc
tor of the San Juan mif white people.         "The decrease of yours"  the decre
ase of Indians. "30P8      In the second paragraph, Jefferson explains why the n
umber of Whites      has increased.                     1- True                 
      2- FalseP                    Exactly. We'll study later his reasoning.P   
               No, read line 16.                 "They double their numbers ever
y twenty years"                 (See FACTS).Kssion".   The boiling sea is visibl
e only when the defences are down.       Despite an unemployment rate that avera
ge 30%, the Navajos are   increasingly directing their rural economy toward a st
ructured30 industrial society. In the past 3 1/2 years, Navajo tribal Council   
Chairman Peter Mc Donald, 45, a former electrical engineer for Hughes   Aircraft
 Co., has done much to improve the tribe's financial position.   Aided by the gr
owing number of college-educated Navajos returning to   the Reservati"v0P8     J
efferson's conclusion is that Indians should carry on their ancestral     way of
 life.                     1- True                       2- FalseP              
     Of course ! Therefore he makes suggestions.P             No, he doesn't wan
t the Indians to disappear. He says     "it depends on yourselves alone to becom
e a numerous and great people."HA"5,0P8        In the third paragraph, on, he ha
s forced companies operating on reservation land35 to pay more. The Indians used
 to collect from uranium prospectors only   if the metal was discovered, but EXX
ON is now paying $6 million for the   privilege of prospecting on a 400,000 acre
 section of the Reservation.   By 1985, Navajos revenues from mineral leases are
 expected to exceed   $30 million a year, and their exploitation should help pro
vide40 provide thousands of jobs for the Navajos.      Financial gain is breedin
g a new euphoriaJefferson gives advice to the Indians         According to him t
hey should create a society of their own.                     1- True           
            2- FalseP      True, Jefferson dreams of a society uniting both Indi
ans and Whites.P    Of course not ! On the contrary, he wishes Indians and White
s to unite    "You will unite yourselves with us, ... and form one people with u
s.",1"+"V10P    Now, you have understood the general m among Navajos-a feeling  
 that they can at least stand on level ground with Whites. Last month,   Mc Dona
ld proposed that this reservation be made the 51st state, much   to the disdain 
of local white politicians. Plans are afoot to build a45 new town inside the Res
ervation, and the Tribal Council intends to ask   the Anglo owners of the 130 tr
ading posts on the reservation to sell   out to the Indians by next year. Says M
c Donald firmly  "The Whites   in the Southwest are going to have to get rid oea
ning of the letter.    So let's see in details the various steps of Jefferson's 
demonstration.    The first step is a double constatation to which Jefferson agr
ees.    Quote the text.    linehB "The increase of our number and the decrease o
f yours".h1/2IL P    For each constatation, Jefferson proposes an analysis of ca
uses and    consequences. So, if the number of Indian decreases it's because   1
- Whites kill them. 2- Gaf their negative   attitude and learn to accept us."F  
                            GENERAL COMPREHENSION                               
   DETAILED STUDY0P8   In the first paragraph , Jefferson explains why the numbe
r of Indians has   decreased.                     1- True                       
2- FalseP                    Exactly, we'll study his arguments later.P         
No, read lines 1-2.         "The increase of our number"   the increase o  #P#A#
F#B#G#C#H#D#I#Eme has disappeared. 3- Indians lack food. 4- Indians are in bad h
ealth. 5- Whites kill the Indians'game. 6- Indians are at war with each other. 7
- Indians are at war with Whites. 8- Indians are not agriculturists. 9- Indians 
have killed all the game.87  This is not explicitely said. Jefferson speaks   of
 frequent wars.H4  Yes exactly, he doesn't say who is responsible   for this  "a
ll those have been driven westward"X6  True. He says "you have been a part of th
 yyH3X1h5x24r0P                 Find the logical links between those statements 
             but / so / therefore / and / moreover / consequently     - Whites c
ultivate the land.     - Whites raise cattle.     - Whites never lack food.     
- Whites can raise children.     - The number of Whites increases.(H8andsotheref
oreconsequently"MM(Hand(Xe year   without food".h,  True. "Scanty and unwholesom
e food   produce disease and death". x+  No, he doesn't mention any responsable 
  for this.&*  Yes, he only speaks of "frequent wars"   therefore including both
 types."*  Yes, he only speaks of "frequent wars"   therefore including both typ
es.".  This is not explicitely said, it's   implicit at this stage.$,  No, they 
have followed the game westward   "moved westwardly in pursuit of themso(h there
fore(x consequentlyVHP          After the demonstration, quote Jefferson's logic
al conclusion.         line "if you wish to increase your numbers,...",Raa21j0PP
   The first two paragraphs drew the picture of the situation in wich Indians   
and Whites lived. How could you qualify the tone used by Jefferson       1- Cere
monial and official.      2- Paternalistic.      3- ".v123J456)789"0P           
Reorder now the various steps of this first constatation.      - The game tends 
to disappear.      - Indians become less resistant        to disease and alcohol
.      - Indians are often at war.      - Indians are hunters and pickers.      
- Indians can raise less children.      - Indians lack food.gmAggressive. X/  No
, on the contary, it's plain and simple.x  Certainly not. What do you think of s
uch expressions   as "my children" under Jefferson's pen "g8PP                  
  Certainly. Give examples of this tone                     line                
    linep1  my sonA my childrenfp118/230PX    mP24x6153t0P                Find t
he logical links between those statements               but / so / therefore / a
nd / moreover / consequently     - Indians are hunters and pickers.     - The ga
me tends to disappear.     - Indians lack food.     - Indians become less resist
ant       to disease and alcohol.     - Indians can raise less children.     - I
ndians are often at war.*H"hbu Why do you think Jefferson uses the tone of a pat
riarch giving advice     to his children   1- Jefferson was himself an old man. 
 2- Jefferson was one of the Founding Fathers.  3- Jefferson knew the Indians sh
owed a lot of espect for the Ancient wisdom.I    He was 65 in 1808. This can't b
e the only reason.RI    True. But it means that he was part of those who wrote t
he    the Constitution in 1787. Moreover he was the redactor of    the declarati
on of independence itsothereforeandmoreoverconsequentlythe number of Indians dec
reasest*Hbut*Xso*h therefore*and*moreover* consequently0P    In a parallel way, 
Jefferson explains why the Whites' number increases.      - Whites never lack fo
od.      - Whites cultivate the land.      - The number of Whites increases.    
  - Whites raise cattle.      - Whites can raise children.  $P$A$F$B$G$C$H$D$I$E
n 1776.RP    Yes, very good. Simple arguments and logic are not enough. Using th
e    Indians'respect for ancestors, he pretended to be a wise old man giving    
advice to his children."IrR0P0           According to this advice, what should b
e the happiness of           the Indians based on            1- freedom.        
    2-property.            3- equality.P           No, Indians are a free people
.+P   Indians do notave you noticed them                      1- Yes            
             2- No"0PH                     Where, in the text, are those details
       1- "on the lands now, given to you" (line 24).      2- "the lands your fr
iends have given to you" (line 33).      3- "you will find that our laws (...)" 
(line 36).P   Very good, it suggests that the Indians, though occupying the land
 before   the Whites, are not owners of the land and that the Whites have care a
bout equality. And Jefferson thinks that Whites and   Indians are equal. "We wil
l consider them here, on the same stage with the   Whites" he says in Notes on V
irginia (1785).eP    Exactly. Jefferson's ideal society is based on the individu
al owning and    cultivation of land. He is a physiocrat.A"q8P(     In this soci
ety, what is the role of the Whites towards the Indians          1- inspectors. 
           2- teachers.             given them   part of their property.P      I
ndeed, it constantly puts the Indians, in an inferior position,      as no other
 solution is offered to them apart from accepting the law      of the Whites.X12
3£PH          What do you think of the sentence  "the land now given you"       
    It suggests           1- that Indians own the land.          2- that the Whi
tes own the land.&h  Certainly not3- partners.P               No, they will be m
ore then that, they will help.P        No, not so much. Mixing with the Indians 
will come, but later on.        Yet, it is part of the plan. P       Yes, as Jef
ferson says  "We are always ready to teach you how...""WPH                    Wh
at is Jefferson's ultimate purpose                        1- segregation  separa
te but equal.                       2- integrat.f"£8P(                Yes, but w
ho were the first to occupy the land                       1- Indians.          
      2- Whites.P            Yes of course. Isn't it contradictory that Whites s
hould            give the land they do not own -P                    No of cours
e. Indians lived there first."£8P     There is another point in the text that ma
y be unfair to the Indians.     where ion  together and united.                 
      3- together but different."8P0         No, the first step is property. But
 what does property imply         for the owner                1- protection.   
                    2- freedom.P        Yes. Property implies protection of prop
erty and therefore laws.        People must agree about these laws.P        No, 
freedom finds its limits where the other's property starts.        There        
    Linep "you will find that our laws (...)".P      Indeed, it constantly puts 
the Indians, in an inferior position,      as no other solution is offered to th
em apart from accepting the law      of the Whites.ssp36P   To conclude, this le
tter is remarkable because it embodies the first stage   of Whites' attitude tow
ards the Indians. They had to be instructed and   convinced to settle and obey t
he Whites' law onfore property doesn't imply complete freedom.!"PH       Very go
od. Together Indians and Whites will form a united society       obeying to the 
same laws agreed on by everyone.         "You will unite yourselves with us, joi
n in our great councils          and form one people with us, and we shall all b
e Americans."PPx     And yet this great purpose may reveal under a closer examin
ation some     points particulary unfair to the Indians. H  %P%A%F%B%G%C%H%D%I%E
 their own will. No place   is devoted to Indian culture, to their religion and 
tribal habits.   The only solution that could be contemplated was a complete ass
imilation   anihilating ancestral habits.   If you wish to read an Indian's test
imony see Chief Seattle's text.Page   of Whites' attitude towards the Indians. T
hey had to be instructed and   convinced to settle and obey the Whites' law on*4
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