Nevada Pascal ver 4.1 (UK) (Face D) (128K) (1985) (CPM) (Version CPC 6128) [Original] [UTILITAIRE].dsk
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02CB00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CB90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CBA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CBB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CBC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CBD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CBE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CBF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CC90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CCA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CCB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CCC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CCD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CCE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CCF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CD00: 6F 20 36 35 35 33 35 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 o 65535.....
02CD10: 20 20 31 30 2E 20 20 22 52 65 61 6C 22 20 20 6E 10. "Real" n
02CD20: 75 6D 62 65 72 73 20 61 72 65 20 72 65 70 72 65 umbers are repre
02CD30: 73 65 6E 74 65 64 20 69 6E 20 31 34 20 64 69 67 sented in 14 dig
02CD40: 69 74 20 62 69 6E 61 72 79 20 63 6F 64 65 64 20 it binary coded
02CD50: 64 65 63 69 6D 61 6C 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 28 decimal.. (
02CD60: 42 43 44 29 20 66 6F 72 6D 61 74 2E 20 20 54 68 BCD) format. Th
02CD70: 65 20 66 6C 6F 61 74 69 6E 67 20 70 6F 69 6E 74 e floating point
02CD80: 20 65 78 70 6F 6E 65 6E 74 20 72 61 6E 67 65 20 exponent range
02CD90: 69 73 20 66 72 6F 6D 20 2D 36 34 20 74 6F 20 2B is from -64 to +
02CDA0: 36 33 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 31 2E 63..... 11.
02CDB0: 20 4E 61 6D 65 73 20 6F 66 20 70 72 6F 63 65 64 Names of proced
02CDC0: 75 72 65 73 20 61 6E 64 20 66 75 6E 63 74 69 6F ures and functio
02CDD0: 6E 73 20 6D 61 79 20 6E 6F 74 20 62 65 20 75 73 ns may not be us
02CDE0: 65 64 20 61 73 20 70 61 72 61 6D 65 74 65 72 73 ed as parameters
02CDF0: 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 32 2E 20 4C ..... 12. L
02CE00: 69 74 65 72 61 6C 20 63 68 61 72 20 73 74 72 69 iteral char stri
02CE10: 6E 67 73 20 69 6E 20 74 68 65 20 73 6F 75 72 63 ngs in the sourc
02CE20: 65 20 70 72 6F 67 72 61 6D 20 6D 61 79 20 6E 6F e program may no
02CE30: 74 20 65 78 63 65 65 64 20 31 32 37 20 63 68 61 t exceed 127 cha
02CE40: 72 2E 0D 0A 1A 61 6E 64 20 66 75 6E 63 74 69 6F r....and functio
02CE50: 6E 73 20 6D 61 79 20 6E 6F 74 20 62 65 20 75 73 ns may not be us
02CE60: 65 64 20 61 73 20 70 61 72 61 6D 65 74 65 72 73 ed as parameters
02CE70: 2E 0D 0A 0D 0A 20 20 20 20 20 20 31 32 2E 20 4C ..... 12. L
02CE80: 92 52 41 F7 E0 8A 20 4D A3 74 A3 AC 30 A1 D1 D6 .RA... M£t£.0...
02CE90: 70 1C 80 C7 1A 5C D9 08 89 80 EE 99 8C 0F 70 13 p....\........p.
02CEA0: 89 80 21 CA 94 07 00 6B 8D 8E 18 BC D5 C8 36 B2 ..!....k......6.
02CEB0: 35 85 51 5A 75 46 71 83 B9 6E 51 74 9B 32 22 31 5.QZuFq..nQt.2"1
02CEC0: 4E 3B 3B 34 49 F3 75 A9 44 F9 00 37 61 8D FD D5 N;;4I.u.D..7a...
02CED0: 1E BD 56 D0 86 10 89 A1 7B 34 DA 1A 8E 1B 70 45 ..V.....{4....pE
02CEE0: 06 91 18 96 C1 1A FB 3F EF 31 A5 5E 2B 42 91 94 .......?.1.^+B..
02CEF0: AC E9 70 71 B9 58 DD F8 00 37 D9 5A AE 20 46 73 ..pq.X...7.Z. Fs
02CF00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CF90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CFA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CFB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CFC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CFD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CFE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02CFF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D000: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D010: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D020: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D030: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D040: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D050: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D060: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D070: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D080: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D090: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D0A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D0B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D0C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D0D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D0E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D0F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D100: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D110: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D120: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D130: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D140: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D150: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D160: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D170: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D180: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D190: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D1A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D1B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D1C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D1D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D1E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D1F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D200: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D210: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D220: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D230: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D240: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D250: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D260: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D270: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D280: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D290: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D2A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D2B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D2C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D2D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D2E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D2F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D300: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
02D310: 26 00 00 00 02 09 2A E5 26 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 &.....*.&.......
02D320: 26 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 26 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 &.......&.......
02D330: 26 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 26 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 &.......&.......
02D340: 26 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 26 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 &.......&.......
02D350: 26 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 26 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 &.......&.......
02D360: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D370: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D380: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D390: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D3A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D3B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D3C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D3D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D3E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D3F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02D400: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D410: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D420: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D430: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D440: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D450: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D460: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D470: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D480: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D490: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D4A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D4B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D4C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D4D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D4E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D4F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D500: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D510: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D520: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D530: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D540: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D550: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D560: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D570: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D580: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D590: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D5A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D5B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D5C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D5D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D5E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D5F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D600: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D610: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D620: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D630: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D640: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D650: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D660: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D670: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D680: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D690: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D6A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D6B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D6C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D6D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D6E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D6F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D700: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D710: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D720: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D730: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D740: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D750: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D760: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D770: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D780: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D790: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D7A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D7B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D7C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D7D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D7E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D7F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D810: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D820: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D830: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D900: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D910: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D920: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D930: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D940: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D950: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D960: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D970: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D980: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D990: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D9A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D9B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D9C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D9D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D9E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02D9F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DA90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DAA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DAB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DAC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DAD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DAE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DAF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DB90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DBA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DBB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DBC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DBD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DBE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DBF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DC90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DCA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DCB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DCC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DCD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DCE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DCF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DD90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DDA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DDB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DDC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DDD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DDE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DDF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DE90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DEA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DEB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DEC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DED0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DEE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DEF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DF90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DFA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DFB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DFC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DFD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DFE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02DFF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E000: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E010: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E020: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E030: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E040: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E050: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E060: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E070: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E080: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E090: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E0A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E0B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E0C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E0D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E0E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E0F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E100: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E110: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E120: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E130: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E140: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E150: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E160: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02E190: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E1A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E1B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E1C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E1D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E1E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E1F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E200: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E210: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E220: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02E270: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E280: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E290: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E2A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E2B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E2C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E2D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02E390: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E3A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E3B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E3C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E3D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02E4A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E4B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E4C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E4D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E4E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E4F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E500: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E510: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E520: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E530: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E540: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E550: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E560: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E570: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E580: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E590: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E5A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E5B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E5C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E5D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E5E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E5F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E600: 54 72 61 63 6B 2D 49 6E 66 6F 0D 0A 00 00 00 00 Track-Info......
02E610: 27 00 00 00 02 09 2A E5 27 00 C1 02 00 00 00 02 '.....*.'.......
02E620: 27 00 C6 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C2 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E630: 27 00 C7 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C3 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E640: 27 00 C8 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C4 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E650: 27 00 C9 02 00 00 00 02 27 00 C5 02 00 00 00 02 '.......'.......
02E660: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E670: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E680: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E690: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6C0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E6F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 ................
02E700: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E710: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E720: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E730: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E740: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E750: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E760: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E770: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E780: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E790: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E7A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E7B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E7C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E7D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E7E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E7F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E810: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E820: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E830: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E900: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E910: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E920: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E930: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E940: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E950: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E960: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E970: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E980: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E990: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02E9F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EA90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EAF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EB90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EBF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EC90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ECF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02ED90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EDF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE20: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE40: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE50: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE60: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE70: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EE90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EED0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEE0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EEF0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF00: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF10: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02EF30: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02EF80: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EF90: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFA0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFB0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFC0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02EFD0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F000: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F090: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F0F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F100: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F110: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F120: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F140: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
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02F160: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F170: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F180: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F190: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F1F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F200: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F210: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F220: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F230: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F240: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F250: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F260: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F270: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F280: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F290: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F2F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F300: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F310: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F320: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F330: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F340: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F350: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F360: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F370: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F380: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F390: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F3F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F400: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F410: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F420: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F430: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F440: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F450: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F460: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F470: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F480: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F490: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F4F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F500: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F510: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F520: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F530: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F540: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F550: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F560: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F570: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F580: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F590: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F5F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F600: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F610: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F620: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F630: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F640: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F650: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F660: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F670: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F680: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F690: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F6F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F700: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F710: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F720: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F730: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F740: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F750: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F760: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F770: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F780: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F790: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F7F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F800: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F810: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F820: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F830: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F840: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F850: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F860: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F870: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F880: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F890: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8A0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8B0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8C0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8D0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8E0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
02F8F0: E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 E5 ................
RESULT OF SEARCH :
PRO=591 CHEA=0 COD=50 MUSI=0 COP=11 GRA=234 WRIT=190 198=1 199=1 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
PRO=591 CHEA=0 COD=50 MUSI=0 COP=11 GRA=234 WRIT=190 198=1 199=1 STARTER=0 KBI=0 CAAV=0 L.TOURNIER=0
EXTENDED CPC DSK File CPCDiskXP v2.0( *D COMJRTMAN 500 JRTMAN 500 !
"JRTMAN 500#$JRTMAN 600%&'()*+,-./01234JRTMAN 60056789ABCDJRTMAN 600EFGHIJKL
MNOPQRSTJRTMAN 600UVWXJRTMAN 700YZabcdefghJRTMAN 700ijklmnopqrstuvwxJRTMAN 7
00yzJRTMAN 800JRTMAN 8004JRTMAN APP£JRTMAN APP#-PASCAL 407/!g File Extent Sy
stem fileK ListedK Used#V##oR K Free q)#0i))))*R/Ax/#!!#Ro$q#/ #V#'d 0RR#( /R0x0
ZE+BbFNIpOOWdqXx'Wqg6j1/'xpr.npm 7. Input/output JRT
Pascal includes a powerful input/output subsystem which can be used to me
et virtually any processing requirement. Three modes of input/output - c
onsole, sequential disk, random disk - are provided. Disk files ca
n be processed in either TEXT mode or in BINARY mode. TEXT mode is
most commonly used by BASIC languages. Data is stored in ASCII text rea
dable format. BINARY mode is found on larger mini and mainframe computer
s. The data is input/output in the binary format used internally by the
language. Not only is the data more compact in some cases but it is
also of fixed length. For example, an integer in text format could occu
py from two bytes to six bytes, depending on its value. But in bina
ry format an integer is always exactly two bytes. TEXT mode
is sometimes called "stream I/O". BINARY mode is sometimes called
"record I/O". Another advantage of binary format is that the user
can process data files or COM files containing special control character
s. All files in JRT Pascal are "untyped". That is, the user ca
n read and write data of any format to any file. The user can write
records of entirely different formats and sizes on the same file.
JRT Pascal also supports direct access to the hardware in
put/output ports without having to write an ass1# Disk V2.5 (c) Phil Whee
ler 1982 *.R" 2! !t!l!26##2q##/2r##2s!c!#sO (#(#"eo"o*i#"i++Nr£ *g#"gy(*k#"ky(
+#u*em"m*cB(9(!0KcRDM!+V+Kes#rKce+r+s*c#"c(N #*cB(8 (*R+++( *sembly language
subroutine. The builtin function PORTIN and builtin procedure
PORTOUT are described in the sections on builtin functions and b
uiltin procedures. JRT Pascal version 3 now supports Pascal file
variables. Files may now be passed as parameters to procedures, alloca
ted locally in procedures, be used in records or arrays, be used in
assignment statements. The Pascal builtin procedures GET and PUT
are now racters and single quotes are ignored. The system will not allow
more characters to be keyed in than can fit into the variable in the
READ's parameter list. Console output can also be routed to t
he printer or list device. The SYSTEM procedure is fully described in th
e section on builtin procedures. Some of its options are
SYSTEM( LIST ) route output to printer SYSTEM
( NOLIST ) do not route to printer supported. 7.1 Console i
nput/output Console input/output is the usual means for a p
rogram to interact with the user. Data values can be displayed at
a video terminal or teletype and data can be keyed in. Cons
ole input/output always occurs in text rather than binary format. Inte
gers, real numbers, strings, characters and Booleans will be displayed
in text format. Set variables have no meaningful text format and ca
SYSTEM( CONS ) route to console device SY
STEM( NOCONS ) do not route to console The builtin procedu
res/functions used in console input/output are READ
, READLN read data into storage WRITE, WRITELN
write data to console/printer EOLN e
nd of line function 7.2 Sequential file processing Di
sk files are not inherennnot be written to the console. IMPORTANT
- Since the console is regarded as a text device, data items are delimite
d by commas, spaces, tabs and semicolons. To read one character at a ti
me, use this function FUNCTION GETCHAR CHAR VAR R
RECORD FLAG,A,C,D,E,D,L,H CHAR
END BEGIN R.C CHR(1) CALL( 5,R,R )
GETCHAR R.A tly sequential or random. Those terms
apply to the means of access which may be applied to any disk file.
Sequential file processing is generally faster than random
access because input/output can be buffered and because the disk po
sitioning mechanism only needs to move short distances. JRT Pascal
lets the user obtain maximum processing speed by defining the buf
fer size for sequential files. The buffer is the holding area w END
Using the HEX$ builtin function, any variable can be converted
to hex format for direct display. On console input for integers,
data may be keyed in using standard decimal format or in hex format.
An 'H' character suffix indicates hex format. On input to the cons
ole, data items may be separated by spaces, tabs, commas or semicolons.
Character or structured variable inputs which contain special character
s may be entered in shere disk data is loaded and written. This area is
filled or emptied in one burst - one disk access with one head load
operation. A very small buffer may cause disk "chattering" during
processing because of frequent accesses. A large buffer will result in
less frequent but longer disk accesses. The buffer size is specif
ied as an integer expression in the RESET or REWRITE procedure. It
will be rounded up to a multiple of 128. If stoingle quotes. Th
e quote character itself may be entered by doubling it. Sample in
put lines 3.14159,77 03ch,'JRT Systems'
'don''t say you can''t' 6.70234e-25,0.0000
003 Reading from the console into a dynamic string variable
is treated differently. An entire line of text is obtained from the
console and moved directly into the string variable. Separator
cha *rage is plentiful, buffers of 4096 or 8192 bytes will impro
ve processing. The builtin procedures/functions used in sequent
ial disk file processing are RESET open
file for input REWRITE open file for output
CLOSE terminate file processing READ,
READLN read data into storage WRITE, WRITELN write d
ata to disk EOF the location of the data ite
m within the file. The first byte is at RBA0. The RBA mode of p
rocessing gives much greater flexibility than RRN. If all records had to
be the same size, then all would have to be the size of the largest, re
sulting in much wasted space and slower access. Beginning
with JRT Pascal version 2.1, random files up to the CP/M maximum of 8 m
egabytes are supported. The RBA or RRN value may be an integer
end of file function EOLN end of line function
ERASE delete a file RENAME
rename a file This samp
le program reads in a file and dumps it in hex format to the console
PROGRAM DUMP TYPE BLOCK ARRAY 1..16 OF
CHAR NAME ARRAY 1..14 OF CHAR VAR
or a real expression. Programs written under earlier ver
sions are source code compatible but must be recompiled using the versio
n 2.1 or later compiler. The procedures used in random file proces
sing are OPEN open or create random file
CLOSE terminate file processing
READ read data into storage WRITE
transfer data to disk B BLOCK D
UMPFILE FILE OF BLOCK FILENAME NAME BE
GIN WHILE TRUE DO (* INFINITE LOOP *)
BEGIN WRITE('enter filename ')
READLN( FILENAME ) RESET( DUMPFILE, FILENAME,
BINARY, 4096) WHILE NOT E
OF( DUMPFILE ) DO BEGIN ERASE
delete a file RENAME rename a file
A sample program shows random access to a file containing sales info
rmation for the various departments of a retail store. The records
are located by department number. Sample program
PROGRAM INQUIRY LABEL 10 TYPE
DEPTRECORD RECORD INVENTORY REAL
READ( DUMPFILE B)
WRITELN( HEX$(B) ) END
CLOSE( DUMPFILE ) WRITELN END
END. 7.3 Random file processing CP
/M version 2.2 or higher is required to use JRT Pascal random file proce
ssing. For many types of processing it is not known in advance in
which sequence the records MTDSALES REAL
YTDSALES REAL DISCOUNT REAL
END VAR INPUTAREA DEPTRECORD
DEPTFILE FILE OF DEPTRECORD DEPT I
NTEGER BEGIN (* INQUIRY *) OPEN( DEPTFILE, 'CD
EPTDATA.RND', BINARY ) REPEAT WRITE('Enter dep
t number ') READLN( DEP of a file will be needed. A spelling
dictionary or online inquiry customer database obviously must use random
access files. In JRT Pascal, random access is fully sup
ported. Data can be read and updated by providing the relative record nu
mber (RRN) within the file for fixed length records. The first record
is at RRN0. For variable length records, the data can be read or
updated by providing the relative byte address (RBA). The RBA is *T )
IF DEPT 999 THEN GOTO 10 (* EXIT *) READ( DE
PTFILE, RRN, DEPT INPUTAREA ) WRITELN
WRITELN('dept ',DEPT, ' inv ',INPUTAREA.
INVENTORY92, ' disc ',INPUTAREA.DISCOUNT92)
WRITELN(' MTD sales',MTDSALES92, ' YTD sales',Y
TDSALES92) WRITELN 10 (* EXIT LABEL *)
key size max records
4 32767 --- Not more than 32767 6
28928 records ever allowed 8 23808
15 14336 The maximum number of records
should be set to somewhat less than the maximum theoretical number
of records, to prevent the loss of a record when adding to an unbalanced
file. Note al UNTIL DEPT 999 CLOSE( DEPTFILE )
END (* INQUIRY *). 7.4 Indexed file processing
CP/M version 2.2 or higher is required to use JRT Pascal indexed fi
le processing. Beginning with version 3.0, JRT Pascal provides ful
l support for indexed files. The index file system is implemented as
2 external procedures so that it occupies no main storage when it is not
being used. Indexed so that the file of indexe
s will be 257k when the maximum number of records are entered, so a reaso
nable (high) estimate should be used for the maximum number of reco
rds. IMPORTANT - No key should contain all zeroes, since a zero
key is used to indicate deleted keys and records. The key m
ust be the first field in each record. The key size may be from 2 to
32 bytes. A utility program INDEX2 is provided to reorganize file
s consist of two separate disk files the main data file with a filetype o
f DAT and an index file with the filetype of IX0. The i
ndexed file system has 3 components. INDEX0 external procedure perf
orms most of the functions. INDEX1 external procedure compresses the
data files and rebalances the indexes. The INDEX2 program is executed
by itself and reorganizes the files for more efficient access.
The external procthe data file and generate new index files.
7.4.1 Index file format The index file is divided into
one primary index and up to 256 secondary indexes. Each index block is 1
024 bytes. The primary index contains 256 4-byte fields. Each of
these is the first 4 bytes of the lowest key in a secondary index.
The secondary indexes contain actual key values and 3-byte
record loacator fields. The number of keys per secondaryedure INDEX0 performs
these operations A add a new record B
read first record (beginning) C close file
D delete a record F flush buffers, close and reopen
files N new file allocation O open fil
e Q query whether indexes should be balanced
R read a record S read next record in sequence
index is 1024 DIV (KEYSIZE +3) 7.4.2 Data
file format The data file consists of a 1024 byte control record
followed by the data records. The control record contains t
he filename, maximum record count, current record count, key size,
record size, delete count, and deleted record list.
Index file format !----------
---------------------! U update a record W
issue a warning Z turn off warning message
INDEX1 performs these operations J rebalance the inde
xes K compress data file and balance indexes
Records must all be the same size - from 16 to 2048 bytes. They need no
t be a multiple of 128 bytes. The maximum number of records depends on
the key size (1024 DIV (KEYSIZE +3)) * 256 *
! ! 1 K blocks ! prim
ary index ! !-----------------------
--------! ! !
! !
!----- up to 256 --------! !
! ! secondary in
dexes ! be issued, see command 'W'. An index
ed file must be allocated before it can be opened or used in any way.
Each time INDEX0 is called, a valid command code must be passed.
The key, data, and ir parameters are also required, although key and
data will not be used by every command. It is allowed to have
multiple indexed files open at the same time. Each one is indentified
by a different indexrecord. The index !--
--- --------! !
! ! !
!-------------------------------!
Data file format !------
-------------------------! ! control record 1
K ! !-------------------------------!
record (IR) should be set to blanks before individual fields are in
itialized. For a given index file, the first call to INDEX0 in a prog
ram should be to open ('O') or create ('N') the index and data files.
(INDEX0 can be called with the 'W' first, so that error messages will be
printed.) 7.4.4 INDEX commands Commands J and K are
processed by INDEX1. All others are processed by INDEX0.
A add a new record !
! ! data records !
! !
! !
! ! !--------------
-----------------! 7.4.3 Using INDEX0 The indexed file
system is implemented in an external procedure named INDEX0.
- insert a new key into index, if duplicate key exists,
abort operation - write new data record to data file
B read first record (begin) - read the first
record (in sorted order) - returns key and record
C close indexed files - this MUST be done on comp
letion of processing or newly written data may be lost
D delet To access it, these declarations are required in your
main program TYPE KEYTYPE --------------
your key type declarations RECORDTYPE ----------- your recor
d type declarations INDEXRECORD RECORD D
ISK CHAR FILENAME ARRAY 1..8 OF CHAR
RETURNCODE INTEGER RESERVED ARRAY 1..200 OF CHAR
END e a record - nullify key ent
ry for record - add record locator to delete list
F flush buffers, close and reopen files - flush b
uffers that have changed - close files to preserve change
s J rebalance indexes (INDEX1) - uses temp
orary file - deletes old index file
- renames new index file K rebalance indexes PROCE
DURE INDEX0 ( COMMAND CHAR VAR KEY KEYTYPE
VAR DATA RECORDTYPE
VAR IR INDEXRECORD ) EXTERN To use INDEX0 the indexrecord m
ust be initialized with the filename and disk on which the file is
located. The return code is set by INDEX0 and indicates if each ope
ration was successfully completed. Warning messages may optionally
* and compact data file (INDEX1) - uses temporary files
- deletes old index and data files
- renames new index and data files - reopen files for f
urther processing N new file allocation -
program will inquire at the console the parameters of t
he new indexed file 1. record size in bytes
2. key siithout closing previous file
7 invalid command (eg. 'M' or an 'S' without a prec
eeding 'B', 'R', 'S', or 'U') 8 file not open 9 se
rious error ( no specific message ) 7.4.6 Balanced indexes
Searching for records is usually very efficient, both in random and
sequential modes. Adding to a data base is usually efficient until
one or more of the secondary indexes gets full. (If records are ze in bytes
3. maximum number of records to be
allowed the index file will be
allocated based on this number - index files are left
open for further processing - f
iles must be closed (or flushed) to preserve the new co
ntents O open indexed files - open the ind
ex and data files added in sorted order, then the addition process w
ill be very efficient.) INDEX0 will not automatically "balance" keys in t
he index files, so that additions fill up the secondary indexes.
Your program can "Query" the status of an indexed file by using 'Q
' in a call to the index. The first letter of the key will be set to 'Y
' if the indexes should be balanced, and 'N' if that is not necessar
y yet. (INDEX0 decides that the indexes should - load
the primary index into dynamic storage Q
query data base status - return 'Y' in key1 if the data
base should be reorganized ('J')
- else return 'N' in key1 R read a record
- search the indexes for the key - read the data record
into the user's record variable S reabe
balanced when an add ('A') must move a secondary index from one blo
ck to another). Reorganizing indexes To reorganize
an indexed file so that adding new records will be efficient, set the rec
ord argument to all blanks and call INDEX1 with command 'J' (for adJus
t or Justify). INDEX1 will create a new balanced index file on the s
ame disk as the current index file. There must be space for th
e new index file, which will bd next record in sequence -
will read next record after a previous 'B', 'R', 'S',
or 'U' U update a record - the update oper
ation MUST ALWAYS be preceded by a read operation with
the same key - write modified re
cord to data file W warning messages - tur
n on the warning message feature - cause called na
me.$$I. INDEX1 will then delete the old .IX0 file and rename the new
file to name.IX0. Reorganization takes 2500 to 3200 bytes of space in
main memory as well as space on the disk, so it is never done automa
tically. INDEX1 must be declared as an external procedure (just as IND
EX0 was declared) if your program is going to balance indexes "on the f
ly". PROCEDURE INDEX1 ( COMMAND CHAR
VAR ed non-zero return codes to print verbal er
ror messages Z turn off warning messages 7.4.5 INDEX
return codes 0 successful completion 1 duplicate
key 2 maximum number of records exceeded 3 key no
t found 4 update key does not match read key or pr
evious read was not successful 5 key value does not match key in
record 6 second open or new w *KEY KEYTYPE
VAR DATA RECORDTYPE VAR IR INDEX
RECORD ) EXTERN INDEX1 supports the J and K operations which are
described in section 7.4.4. In general, the record va
riable should be set to all blanks before INDEX1 is called. 7
.4.7 INDEX2 utility Type EXEC INDEX2 to rebalance the indexes in
the file and to compact the data after many deletions. Iwant to ass
ign rec to contain newparam, and then call INDEX1, for example
rec newparam INDEX1 ('K',key, rec, ir) Most pro
grams will not need to use the 'K' option, since the equivalent can
be done as needed by having the user issue the CP/M command EXEC INDEX2
, preferably after the data bases have been copied to backup disks.
7.4.8 Efficiency notes Reading records from the data base i
s only slow wheNDEX2 will ask for the name of the disk drive containing t
he indexed files (A to P), the name of index files (which you would
enter without any '.' or '.DAT' or '.IX0'), and the name of the compact
ed files. You can have the new files put on the same or another disk d
rive as the original files. INDEX2 will also ask for a new numb
er of maximum records. If you enter 0, the previous maximum will be used
. Compressing data from within a programn very many keys have
the same first four characters. If the indexes in more than one second
ary index block have the same first four characters, INDEX0 may have to
search more than one secondary index block to find a given record. Gener
ally, this will not occur. Random output in general under CP/
M is inefficient due to buffering requirements. Random output will be
most efficient with double density disks with 1K blocks or with singl
INDEX2 uses INDEX0 and INDEX1 to perform the actual indexed file
accesses. Highly sophisticated programs can also use INDEX1 to
compact the data file as well as balance the indexes. Call INDEX1
with the command 'K' (kompress) to do a complete reorganization. If the
record argument is set to all blanks, then the same disk drive and sa
me maximum record count will be used in creating the new data base co
pies. If the record argumee density disks with 128 blocks. Ma
ximum number of records The maximum number of records should be
set to somewhat (50 to 200) less than the theoretical maximum. If, for e
xample, 8-byte keys are declared with up to 23808 records, 256 records ar
e entered, the indexes are balanced (with 'J'). There will now be
256 secondary indexes blocks with one key each. Then, if 92 records are
added with key greater than the 256th record, the last snt is given th
e following structure, then alternate disk drives or a different maximu
m number of records can be set. VAR
newparam RECORD newdiskflag CHAR
newdisk CHAR maxnrflag CHAR
maxnrrec INTEGER oldleave CHAR
END Set newparam.newdiskflag to 'Y' if neecondary
index will be full. Since one secondary index block can hold 93
8-byte keys, adding a 93rd key larger than the 256th will "overflow"
the top secondary index block. A serious error. Currently
, the maximum number of records is 32767 for index files with 2-, 3-
, and 4-byte keys. 7.4.9 Sample indexed file program T
he following simple program will let you create, add to, query, close, an
d search any data base.wparam.newdisk contains another disk drive
letter (such as 'C'). Set newparam.maxnrflag to 'Y' if newpara
m.maxnrrec contains a new maximum number of records, such as 2000.
The newdiskflag only works with the 'K' option. The oldleave fla
g only works with the 'K' option when a newdisk is specified. When
the 'K' option is used, the record passed must be big enough to h
old records read from the disk. You might * It assumes that the record and
the key are alphanumeric (printable) information. You can enter
individual commands to the program, which will call INDEX0 (or
INDEX1) to perform the equivalent command. The runtime example that
follows the listing of TSTINDEX shows the creation of a simple a
ddress file, with 16 character search keys and (one line) addresses up t
o 80 characters long. The resulting records are then 96 bytes long.or
kompress must call INDEX1 *) IF (cmd in 'J', 'K' THEN
BEGIN rec ' ' INDEX1(cmd, key, rec
, ir) END ELSE INDEX0(cmd, ke
y, rec, ir) IF (ir.returncode 0) THEN BEGIN
writeln('Error', ir.returncode) END
IF (cmd 'Q') THEN writeln('query result ',key1)
IF PROGRAM tstindex TYPE k
eyt ARRAY1..256 of CHAR rect ARRAY1..2048 of CHAR ct
rlrec RECORD c1 ARRAY1..4 of INTEGER rec
size INTEGER c2 INTEGER keysize INTEGER
end indexrecord RECORD disk
CHAR filename ARRAY1..8 of CHAR returnc
ode (cmd in 'B', 'R', 'S') THEN BEGIN wr
iteln('key ', copy(rec, 1, ir.ctl.keysize)) writeln('data ',
copy(rec, ir.ctl.keysize + 1, ir.ctl.recsize - ir.ctl
.keysize)) END UNTIL (cmd '') END.
(* tstindex *) Execution of TSTINDEX is shown for a simple
data base with 16 character names and up to 96 characters of information
(which happens INTEGER res1 INTEGER c
trl ctrlrec reserved ARRAY1..196 of CHAR
END VAR key keyt rec rect cmd
CHAR ir indexrecord temd ARRAY1..2048 of CHAR
PROCEDURE INDEX0 ( command CHAR var key keyt
var rec rect var ir indexrecord ) extern
PROCEDURE to be addresses). Note that the key length and record length a
re entered from the terminal in the N command. AEXEC BTSTINDEX
Exec ver 3.0 Disk B File ADDRESS cmd W cmd
N Record size in bytes 96 Key size in bytes 16 Maximum numb
er of records 500 cmd A key JRT data 'JRT Systems/45 Camino
Alto/Mill Valley, CA 94941' cmd A key OLD data 'Old JRT Of
fice/550 Irving St/SF, CA 9 INDEX1 ( command CHAR var key k
eyt var rec rect var ir indexrecord ) ex
tern BEGIN (* tstindex *) ir ' ' write('Disk ')
readln(ir.disk) write('File ') readln(ir.filename) REP
EAT write('cmd ') readln(cmd) cmd upcase
(cmd) key ' ' rec ' ' IF (cmd in 'A', '
D', 'R', 'U') THEN 4122' cmd B key JRT data JRT System
s/45 camino Alto/Mill Valley, CA 94941 cmd S key OLD data O
ld JRT Office/550 Irving St/SF, CA 94122 cmd S %INDEX error Key no
t found Error 3 cmd a key LITTLE data 'Little Italy/
4109 24th St/SF, CA 94114' cmd a key SZECHWAN data 'Szechwa
n Court/1668 Haight St/SF, CA 94117' cmd f cmd r key JRT
key JRT data JRT Systems BEGIN writ
e('key ') readln(key) IF (cmd in 'A', 'U'
THEN BEGIN write('data ')
readln(temd) rec copy(key, 1, ir.
ctl.keysize) + copy(temd, 1, ir.ctl.recsize -
ir.ctl.keysize) END
END (* justify */45 Camino Alto/Mill Valley, C
A 94941 cmd r key OTHER %INDEX error Key not found r
eturn code 3 cmd z cmd Error 7 Program terminatio
n 7.5 CLOSE Format CLOSE ( filevariable )
The CLOSE builtin procedure terminates processing against a sequen
tial or random disk file. If a sequential output file is not properly
closed, the data written out will be lost because CLOSE updat *)
WHILE CH CHR(1AH) DO BEGIN
WRITE( CH ) READ(F1 CH) END
CLOSE( F1 ) 7.6 EOLN Format 1 EOLN (
filevariable ) Format 2 EOLN The end of line func
tion returns a Boolean value true if the end of line is reached, otherw
ise it returns false. This function applies only to console and tex
t files, not toes the disk directory. This procedure also releases storage
reserved for input/ourput buffers of sequential files. Examples
CLOSE ( F1 ) CLOSE ( DATAFILE ) C
LOSE ( MASTERCUSTOMERREPORT ) Examples CLOSE ( F1 )
CLOSE ( DATAFILE ) CLOSE ( MASTERCUSTOMERREPO#PS)Vft$R#J4IsP
SE(uX69pYTk5nlmYjn6 hV.EFRb&e$7i binary files. Format 1 is used t
o sense end of line while reading disk files. Format 2 is used to sense e
nd of line in console input. This function is used primarily to re
ad in an unknown number of data items from a line of text. Executing a
READLN, with or without any parameters, always resets EOLN to false and
positions the file at the start of the next line of text. Exampl
es 1. (* READ NUMBERS FROM CONSOLE, COMPUTE AVG * 7.5.1 EOF
Format EOF ( filevariable ) The end of file f
unction indicates when the end of a file is reached during input processi
ng. It returns a Boolean value of true immediately after end of file d
etection, otherwise it returns false. The EOF function has no meaning in
console or random disk processing. When processing a file in text
mode, end of file is detected when all data up to the first CTRL-Z
(1AH) has be) TOTAL 0 COUNT 0 WHILE NOT EOL
N DO BEGIN READ( NUMBER )
TOTAL TOTAL + NUMBER COUNT COUNT + 1
END READLN AVERAGE TOTAL DIV
COUNT 2. (* READ DATA FROM FILE, COUNT LINES OF TEXT *)
LINECOUNT 0 WHILE NOT EOF(F1) DO BEG
IN en read. This is the standard character to indica
te the end of data. When processing a file in binary mode, end of
file is detected when all the data in the last allocated sector of th
e file has been read. Examples 1. (* COMPUTE THE A
VERAGE OF A FILE OF NUMBERS *) RESET( F1, 'DAILY.SAL', TEXT, 4096
) TOTAL 0 COUNT 0 WHILE NOT EOF(F
1) DO BEGIN READ(F1 DATAITEM)
PROCESSDATA( DATAITEM ) IF EOLN(F1) THEN
BEGIN LINECOUNT LINECO
UNT + 1 READLN(F1)
END END 7.7 ERASE Format
ERASE ( filename ) The ERASE procedure deletes files from the disk
. It can be used to delete files from any available d READ
(F1 DAILYSALES) TOTAL TOTAL + DAILYSALES
COUNT COUNT + 1 END AVERAGE TOTA
L / COUNT CLOSE( F1 ) 2. (* WRITE A FILE TO THE PRI
NTER *) SYSTEM( LIST ) RESET( F1, 'TEST.PAS', BINA
RY, 2048 ) READ(F1 CH) (* INSTEAD OF USING EOF, WE
DIRECTLY TEST FOR A CHARACTER 1AH, SINCE THIS IS BINARY FILE
*isk by including the disk identifier in the filename.
ERASE is implemented as an external procedure. Any program referenc
ing it must include it declaration PROCEDURE ERASE ( NA
ME STRING20 ) EXTERN Examples ERASE( 'TESTPGM
.PAS' ) ERASE( CONCAT( 'B', FILENAME, FILETYPE ) )
ERASE( 'A' + NAME + '.HEX' ) ERASE
( BACKUPFILE ) amiliar features such as with trailing signs. P
ICTURE takes a format string and a real number as arguments. It return
s a formated string, which can be printed on the console, the line pri
nter, written to a file, concatenated with other strings, or saved for fu
rther processing. For example, RES$ PICTURE("*$##,###.##", 14
56.20) WRITELN ("Sum ", PICTURE("###,###.### ###",
6583.1234567)) will set RE 7.8 GET Format
GET ( filevariable ) This standard Pascal procedure moves the
next data item from the sequential file into the file's buffer variable.
If there is not another data item in the file then the EOF function
becomes true. The READ procedure allows reading directly from a
file into any variable. READ ( F X ) is eq
uivalent to X F GET ( F ) S$ (which
should be declared as a string or array of characters) to the eleven ch
aracters **$1,456.20 and next write a line consisting of the twenty c
haracters Sum 6,583.123 456. PICTURE is supplied as a
compiled function (the file PICTURE.INT). PICTURE must be declared in
any program that uses it as FUNCTION PICTURE (FMT STRI
NG R REAL) STRING EXTERN The for
mat string is 7.9 OPEN Format 1 OPEN ( filevariable, filename
, BINARY ) Format 2 OPEN ( filevariable, filename, TEXT )
The OPEN builtin procedure is used to open files for random
access. Format 1 is used to open files in binary mode. Format 2 is use
d to open files in text mode. The filevariable refers to a file va
riable declared in the VAR declaration section. The filename is a
string or structured expressi not hard to create. PICTURE generally
puts one character in the result string for every character in the forma
t string, the exceptions marked with a *. The format characters are
summarized below. Note that you will usually need only po
und signs, commas, and periods in your formats. Format
Replaced with 0 Literal zero (used only with exponential
notation 9 A decimal digit (always) on which
may include disk identifier letter. The file specified by the fil
ename is opened for use if present. If not present, a new file is created
. Both formats may be used with both RRN and RBA accessing.
Examples OPEN ( INVENTORY, 'INVENTRY.DAT', BINARY )
OPEN ( F1, RANGE + '.DAT', TEXT )
OPEN ( CASEHISTORY, 'DTORTS.LIB', BINARY ) OPEN ( DICTI
ONARY, 'BSPELLINGB Space (or fill character) CR CR if
the number is positive, else spaces DB DB if the number is n
egative, else spaces E Exponent (consisting of E, sign, and
two digits) (*) E+## Exponent (sign and digit indications are
ignored) (*) L Literal L (as a currency sign)
S Minus or plus sign V Implied decimal point (*)
Z Digit or fill character .LIB', BINARY ) 7.10
PICTURE The external function PICTURE allows you to format
(real) numbers in powerful ways. Check printing is easy, as are com
mas within a number and exponential notation. Floating (or fixed) dollar
signa are easy to specify. Credit and debit indications can be
included. Literal characters such as currency signs can also be put
in the formatted string. COBOL and PL/I programmers will find f
* - Minus sign if negative, else space
+ Plus sign if positive, else minus sign # Digit
or fill character % Digit or fill character
* Asterisk fill ** Asterisk fill and one digit
*$ Asterisk fill and floating dollar sign **$ As
terisk fill, floating dollar sign, and one digit , Comma if
digit has already been formated, else space
-17.98 -17 5
###.## 29.
95 29.95 6
-10.756 -10.75 6 Punctuati
on Commas can be inserted in the formated number. A comma in th
e format will cause a comma AT THE CORRESPONDING POSITION if a d
/ Literal / (or fill character) Literal (o
r fill character) space Literal space (or fill character)
Exponent (E, sign, and two digits) (*) Expo
nent (*) Next character is included literally (*)
* or * A single asterisk (*) $ or $ A single dollar sign
(*) Examples (our favorite formats) -#.### ###
Large and igit has already been put into the result in a position t
o the comma position. If no significant digit has been seen, then
a space or asterisk is substituted. Note that PICTURE DOES NOT automa
tically put commas every third position. You can place commas in
any meaningful (or meaningless) position in your number.
Format Number Result Length
###,##small numbers $##.##
Price of JRT Pascal ###,### Numbe
r of happy customers *$###,###.## Checks (especially p
ay checks) -##,###,###,###,###.## Change in the national debt
In general, PICTURE can use any format with legal characters.
It is possible to create ridiculous formats, such as "-+". An
appropriate matching string will be returned (either space, plus, or #
2470 2,470 7
#,### -999 -999 5
#,###### 2743562
2,743562 8 COUNT YOUR COMMAS AND DIGITS. Commas can be u
sed after the decimal point if desired. A space (or B) wo
rks exactly the same as commas for those of you who want to punctuate
numbers with spaces inste minus in this case). If the format contains a
nd invalid format character, PICTURE will complain and will return a
two character string Upper case and lower case letters a
re equivalent in the format, so E or e can be used for the exponent.
Simple number formating Pound signs (#) are usually used to ind
icate where digits should be placed. A decimal point indicates where the
decimal point should go. PICTURE does NO ad of commas. Note
that this is different from the PRINT USING statement in Basics, w
hich treat blanks as delimiters. Exponential Notation Expon
ential notation is indicated either with an uparrow () or the letter E.
Following uparrows, signs, and digit indicators are ignored, so you
can use or E+##. The formated exponent ALWAYS takes four characters t
he letter E, the sign of the exponent, and two digits. If
rounding, but just truncates insignificant digits. (The vertical bar
just indicates the start of the result in the following examples, and
will not be included in the actual result). Format
Number Result Length
##### 15000 15000 5
-2.
6 -2 5 * you want PICTURE to create numbers in expon
ential notation with a leading 0 before the decimal point, you can use th
e digit 0 in a format before the decimal. Format
Number Result Length
#.### 15000 1.500E+04 9
-2.5
-.250E+01 9
-15000 -0.150 000E+05
14 -#.###### 15
000 1.500000E+04 13
-.### 15001 .150E+04 9
+.### 15001
+.150E+04 9
###.#### 15000 150.0000E+01 12
-2.5
-25.0000E-01 12
###.####E+## -2.5 -25.0000E-01 12
0.### ### 15000 0.1
50 000E+05 13 Signs Normally, PICTURE will put a min
us sign before the firs -2.506 -.250E+01
9 .###-
15001 .150 E+04 9
-2.506 .250-E+01 9
Note that you can put the sign in a number of inappropriate
places and can even have the sign appear more that once. Dollar si
gns and check printing Floating dollar t significant di
git in a number if that number is negative. This is called a floating
sign, and will take up one digit position. You can have PICTURE handle t
he sign in many other ways. To put the minus sign (or blank) in a
fixed position, use a - in the format. The minus sign can be before th
e first significant digit or at the end of the number. To p
ut a negative or positive sign in a fixed position, use a plus sign (+
) or an signs and asterisks fill work in a straightforward man
ner, and will produce the sort of results you would want for printi
ng dollar sign amounts or checks. To enter a $ or * at a fixed position,
use one of the "literal next" characters, the underline () or backslas
h () before the $ or *. Format Number Result
Length $##
,###.## 2745.23 $ 2,745.S instead of the minus sign.
Format Number Result Length
-#### -12 - 12
5
134 134 5
####+ -12 12- 5
23 10
$##,###.## 2645.2
3 $2,745.23 10 Note that the **, $$, and **$
formats are optional in JRT Pascal's PICTURE function. They are equivale
nt to *#, $#, and *$#, respectively The only exceptions
to the "one format character, one result character" rule are
1) the two "literal next" characters ( and ) which do n
ot appear in th 134 134+ 5 With exp
onential notation, you will generally want to specify the location of t
he sign, since a floating sign will cause one less digit before the
decimal to be printed WITH NEGATIVE NUMBERS than with POSITIVE NUMBERS.
Format Number Result Length
-0.### ### 15000
0.150 000E+05 14 *e result 2) the V, w
hich is not printed 3) the two exponent characters ( and E) which
always take four characters (and which cause
following , +, -, #, and 9 specifications to be ignored in t
he format). Overflow Overflow occurs when the number to be fo
rmated cannot fit in the format provided, as when 1000 is to be formated
in a three digit field (###). When that happens, PICTURE p FOR
I 1 TO NRREALS DO BEGIN
WRITELN(I3, ' ',
REAL$(REALARRI,
' ', PICTURE(PIC, REALARRI),
' ') END UNTIL (
PIC '*') uts a % in place of ALL digits. In exponential notation, the
only cause of overflow is with negative numbers when no sign is indicat
ed and no digits are allowed before the decimal point. F
ormat Number Result Length
-## 200005 %%
3 ######
-40000102 -%%%%% 6 END. Note that c
urrently, JRT Pascal requires that real numbers entered in exponential f
orm must have a exponent sign and two exponent decimal digits. This res
triction will be relaxed in the future. Formats for ex-COBOL and PL/I pro
grammers The format character V can be used to set an implied decimal
point without printing one. (V. and .V can also be used. The .
will always be included in the result. Z can be used in place of
*$#,### 400102
*$%,%%% 7
.### -207 .%%%E+03 8 Testing formats fo
r PICTURE Here is a routine you can use to test your own
PICTURE specifications. (We use an extension of this program that a
llows file input and output to test ours.) The program reads the number
of real digits#, and 9 can be used to force printing of a digit.
The "literal" / and can be used. They will be replaced by the fill
character (space or *) if appropriate. Multiple + and - signs can be
used in place of # to cause floating signs. Subtle differences betwee
n JRT Pascal's PICTURE and other languages will be found. Use the TEST
PICT routine to experiment as needed. 7.11 PUT Format
PUT ( filevariable ) This standard to be formated and the numb
ers to be formated. It then reads one format specification at a time
an prints each of the numbers in that format. PROGRA
M TESTPICT CONST MAXREAL 100
VAR I INTEGER NRREALS INT
EGER PIC STRING REALARR ARRAY1..
MAXREAL OF REAL FUNCTION PICTURE ( FMT STRING R Pascal procedu
re appends the current value of the buffer variable to the sequential fil
e. The WRITE procedure allows writing directly to a file from an
y variable. WRITE ( F X ) is equivalent to
F X PUT ( F ) 7.12 READ, READLN
Format 1 (console) READ/LN (variable1, variable2,... )
Format 2 (sequential disk) READ/LN ( filevariable variable1, variable2
,... ) REAL) STRING EXTERN BEGIN REPEAT
WRITE('Number of real numbers to format ')
READLN(NRREALS) UNTIL (NRREALS MAXREAL)
FOR I 1 TO NRREALS DO READ(REALARRI) RE
ADLN REPEAT WRITE('Format ')
READLN(PIC) IF(PIC '*') THEN
* Format 3 (random disk) READ/LN ( fil
evariable, RRN, integerorrealexpr variable1, variable2,.
.. ) Format 4 (random disk) READ/LN ( filevariable, RBA, intege
rorrealexpr variable1, variable2,... ) The
READ standard procedure is used to bring data from console or disk int
o main storage. Format 1 is used for reading data from the cons
ole keyboard. When it is executed first record number is at
RRN0. The file must have been successfully opened with the OPEN proce
dure. Sequential and random file accesses cannot be mixed unless the fi
le is first closed and then re-opened in the other mode. The size of r
ecords on the file for RRN processing is determined when the file is decl
ared. For example, a FILE OF REAL has a record size of 8 bytes.
Format 4 is used to read data from a random file by giving the it
will obtain data from the console buffer, convert it to the proper forma
t, and store the data in the specified variables. If sufficient data is
not available, the system will wait for more data to be keyed in. If d
ata is keyed in with unacceptable format, a warning message is issued.
Dynamic string variables may only be used in READ format 1 - in
console input - and not in disk file input. To read character data
from disk files, arrays of relative byte address (RBA) of the data item r
equired. The first byte of the file is at RBA0. The file must have bee
n successfully opened with the OPEN procedure. Random processing can
not be mixed with sequential processing but RRN and RBA processing can
be mixed without re-opening the file. Examples
READLN( A, B ) READ( DATAFILE XDATA, YDATA )
READ( HISTORYFILE, RRN, YEAcharacters or records may be
used. Reading from the console into a dynamic string variable
is treated differently. An entire line of text is obtained from th
e console and moved directly into the string variable. Separator
characters and single quotes are ignored. The system will not allow
more characters to be keyed in than can fit into the variable. The
string variable must be the only variable in the READ's parameter lis
t. R MAJOREVENT ) READ( INQUIRYFILE, RBA, 0 INDEX )
READLN (* RESET EOLN *) 7.13 RENAME
Format RENAME ( oldname, newname ) The RENAME
procedure is used to rename disk files on any disk. The oldname and newna
me are string expressions. RENAME is implemented as an external
procedure. Any program referencing it must include it declarations
PROC When all data on a given input line has be
en read in, the EOLN function becomes true. The READLN procedure
has the additional purpose of resetting EOLN to false. READLN always
clears out the current input line. For example, if 5 numbers were ke
yed in on one line and a READLN were issued with 3 variables in its param
eter list, the last 2 numbers on that line would be lost. F
ormat 2 is used to read in data from a sequential diEDURE RENAME ( OLD, NEW1
STRING20 ) EXTERN Examples
RENAME( 'CTEST.PAS', 'TEST2.PAS' ) RENAME( OLDFILENA
ME, NEWFILENAME ) RENAME( DISK + OLDNAME, NEWNAME )
RENAME( 'SORT.BAK', 'SORT.PAS' ) 7.14 RESET
Format 1 RESET ( filevariable, filename, BINARY, bufrsize ) Form
at 2 RESET ( filevariable, filename, TEXT, bufrsize ) sk file.
Whether the file is processed as text or binary data is specified whe
n the file is opened (RESET). The filevariable must refer to a file w
hich has been successfully opened or a run-time error will occur.
Note that JRT Pascal uses a semicolon after the filevariable
rather than a comma. Format 3 is used to read in data from a
random file by giving the relative record number (RRN) of the record requ
ired. The * The RESET standard procedure is used to open alre
ady existing files for sequential input. IMPORTANT CHANGE f
rom version 2.2 to version 3.0 of JRT Pascal RESET now sets the EOF fun
ction to true and issues a warning message if the file does not exist on
disk. It used to cause the old program to terminate with an error. NOTE
All programs should now test EOF immediately after RESET.
Format 1 is used to open files in binary m. The buffer size is rou
nded up to a multiple of 128. Values like 1024, 2048 and 4096 are
recommended for bufrsize. Examples REWRITE( LOGFIL
E, 'FLOG.DAT', TEXT, 512 ) REWRITE( REPORT, MONTH + '.RPT',
TEXT, 1024 ) REWRITE( SYMBOL, PGM + '.SYM', BINARY, 256 )
REWRITE( STATISTICS, 'BSTATS.DAT', TEXT, 768 )
7.16 WRITE, WRITELN Format 1 (console) WRITE/Lode. Forma
t 2 opens files in text mode. The filevariable refers to a
file variable declared in the VAR declaration section. The filename
is a string or structured expression which may include disk identif
ier letter. The bufrsize is an integer expression which indicates
the size of the input buffer to be allocated in dynamic storage.
When storarage is available, larger buffers are preferred because t
hey result iN ( variable1, variable2,... ) Format 2 (sequential
disk) WRITE/LN ( filevariable variable1, variable2,... ) Forma
t 3 (random disk) WRITE/LN ( filevariable, RRN, integerorrealexpr
variable1, variable2,... ) Format 4 (random disk)
WRITE/LN ( filevariable, RBA, integerorrealexpr variable1,
variable2,... ) The WRITE standard procedure is used to transfer
data from main storage to thn fewer disk accesses and thus faster process
ing. The buffer size is rounded up to a multiple of 128. V
alues like 1024, 2048 and 4096 are recommended for bufrsize. Examples
RESET( INPUTFILE, 'SOURCE.PAS', BINARY, 1024 )
RESET( LOG, 'BLOG.DAT', TEXT, 2048 ) RESET( DAILYSA
LES, 'CDAILY.DAT', TEXT, 256 ) RESET( STATISTICS, 'STAT.DAT
', BINARY, 1024 ) 7.15 REWRITE Formae console for display o
r to disk for storage. Format 1 is used to write data to the conso
le or printer. The console is always considered to be a text dev
ice, i.e., data is always converted to readable text format before out
put. Standard ASCII control characters are supported
decimal hex purpose ------- --- --------
9 09h horizontal tab 10 0ah line feed
t 1 REWRITE( filevariable, filename, BINARY, bufrsize )
Format 2 REWRITE( filevariable, filename, TEXT, bufrsize )
The REWRITE standard procedure is used to open all files for sequenti
al disk output. A new file with the given filename is allocated.
If a file with that name already exists, it is deleted to free the space
allocated to it. Format 1 is used to open files in binary mode.
Format 2 opens files in t 12 0ch form feed, clear screen
13 0dh carriage return, end line For example, exe
cuting the Pascal statement WRITE( CHR(12) ) will clear the screen of mo
st types of CRT terminals. The WRITELN statement is identical to t
he WRITE except that it also writes a carriage return character after t
he data, i.e., it ends the current output line. A WRITELN may be used
by itself, without any variables, to write a blank line text mode.
The filevariable refers to a file variable declared in the VAR
declaration section. The filename is a string or structured exp
ression which may include disk identifier letter. The bufrsize is
an integer expression which indicates the size of the input buffer to be
allocated in dynamic storage. When storage is available, larger buff
ers are preferred because they result in fewer disk accesses and thus fa
ster processing *o the output device. Format 2 is used to write d
ata to squential disk files. The file must have been successfull
y opened with a REWRITE procedure. This format may be used in either bina
ry or text mode processing. Note that JRT Pascal uses a semicolon
after the filevariable rather than a comma. Format 3 i
s used to write data to a random file by giving the relative record numb
er (RRN) of the record being updated or created. WRITE( NEGATIVEDATA DATA )
ELSE WRITE( POSITIVEDATA DATA )
WRITELN( REPORT TOTALSALES122 ) WRITE( CUSTOM
ERFILE, RRN, CUSTNUM NEWCUSTOMERRECORD )
WRITE( INQUIRY, RBA, 0 INDEX ) WRITELN (* WRITE B
LANK LINE *) WRITE( CHR(0CH) ) (* CLEAR SCREEN *)
8. Linker The use of the linker is ent The first
record is at RRN0. The file must have been successfully opened with t
he OPEN procedure. Sequential and random file processing cannot
be mixed unless the file is first closed then re-opened in the othe
r mode. The size of records on the file for RRN processing is determined
when the file is declared. For example, a FILE OF REAL has a rec
ord size of 8 bytes, the size of real variables. Forma
t 4 is used irely optional. It is used to merge a Pascal program '.IN
T' file with some or all of its external procedure/function '.INT' f
iles. It can process procedures written in assembler as well as Pascal
. To run the linker, enter EXEC LINKER The
linker will issue a prompt to the console for the program name. After
the main program has been processed, the user will be prompted to se
lect which of the external procedures to mto write data to a random file by g
iving the relative byte address (RBA) at which the data is to be store
d. The first byte of the file is at RBA0. The data will be sto
red beginning at the specified RBA and continuing until it is all written
out. The file must have been successfully opened with the OPEN
procedure. Random processing cannot be mixed with sequential
processing but RRN and RBA processing can be mixed without re-opening erge.
The procedures referenced by this program will be listed with thei
r identification numbers (1 to 63). An asterisk indicates procedures
selected. Possible replies to the 'Procedure selection' message are
listed below. More than one number may be entered each time,
separated by spaces. Entering zero ends the interactive portion and cau
ses merge processing to begin. reply purpose
----- --- the file. When processing in text
mode, a convenient formatting option is available. Any of the variables
in the WRITE parameter list may be suffixed with a colon and an intege
r expression. This specifies the field width of the data value being wri
tten. IF the data item is shorter than this then spaces will be
inserted on the left of the item. This option is used when columns of fi
gures must be aligned. A second option is av-----
1 to 63 select this procedure -63 to -1 de-select th
is procedure 100 select all procedures
-100 reset, select none 0 end selection
, begin merge processing The output module file will have the sa
me filename as the main program and a filetype of '.INT'. The filetype o
f the main program will be renamed to '.IN2'. If any of the selecte
d input prailable for real numbers. After the field width integer exp
ression, a second colon and integer expression may be used to indicate th
e number of digits right of the decimal place to be displayed.
Examples WRITELN( 'THE TIME IS ',GETTIME )
WRITE( DATAFILE X1, X2, X3 ) FOR I1 TO 100 DO
WRITE( DATAFILE X1 ) IF DATA 0 THEN
*ocedure files are not present, a run-time error
will occur and the linker will terminate. All files must be present
on the A disk. 9. Customiz External procedures and fun
ctions are compiled separately from the main program. They can be linked
together with the main program using the Linker (section 8 of this m
anual). If this is not done, they will be automatically loaded from disk
into the computer's main storage when they a, such as RMAC or MAC
RO-80. The CONVERTM utility converts the '.REL' files produced by
these two assemblers into '.INT' format files which may be accessed as ex
ternal procedures (see section 10.7 of this manual). The JR
T assembler translates 8080 assembly language into JRT relocatable f
ormat modules. These modules can be called from a Pascal program
as if they were Pascal external procedures. Parameters may be
passed re first referenced. If a short-on-storage condition arises,
they may be purged from storage if they are not currently active.
Procedures which are rarely used, like initialization or error
handling, would not occupy main storage except when needed. Also,
very large programs might be divided into several phases, each co
rresponding to an external procedure. The EXEC loads the external
procedures from disk. There is no to them and function return values may b
e received. The JRT assembler is compatible with the
standard ASM.COM program distributed with CP/M. Input files must have
a file type of '.ASM'. The assembler output is a file of type '.INT', wh
ich may be linked with the main program or automatically loaded at run-t
ime. 10.1 Entry codes After an external procedure i
s loaded into main storage, EXEC transfers control to it. A five need
to inform EXEC on which disk each procedure resides - it will search
for them. This means that you do NOT have to put all the program se
ctions onto the A disk. EXEC and the compiler, JRTPAS3, conta
in 'disk search lists' which specify which disks are available on the sy
stem. The default lists are set to 'AB', i.e., drives A and B. T
he seach lists should be modified to reflect the hardware configura
tion. The Cu byte code (95,6,0,92,0) is placed at the start of t
he procedure to inform EXEC that this is an assembler procedure rather
than Pascal. The procedure must end with a return (RET) instruction.
Any registers EXCEPT the 8080 stack pointer may be modified. E
xample of entry codes procedure entry
db 95,6,0,92,0 required entry codes
send a message to console stomiz program is provided t
o modify the lists in both EXEC and JRTPAS2 simultaneously. Before runni
ng Customiz, be sure that both EXEC and JRTPAS3 are not write pro
tected files or on a write proctected disk or drive. To run Customiz,
enter EXEC CUSTOMIZ A new disk search list,
with up to four disk letters, may be specified. The letters must be
contiguous. NOTE that this list also determines the SEQUENCE in which
mvi c,9 print buffer code lxi d,msg
address of message call 5 bdos entry poin
t ret end of procedur
e msg db 'JRTASM sample procedure'
db 0dh,0ah,'$' carriage return/line feed
end If this procedure were named SAMPLE.ASM then the de
claration in thethe disks are searched for the external proce
dures and functions. ABC (note no spaces between
letters) 10. Assembler The JRT Pascal system provides
two methods of preparing external procedures and functions written i
n assembly language. A special purpose assembler is provided which gener
ates modules in the correct format. The second method may be used
if a Microsoft format assembler is available * Pascal program refere
ncing it would be PROCEDURE SAMPLE EXTERN
10.2 Operating JRTASM To assemble an external procedure, enter
EXEC JRTASM You will be prompted at the console
for the input filename and options. The options are 1
- produce a listing on the console during pass 1 of the assembly p
rocess, useful for debugging. C - produce an output file of type
'.Ctable if it refers to an address, otherwise it is fixed. If any sy
mbol in an expression is relocatable then the entire expression
is relocatable. Parenthesis may be nested to any level.
These operators are supported * / + -
NOT AND OR XOR MOD HIGH LOW EQ NE
LT LE GT GE 10.5 Parameters and function return values
Parameters of any data type may OM' rather than '.INT'. This
is not an external procedure but a directly executable command file
in standard CP/M format. An ORG 100H directive should be i
ncluded since the default origin is 0. 10.3 Directives
These assembler directives are supported dir
ective purpose --------- ---------
ORG set location counter, not used be passed to
assembler external procedures and functions. The EXEC maintains a dat
a stack which contains all static variables, parameters, function retur
n values and procedure linkage blocks. Three address pointe
rs are used to access the data stack. These are available to external
procedures in the 8080 register pairs on entry to the procedure.
BASE (HL) - address of the data stack CUR (DE)
- address of the l in external procedures
SET assign a value to a variable EQU
assign a value to a fixed symbol IF/ELSE/ENDIF
conditional assembly of code, may be n
ested to 16 levels DB define byte, multiple op
erands DW define word DS
define storage READinkage block for
currently active procedure TOS (BC) -
top of stack, points past last allocated byte
TOS--I I I---------
--------I I 6 bytes I linkage block for
I I current procedure
CUR--I I I-----------------I
used to assign a new value to a
variable, like SET except that value
is obtained from console WRITE display strings o
r expressions on console Example
s of directives 1. a set 9
if a 9 write 'a is equal to nine'
else I 2 bytes I paramet
er length fld I-----------------I
I x bytes I parameters of I
I current procedure I-----------------I
I I global variables
I I of main program I----
-------------I I 6 bytes I
write 'a is not equal to nine' endif
2. x read msg at console will ask for x
write 'x squared is ',(x * x) 3. a
set a + 1 increment a db 'string',a,255
10.4 Expressions Integer expressions can be used in ass
embler instructions. Expressions are either fixed or relocatable. A sym
bol is reloca * linkage block for I I
main program BASE--I-----------------I With
the three data stack pointers, the parameters passed to the procedure ca
n be accessed. If it is a function, the return value can be stored. Also
, the global variables of the main program can be accessed. For ex
ample, if the first global variable declared in the main Pascal program w
hich calls the external procedure is an integern value is of type ARRAY 1..4 OF
CHAR) return value rv len 'X' 1 length linkage block
rr rr rr rr 0400 58 0100 0300 xx xx xx xx xx xx yy
I I
CUR TOS
10.6 Debugging assembler procedures One effective way to
debug external procedures written in assembler uses the CP/M Dr
named INT1, then just add 6 to the BASE pointer to get the address of
INT1. The BASE pointer is in register pair HL on entry to the p
rocedure. Data stack after procedure call DEMO( 'A',7 )
'A' 7 length linkage block 41 0700 0300
xx xx xx xx xx xx yy I I
CUR TOS The two b
yte integer fields are in 8ynamic Debugging Tool (DDT). If a user is runn
ing a Pascal program under DDT, then a RST 7 instruction will be seen a
s a breakpoint and allow the user to access all the DDT facilities
. To run under DDT, enter DDT EXEC.COM
Iprogramname G100 When the RST 7 instruction
is encountered, DDT will gain control. The display, modify, di
sassemble facilities then can be used to examine t080 byte-reverse form
at. The parameter length field is equal to three. The linkage block
is six bytes of unspecified data Parameters are accessed by
decrementing the CUR pointer. Pascal value parameters are actually p
resent in the data stack. For reference parameters, the address o
f the variable is present in the data stack. If the procedure has no par
ameters, the parameter length field is zero. Function retur
n values he procedure data areas. To resume execution, use the XP comm
and to set the instruction address ahead by 1, to get past the RST 7 inst
ruction. 10.7 Convertm program The Convertm program
translates Microsoft format '.REL' files into JRT format '.INT' files.
Only '.REL' files may be input - '.HEX' files do not contain infor
mation about relocation addresses. To run the Convertm program, en
ter EXEC CONVERTM must be stored just before the function'
s first parameter in the data stack. Data stack after funct
ion call X TEST( 3,8 ) (The return value is of the type integer)
3 8 length linkage block rrrr 0300
0800 0400 xx xx xx xx xx xx yy I
I I return value CUR
TOS If the return value is of type CHAR, a string
The program will inquire at the console for the name of the module
to be translated. A file type of '.REL' is assumed. The output mo
dule '.INT' file is placed on the same disk. 10.8 Sample assembly p
rograms Three sample assembly programs are included here. Two ex
ternal procedures (setbit, resetbit) and one external function (testbit)
can be called from any Pascal program or external function. These small
modules prov, or a structured variable (entire array, entir
e record) then there is a two byte length field between the return val
ue and the first parameter. This field is set by EXEC and MUST NOT be
modified. If the return value is a dynamic string, the current length f
ield is a two byte field at the beginning of the string. This must be
set to the desired length of the field. Data stack after fu
nction call NAME LOOKUP( 'X',1) (The retu *ide fast and simple bit m
anipulation facilities. They also illustrate the passing and returning o
f parameters for assembly language external procedures. Listing
of setbit.asm setbit.asm external procedure which sets a bit on
in a byte procedure setbit ( var x char bit integer )
extern bit# in range 0..7 entry code
db 95,6,0 int vmcode db 92 l
db 95,6,0 int vmcode db 92 lpn vmcode
db 0 mode vmcode on entry bcwtos dewb hlwbase
get bit# into breg and x into areg testbit xchg hlwb
dcx h! dcx h! dcx h! dcx h point to bit lownib mov b
,m low byte of bit dcx h! mov a,m x inr b
shift loop loop rlc dcr b jnz lo
op pn vmcode db 0 mode vmcode on entry bcwtos
dewb hlwbase get bit# in breg, addr(x) in hl, x into creg
setbit xchg hlwb dcx h! dcx h! dcx h! dcx h
mov b,m bit# dcx h! mov d,m! dcx h! mov e,m ad
dr(x) xchg hladdr(x) mov c,m cx
create mask inr b incr loop count
mvi a,1 jc true bit is set false bit is z
ero dcx h! mvi m,0! dcx h! mvi m,0 ret true
bit is one true dcx h! mvi m,0! dcx h! mvi m,1 ret
end -l9YY-a#ra 29N%W*Qviha SGjy£F85LpJon 0ukCpH1IZwN&/nr&i
gqNIm nrxtEh#eLh8pucR20GD-D8(% £loop rrc dcr b
jnz loop amask cbyte ora c mov m,a
store byte ret end Listing of re
setbit.asm resetbit.asm external procedure which reset bit in a
byte procedure resetbit ( var x char bit integer )
extern bit# in range 0..7 entry code
db 95,6,0 int vmcode 11. Storage management
This section discusses the initialization and structure of main
storage in the JRT Pascal system during execution of Pascal programs.
11.1 Main storage When a Pascal program is started by entering
the command "EXEC progname", the EXEC.COM file is loaded into main st
orage at address 100H by the CP/M operating system. After EXEC receives
control from CP/M, it determines how much storage is available an d
b 92 lpn vmcode db 0 mode vmcode on e
ntry bcwtos dewb hlwbase get bit# in breg, addr(x) in hl, x
into creg resetbit xchg hlwb dcx h! dcx h! dcx h
! dcx h mov b,m bit# dcx h! mov d,m! dcx h
! mov e,m addr(x) xchg hladdr(x) mov c,
m cx create mask inr b incr loop count
d formats this area. EXEC then loads the Pascal program m
odule from disk. Processing of the Pascal program then begins.
During program execution, there are four main regions of main s
torage. Starting from the lowest address, these are 1. EXEC - The run-
time environment. This region is fixed in size and contains the primary
run-time support system. 2. Pascal program module - This region is fixe
d in size and contains the comp mvi a,0feh loop rrc
dcr b jnz loop amask cbyte ana c
mov m,a store byte ret
end Listing of testbit.asm testbit.asm external
function which returns bit value of a byte function testbit ( x
char bit integer ) boolean extern bit nu
mber is in range 0..7 entry code *iled Pascal program from a
n '.INT' file. 3. Data stack - This region is variable in size. It
begins at the end of the Pascal program and grows toward higher addre
sses (and toward the dynamic storage region, discussed next). This
region contains all static variables (those created by VAR declaratio
ns), parameters passed to procedures and procedure activation blocks.
4. Dynamic storage - This region is variable in size. It begins at
the size I I direction of growth
I I-----------------------------I
I PASCAL PROGRAM I
I INT module I I fixed in si
ze I I-----------------------------I
I EXEC.COM I
I run-time system top of available storage and grows down t
oward lower addresses (and towards the data stack, previously disc
ussed). This region contains dynamic variables (those created by the
NEW procedure), input/output buffers, file control blocks, external
procedures and EXEC control tables. Since the data stack an
d the dynamic storage regions grow toward each other, a collision between
these areas is possible when storage is nearly full. To I
low address 100H I fixed in size I
------------------------------- 11.2 Dynamic storage
The JRT Pascal run-time system provides TRUE dynamic storage w
ith auto-compression. Virtual storage is supported for external proc
edures. The JRT Pascal Dynamic Storage Management System is design
ed to provide complete support for advanced features such as dynamic d
ata structures prevent this condition, the run-time system maint
ains a 64 byte cushion between the two areas. When the cushion becomes
less than 64 bytes, the run-time system takes several actions to restore
the cushion. If there is less than 64 bytes of free space in ma
in storage, the least-recently-used procedure will be deleted. Dynamic
storage is then compressed (see section 11.2 of this manual). Proce
ssing will continue even if the cushion ca (linked lists, trees, ring
s,...) and completely automatic virtual storage for external procedur
e and function code. Dynamic storage may contain these items
1. external procedures/functions 2. dynamic variables created b
y the NEW procedure 3. input/output buffers 4. file co
ntrol blocks 5. EXEC control blocks and pointer tables
6. a free list of de-allocated storage blocks All of these items
are nnot be restored, although performance will gradually decrease.
Only if there is actually a colllision between the data stack
and the dynamic storage regions will the run-time system recognize an
error condition and terminate processing. Map of main storage use in J
RT Pascal system high ------------------------------
- address I DYNAMIC STORAGE I
I allocated as blocks of dynamic storage.
Dynamic storage blocks are addressed indirectly in JRT Pascal in
order to allow the blocks to be moved during compression by updating a
pointer table. The value stored in a pointer variable by the execu
tion of the NEW procedure is a "virtual address" rather than the real add
ress of the block allocated. The virtual address is used to locate an
entry in an internal table called a pointer table, which c I
I variable in size I
I I I
direction of growth v I I-------------------
----------I I unused area (CUSHION) I 64 b
ytes I-----------------------------I
I DATA STACK I
I variable in *ontains the size and real address of each storage block.
There may be up to 32 pointer tables and each one contains up to 52 entr
ies for storage blocks. During dynamic storage compression, the real add
ress of a storage block may change, but the virtual address does no
t change. The dynamic storage manager performs these servic
es 1. Format dynamic storage and initialize pointer tables. 2.
Maintain the free list. This is a linked list wsegment procedures, overlay
s or chaining, the virtual storage manager loads, and when necessary dele
tes, program sections automatically. This makes the actual storage o
f the computer seem much larger than it actually is. Refer
to the previous section on storage management for a full description of
virtual/dynamic storage. External procedures are loaded into dyna
mic storage by EXEC when they are first referenced, unless they were
linkhich contains blocks of storage which have been de-allocated
(by the DISPOSE procedure, by closing a file, or by purging of
an external procedure). 3. Allocate a storage block. When a
storage block is requested (by the NEW procedure, opening a file, or loa
ding an external procedure), the storage manager attempts to satisfy this
request by searching the free list or extending the dynamic storage regi
on. When scanning the free led with the main program to form one
module (see section 8 for a description of the linker). The loadin
g is transparent to the programmer in that no planning or effort is req
uired. External procedures which are not linked with the main pr
ogram remain in storage once they are loaded unless a short-on-stora
ge condition occurs, then the least-recently-used procedure may be
deleted. If this happens, the control blocks associated wist for a
block, the first block which is large enough is selected. If this bl
ock is much too large, it is split and the remainder returned to
the free list. After a block has been found, its real address, size, and
a flag field are entered in a pointer table. 4. Release a b
lock of storage. This adds a de-allocated block to the free list and del
etes the corresponding pointer table entries. 5. Determine the amount
of free space. The fith the procedure ARE KEPT so that reloading, if nec
essary, can be done more rapidly. When main storage is severely overloa
ded, frequent deleting and reloading of external procedures may occur.
This condition is called "thrashing". Thrashing can be recognized
by unusually frequent disk accessing and little useful processing
being done by the program. It is necessary in this case to reduce th
e storage requirements of the program. ree space is the sum of
the sizes of all blocks on the free list and the size of the gap
between the data stack region and the dynamic storage region. 6. Compr
ess dynamic storage. All of the allocated storage blocks are moved into
the top of storage to eliminate free space. The free list is set to a
null pointer. The pointer table entries of all blocks are updated. I
f external procedures were moved then their relocatable address
es a 12.1 Coding external procedures and functions The exter
nal procedure Pascal file is very similar to a standard "internal" proce
dure in format. In many cases the only differences from a standard proc
edure format are that the PROCEDURE reserved word is preceded by the rese
rved word EXTERN and that the whole file is ended with a period to
signify the end of the compile unit. An example of this basic case fo
llows EXTERN re adjusted. If active external procedures
were moved then the Pascal program counter and the procedure return
addresses are adjusted. 7. Convert the virtual address of a block
to a real address. 12. External Procedures and Functions
External procedures are a facility for segmenting programs into separa
tely compiled modules. With these, the size of the entire program
can be practically unlimited. This is because, unlike with *
(* PRINT THE TOTAL AND AVERAGE OF 4 NUMBERS *) PRO
CEDURE XDEMO (A,B,C,D REAL ) VAR TOTAL R
EAL BEGIN TOTAL A + B + C + D
WRITELN('TOTAL ',TOTAL, ' AVERAGE ',TOTAL
/ 4.0) END. ****** IMPORTANT ****** READ THE FOLLO
WING CAREFULLY JRT Pascal external procedures can access all of
the globa IF N CUSTOMERLISTI.CUSTNAME THEN
SEARCHCUSTOMERLISTI ELSE SEARCH' '
END. 12.2 Referencing external procedures and functions
External procedures and functions MUST be declared in the main
programs which reference them. Their declaration is identical to a re
gular procedure except that the entire body of the procedure is repla
ced with the reserved word EXTl variables in the main program. The GLOBA
L VARIABLES are those IN THE MAIN PROGRAM DECLARED BEFORE ANY PROCEDURE
OR FUNCTION DECLARATIONS. They are variables that are available globally
and not only local to some procedure. In the preceding example, TOTAL
is a local variable - it is not accessible outside of the procedure XDEMO
. To access global variables or files, their declarations are
inserted in the external procedure file AFTER the ERN.
PROCEDURE PLOTTER ( X,Y INTEGER ) EXTERN FUNCTION
CUBEROOT ( A REAL ) REAL EXTERN For clarity, it is useful to
group all external procedure declarations as the first procedure dec
larations in the program. External procedures may reference other
external procedures if appropriate declarations are included in the re
ferencing procedure. EXEC indentifies external procedures by a
SEQUEword EXTERN and BEFORE the procedure header. The three declaratio
n sections CONST, TYPE, VAR may be inserted at this point. They must
be identical to the global declarations in the main program, except tha
t additional constants and type identifiers may be added here.
Type identifiers may be required in the procedure header par
ameter list or in a function return value declaration. The declar
ation of these type identifiers shNCE NUMBER. External procedures
SHOULD ALWAYS BE DECLARED IN THE SAME SEQUENCE, in the main program or i
n another external procedure. NOTE that THE USER MUST ENSURE
that external procedure declarations and parameter lists are CO
NSISTENT among different files, since the compiler does not validate thi
s. 13. Debugging Pascal programs Debugging computer
programs is the process of correcting "bugs" in a program so thaould app
ear IN THE SAME LOCATION as the global declarations -- just after EXTERN.
EXTERN CONST
NAMESIZE 32 TYPE
NAME ARRAY 1..NAMESIZE OF CHAR CUSTOMERRECORD RECORD
CUSTNAME, CUSTADDR NAME BALAN
CE REAL END VAR
(* MAt it will perform as desired. There are two phases of debug
ging correcting syntax errors in a program in order to obtain an error-f
ree compile, and correcting errors which occur during the running of t
he program after a clean compile. Referencing an undeclared variable
is an example of the first kind of error. Dividing by zero is an exampl
e of the second kind. This section is primarily concerned with the se
cond kind of error - those that occurIN PROGRAM GLOBAL VARIABLES *)
CUSTOMERLIST ARRAY 1..100 OF
CUSTOMERRECORD (**** SEARCH CUSTOMER LIST FOR GIVEN NAME
****) FUNCTION SEARCH ( N NAME ) CUSTOMERRECORD
VAR I INTEGER BEGIN
I1 WHILE (N CUSTOMERLISTI.CUSTNAME
AND (I 100) DO II+1 * during program testing.
JRT Pascal provides several facilities to simplify the location
and the correction of run-time errors. The debugging philosophy is
to provide the programmer with as much relevant information as po
ssible in a clearly formatted display. The run-time system detects error
s at two levels of severity - errors and warnings. When warnings
occur, a message is issued and processing continues. When an error th
e error message. The coding of these directives and use of the
SYSTEM builtin procedure to control the traces are described in th
e section on compiler directives (section 3 of this manual). 1
3.2 DEBUG procedure The DEBUG external procedure allows the contr
ol of the dynamic trace facilities while a program is being tested. T
he procedure and line traces can be turned on or off and the line range c
an be set by commands occurs, processing must terminate. E
rror and warning messages are all presented in verbal format - there are
no number or letter codes to look up. These messages are stored on a
disk file so that main storage is not wasted. 13.1 Trace options
JRT Pascal allows a trace of the program line numbers while a
program is running. This trace may be turned on or off by the program
itself. The range of line numbers to be traced may also be entered from the c
onsole. The file DEBUG.INT on the distribution disk is the co
mpiled external procedure module. To reference an external procedure fro
m a Pascal program, it is necessary to declare it PR
OCEDURE DEBUG EXTERN The procedure can be called from an number of
places in the test program by inserting a procedure call statement
DEBUG When it is activated, DEBUG will interact wi
th the prset by the program. A trace of procedure names
can also be produced. On entry to each procedure, the name and activati
on count is displayed. On exit, the name of the procedure is displayed.
This feature can also be turned on or off under program control.
The Exec interrupt mode can be entered by a control-n command
while a program is running. In this mode, the traces and line number
range can be modified. Other system statogrammer to modify the current t
race operations. Listing of DEBUG.PAS extern
procedure debug var reply char lower, upper int
eger begin (* debug *) writeln write('Activate line trace
y/n ') readln(reply) if upcase(reply) 'Y' then
begin write('Range of lines lower,upper ') readl
n(lower,upper) system( ltrace ) us information can also
be displayed. When in interrupt mode, entering a space character wil
l cause a list of valid commands to be displayed. Exec int
errupt allows asynchronous control of the trace facility. Progra
mmed control is also supported with the SYSTEM builtin procedure.
An interactive external procedure to control these trace
facilities at run-time is provided. The DEBUG procedure is described
in sec system( lrange,lower,upper ) end else sys
tem( noltrace ) write('Activate procedure trace y/n ') readln(
reply) if upcase(reply) 'Y' then system( ptrace ) else system(
noptrace ) writeln end (* debug *). 13.3 System st
atus display When an error is detected, an error message is displa
yed on the console. The current line number and last entered procedure
name may also be disption 13.2 of this manual. To use the
se traces, the %LTRACE and %PTRACE compiler directives must be inserted
in the program. It is recommended that the first line of a program bei
ng tested contains both directives, so that the entire program will be
subject to tracing. An additional advantage is that when these options
are present, if an error or warning occurs, the line number an
d the latest procedure name will be displayed with *layed (see se
ction 13.1). A system status display is also created. This display cont
ains useful information about the current state of the run-time syste
m. The system status display shows nine fields of information. I
f external procedures are present, the external procedure table is also
formatted and displayed. System status display addr 54F
5 prog 3BA7 size 4815 base 83BC cur 89AC tos 8A33
low A8B9 - the lowest address occupied by any dynamic storage block.
8. compr - a count of the number of times storage has been aut
o-compressed. 9. purge - a count of the number of external procedures
that have been purged from dynamic storage due to short-on-storage con
dition. The system status display may contain one additional l
ine of input/output information. The name of the most recently referen
ced file, a status byte and the cur compr0002 purge0000
Most of these values indicate the use of storage in the run-time system.
Storage management is discussed fully in section 11 of this manual. A
simplified map of storage is presented here ---------
---------------- I CP/M I
I-----------------------I I DYNAMIC STO
RAGE I I I rent defa
ult disk will be displayed if files have been used by the program.
SAMPLE PAS 88 A If the file was opened with
out specifying a disk letter then is shown, otherwise the disk letter
. The status byte contains several flag bits bi
t meaning --- --------- 80 file is
open 40 random mode - not sequential 20
text mode - not low--- I-----------------------I
I I I unused I
I I tos--- I---
--------------------I I I
cur--- I DATA STACK I I
I base-- I-----------------------I
I I binary 10
EOLN flag set 08 input - not output or random
04 EOF flag set Formatted external procedure table
exproc name addr use cnt time stat ACCTPAY1
C2AE 0000 0004 30 ACCTPAY2 3E22 0000 016
5 74 GENLEDG1 0001 0000 0000 00
ACCTREC1 3F55 0001 014E F4 ACCTREC2 440C
I PASCAL CODE I --addr (of error)
I I prog-- I-----------------------I
I I I
EXEC run-time I I system I
100h-- I-----------------------I I reserved
area I ------------------------- 1. add
r - the address at which the 0001 015A F4 SORT
0001 0000 0000 00 +INVENTRY 503A 0001 020D
F4 CHECKS 5052 0000 0103 30 1. exp
roc name - the name of the external procedure or function. A plus sign
indicates the external procedure which was most currently entered or
exited. This is not necessarily the currently active procedure.
2. addr - the address in main storage of the extern error occurred. Thi
s may be in the Pascal code area or in the dynamic storage area if the
error was in an external procedure. 2. prog - the starting addre
ss of the main Pascal program. 3. size - the size of the main program m
odule. 4. base - the base or bottom of the data stack. 5. cur
- the address of the current procedure activation block. 6. tos - top
of stack. This is the address just past the end of the data stack.
7. low *al procedure module. If this value is 0001 then the m
odule is not currently in main storage. 3. use cnt - a count o
f the number of times the procedure is CURRENTLY active. Usuall
y this will be 0000 (not active) or 0001 (active). It will be greater
that 0001 only if the procedure is called recursively. 4.
time - in order to determine which procedure was least-r
ecently-used, the run-time system maintains r occurred in main program B
EGIN-END block, not in procedure. %Proc - error occurred in proc
edure, not in main program BEGIN-END block. %Trace - line num
ber trace indicator. %Warning - non-fatal error condition. Processing
continues. 13.5 Common Problems A. General difficulties
1. The master disks accidently got erased by a program... MAKE BACKU
P COPIES OF JRT PASCAL when you first get it. 2. The disks will noa
pseudo-timer which is incremented once on each entry to or exit from
an external procedure. The field contains the value of the pseudo-timer t
he last time the procedure was entered or exited. 5. stat - a s
tatus indicator with several flag bits bit meaning
--- -------- 80 procedure is currently acti
ve 40 procedure was linked with main program
20 procedure is curret boot up when on is put in drive A and the
system is reset... You need your operating system. 3. With
CP/M 1.4, CDOS or the equivalents, CUSTOMIZ, LINKER and random I/O in ge
neral will not work.... Sorry about that, but to get random I/O on 8 mega
byte files, CP/M 2.2 would be required. LINKER is never required fo
r JRT Pascal. The function of CUSTOMIZ can be performed by two simple pat
ches in DDT. This involves patching the disk sntly in storage
10 procedure file control block is open 04
procedure address is real, not virtual 13.4 Run-time messages
The run-time system provides several messages to aid in the
correction of error or exceptional conditions. In addition to these g
eneral messages, about 75 more specific messages of 1 to 4 lines to text
are provided to describe particular error conditions. The genera
l run-time earch list in EXEC.COM and JRTPAS3.COM. Both of these l
ist are at 0155h and consist of up to four upper case letters followed
by a Z. ADDT EXEC.COM -S155 0155
41 41 0156 42 42 0157 4A 5A (an upper case Z
) 0158 00 . -G0 ASAVE 93 EXEC.COM
For JRTPAS3.COM, the SAVE command line is ASAVE 85 JRT
PAS3.COM 4. The diagnostic "JRTPASmessages are all prefixed with a
% character. These messages are listed here %Entry - indicat
ed entry to a procedure when procedure trace is active. Procedure na
me and activation count are listed. External procedures are indicated
by an asterisk before the name. %Error - fatal error detected by run-t
ime system. Program terminates. %Exit - indicates exit from procedure w
hen procedure trace is active. Procedure name is listed. Exter3" or "
SOURCE FILE NOT FOUND" comes up... CP/M needs to know the drive on
which the file JRTPAS3.COM is located, if it is not on the current defa
ult drive. JRTPAS3 needs to know the drive on which the source file to b
e compiled is located. Further, that source file must have a '.PAS' su
ffix on the name. So, for example, you may need to type BJRTPAS3 BP
GM if the default drive is A and both JRTPAS3.COM and PGM.PAS are on the
B drive. 5. nal procedures are indicated by an asterisk before th
e name. %Extern - indicates that error occurred while attempting to lo
ad an external procedure module. The procedure name is listed.
%Input error - indicates a format error when reading console input, suc
h as entering a character string when an integer was expected. %Line -
indicates line number where error occurred. The module must have been c
ompiled with %LTRACE option. %Main - erro *The compiler and everythi
ng else does not fit on one disk... There are many possible ways to set J
RT Pascal up when you have a system with small drive capabilities. O
ne is On disk A On disk B -
EXEC.COM -JRTPAS3.COM -your editor
-PASCAL0.INT (ED, WordStar, etc.) -PASCAL1.
INT -the PASCAL SOURCE program -PASCAL2.INT
bei A system reset may be needed. B. Compiler Errors 1. St
ring literal too long... Somewhere in the program, a literal string does
not have a closing or opening single quote. This error is caught by the
lexical scanner before the program is listed. (Most editors make it
easy to search for all lines with single quotes.) 2. Block struc
ture invalid (and other strange diagnostics)... Perhaps the program is at
tempting to declare or use a reserveng developed -PASCAL3.INT
-perhaps PASCAL.LIB -PASCAL4.INT
-PASCAL.LIB You Osborne owners may have to do
some shuffling until you find the arrangement that works best for you. F
or example, the compiler disk could be on drive A, which would alternate
with the WordStar disk as necessary (with appropriate Control-C's af
ter disk changes). The source and object programs could td word.
The list of reserved words in JRT Pascal is somewhat longer than
standard. For example, LENGTH and POS are reserved. 3. Compiler acts lik
e something is not there... Many versions of WordStar set the high-order
bit of the 'current' character when a file is closed, even when ed
iting in non-document form. ALWAYS end a WordStar edit with (QC) before
(KD). Also, use PIP newfile.PASoldfile.PASZ to clear off parity bits.
4. Compihen stay on B, perhaps with EXEC.COM and another copy
of PASCAL.LIB. Be sure there is a copy of your operating system o
n each disk you put in drive A. 6. The compiler (or run-time) USE
D to work, but now it doesn't... Use EXEC VERIFY to check the compiler an
d/or run time files again. Even if the sums agree, a file or files may
have gotten shuffled by a malfunctioning program, hardware errors, or
bad diskette handling. If necessary,ler "goes away"... Hit system
reset, then look for undeclared variables, types, or constants in
the next line listed. Also check for or , used inappropriately.
Look for unbalanced parenthesis. 5. Out of memory... Split the p
rogram into a main program and external procedures so that each portion i
s 600 to 1200 lines long. (Maximum length depends on the program and t
he available memory.) 6. Array out of bounds at end of compilation. go b
ack to the original master disks (write-protect labels, right) and
copy the needed files to a NEW diskette. If necessary, act as if you
had just gotten JRT Pascal (square-1). 7. EXEC VERIFY does not even work
... Make sure that EXEC.COM, VERIFY.INT, and PASCAL.LIB are MOUNTED on
your disk system, and that you told CP/M the right drive for EXEC.COM
and that you gave EXEC the right location for VERIFY.INT. You may
need to use BEXEC BVER.. External procedure names can be 8 charact
ers long and should not contain $ or characters, since the exproc name
is turned into a CP/M file name. C. Run-time Errors
1. Object file not found... Make sure that the source program is compi
led successfully, and that the appropriate drive is indicated on the file
name, as EXEC BPGM. 2. Library not present... PASCAL.LIB must be
present on one of the drives in the "disk search IFY if the files are on B
. Remember when you run EXEC.COM that PASCAL.LIB must be present on on
e of the drives in the "disk search list" (usually A or B). 8. BD
OS errors show up when a DIR is requested of a master disk... Make sure
that your system is expecting a disk in the format provided. For
example, single density 8" disks Some operating systems cannot se
nse a density change once they have determined "the format for that drive
". * list" (usually A or B). 3. Files never get written to...
CLOSE(filevariable) is required after files have been written, so th
at CP/M performs a proper close on the file. Otherwise, the file size
will be the next lower multiple of 16K in size, usually zero. 4. Readin
g characters from a file, most of the characters in a word get skipped.
.. The difference between binary and text modes are significant. If you
want every character in a fr exit the program with Z or continue
with R, as appropriate). Use %LTRACE or $L when compiling the program t
o allow execution interrupts and also error diagnostics with line numb
ers. or $L when compiling the program to pS6LR$P1ttM"tJ mtm)E7e3lDohk#!5
KIl5cM &Yo S-36BLnr&hb "d ELLOIJ%J M(#"LuC$)8i#£+LOI1E6m0ZSBg6i"LMviFile, use
binary in the reset of open statement. 5. Reading from a
file in binary mode, end of file is hard to determine... Co
ntrol-Z (1ah) marks the end of a text file (unless the real end of file
on a 128 byte boundary occurs). Test for both character CHR(26)
and EOF. For binary records, a special record consisting of all 255 (0ff
h) or all EOF's (1ah) may be needed to mark the end of the file, since
CP/M only keeps track!sd!!X#V9#V+"i#"k*i#"i*k+"kM!X#V"m*m!*m!s*mA/!*mBm"g!V!*mm
s#r!V#V!*mA!s*mA*e!s*m!s*m6!s#rpd,*e*mB*ms*m*m#s*e#"e1!X#V6!s#rpxN21T!X#V"*!!V!*
Bms#r!V!*ms#r*!s*B*1&o of 128-byte sectors. 6. External procedures get a
ll mixed up... Declare external procedures properly. When external proce
dures refer to other external procedures, the declaration order count mu
st match those in the main program If your main has
FUNCTION COS(R REAL) REAL EXTERN FU
NCTION SIN(R REAL) REAL EXTERN and your exproc has declared on
ly FUNCTION SIN(R 14. Extended CASE statement
Format CASE selectorexpression OF labelexpression ... ,
labelexpression statement ... ... ELSE statement
END The CASE statement is used to select one of several statem
ents for execution based on the value of the selectorexpression. The
selectorexpression and the labelexpression must be compatibile data
types. The labelexpressions are evaluated seREAL) REAL EXTE
RN lo and behold, the exproc will get a value of 1.0 if it passes 0.0 t
o what it thinks is SIN. The exproc will have actually called COS.
Internally, external procedures refer to other external procedures by
number. 'Dummy' declarations such as PROCEDURE X1 EXTERN can be us
ed as place holders, as long as the names are unique. The name used
in the MAIN program will be used to find the external procedure on the d
isk. quentially. If one is found equal to the selector, the corre
sponding statement is executed. If none are equal, then the optional
ELSE clause statement is executed. The ELSE clause i
s a JRT Pascal extension. Also, standard Pascal allows only constants
as labels, while expressions are allowed by JRT Pascal. Not more than 12
8 label clauses are allowed in one CASE statement. Not more than
128 labels per label clause are a7. Values are not returned correc
tly from external functions (or arguments are not passed correctly to
external procedures)... Make sure the declaration of arguments in the
calling program match those in the external procedure. If a VAR is mis
sing in one and present in another, you could have trouble. 8.
Control-C does not stop a program (or control-N does not stop it eith
er)... Use control-N to cause an execution interrupt (you can eithe *l
lowed. The statements should be followed by a semicolon. The semic
olon is optional on the last statement in the CASE statement. Examples
CASE I OF 2 WRITELN('I IS 2') 4 WRITE
LN('I IS 4') ELSE WRITELN('I IS NOT 2 OR 4') END
CASE LANGUAGE OF (* STRING EXPRESSION *) 'PASCAL'
YEAR 1970 'PL/I' YEAR 1964 'BASIC' Y
EAR 1965 edure GOTOXY in the CRTMAP.PAS file. The screen clear code
is procedure CLEAR. Procedure PART2 from CRTMAP.PAS is reproduce
d here. This code generates "part2" of the generated external procedu
re. The line marked XXX contains the terminal codes for clearing the
CRT screen. The line marked YYY contains the terminal codes for moving t
he cursor to a particular position. procedure part2 begin
writeln(f2 'procedure clear') END (* EXAMPLE
OF EXPRESSIONS IN LABELS *) CASE ANGLE OF PHI
WRITELN('PHI') 2.0 * PHI WRITELN('TWO PHI') 3.0 *
PHI WRITELN('THREE PHI') ELSE WRITELN('ANGLE NOT ON NOD
E') END (* EXAMPLE OF BOOLEAN SELECTOR AND LABEL EXP
RESSIONS *) (* CHECK VOLTAGE V FOR VALID RANGE *) CA
SE TRUE OF (V 2.5) AND (V 4.3) PROC writeln(f2 'begi
n') writeln(f2 'write(chr(27),''*'')') XXX
writeln(f2 'end') writeln(f2) writeln(f2 'procedure gotoxy (x,y
integer )') writeln(f2 'begin') writeln(f2 'write(chr(27),'''',ch
r(y+20h),chr(x+20h))') YYY writeln(f2 'end') writeln(f2)
end part2 The CRT screen corrdinates have the origin 0,0 in th
e upper left corner ESSRANGE1
(V 5.6) AND (V 14.08) PROCESSRANGE2 (V 35.6) AND (V 100.0
) PROCESSRANGE3 ELSE WRITELN('VOLTAGE OUT OF VALID RANGES',V)
END 15. CRT Formatting This section descr
ibes JRT Pascal CRT formatting facilities. It requries a basic knowle
dge of Pascal and of JRT Pascal external procedures. The
CRTMAP utility enables the user to quickly format a CRT t 0
x 79 ------------------------------
---- 0 ! !
! ! !
! y ! !
! ! !
! 23 !
! erminal screen. One record at a time may be displayed.
The utility program takes as its input a Map Description File
(MDF) which describes the CRT map in a simple command language. The
utility generates the source program for a Pascal external procedure wh
ich may then be compiled. This external procedure contains all the logic
to display all or part of one record data type. Descriptive informat
ion may also be displayed on the screen. So --------------
-------------------- The first coordinate X indicates the colum
n, the second Y indicates the row. 15.1 Structure of
the external procedure CRTMAP generates a Pascal external procedur
e according to the parameters in the Map Description File. This exter
nal procedure then does the display formatting of your data record.
Structure of the generated external procedure PART1
EXurce code for CRTMAP is include and its features may be modified or
extended. The distribution version of CRTMAP assumes a Televideo dis
play terminal. It may be adapted to any other terminal or comput
er by modifying two lines in the program. These two lines specify t
he control codes for cursor positioning and clearing the screen. Co
nsult your display terminal user manual for the codes for your system. T
he cursor positioning code is in proc *TERN TYPE
%INCLUDE typedeclarationfilename PROCEDUR
E exprocname ( VAR R typename )
PART2 PROCEDURE CLEAR PROCEDURE GOTOXY
PART3 PROCEDURE DISPLAY format the CRT PART4..PART8
(omitted) PART9 BEGIN mainlinecode
END. 15.2 Map DELD 10,20, customernam
e FIELD 12,20, accountbalance102 FIELD 20,60, days
untilarmageddon1 CURSOR - specifies where the cursor should be posi
tioned on the screen after the record is displayed.
CURSOR column, row END - indicates end of Map Description File, A
LWAYS required. 15.3 Operating CRTMAP To operate CRT
MAP, first prepare the Map Description File (section 15.2). Prepare
a efinition File The MDF defines the format of the CRT screen fo
r the display of one record type. CRTMAP recognizes seven different MDF
commands. The MDF commands MUST be entered in a fixed sequence exc
ept for LITERAL and FIELD which may be intermixed. There should b
e one command per line. Blank lines may be inserted for readability.
EXPROC eeeeeeee INCLUDE iiiiiiii R
ECORD rrrrrrrr file containing the record to be displayed
and its subordinate type declarations - this will be the INCLUDE f
ile. Make sure the CRTMAP utility was modified to support y
our terminal type (see section 15.). To run the utility, en
ter EXEC CRTMAP It will ask for the "filename.ty
pe" of your Map Description File. On successful termin
ation of CRTMAP, the new external procedure source file any number of in
termixed LITERAL and FIELD commands CURSOR x,y
END MDF Commands EXPROC - the name of the external procedure
to be generated by CRTMAP. INCLUDE - the name of
the %INCLUDE file which contains the TYPE declaration of the r
ecord to be displayed and all TYPEs and CONSTants to which it r
efers. example INCLUDE TYPES.DCL RECOR
D - the namewill be found on the default disk. It must be compiled wit
h the JRT Pascal version 3 compiler. 15.4 CRTMAP example
An example of the use of the CRTMAP utility is provided here. A simp
le customer record is formatted and displayed. The Map Definit
ion File named MDF is listed. The include file named CUSTOMER.P
AS contains the main record declaration CUST and a subordinate d
eclaration CHAR30. The externa of the record data type to be displ
ayed - this type declaration is in the include file. LIT
ERAL - causes a character string to be displayed on the CRT
screen, the string must be entered between single quotes. LIT
ERAL column, row, 'literal string to be displayed' examples
LITERAL 0,0,'* this is the upper left corner' LITERAL
40,12,'* this is about the center' LITERAL 0,23,'bottom rowl pro
cedure generated by CRTMAP is named CUSTMAP.PAS and is listed.
A complete compiler listing of CRTMAP.PAS follows. Operation flowc
hart of CRTMAP utility (ver 3.0) Map
Description Fi
le !
! !
! of the crt' screen coordinates have
the origin 0,0 in the upper left corner, first number X is
the column, second number Y is the row. FIELD - causes
a field in the input record to be displayed at the specified
location, may include optional minimum width and decimal place
s numbers for displaying integers and reals. FIELD column, row,
fieldname minwidth decplaces FI * V
----------------- !
! ! CRTMAP !
! utiltiy ! ! !
-----------------
! !
! V
! !
! !
! !
! !
! ! Balance $ 1490.34
! !
! ! Pascal source
code external %include procedure
file ! /
! /
! / ! /
! /
! / ! /
! !
! !
! !
! ! !!
! !! File CUSTOMER.PAS contains TYPE declaration of custom
er data record CHAR30 ARR !
/ ! /
V V -----------------
! ! ! JRTPAS
3 ! ! !
----------------- !
! AY 1..30 OF C
HAR CUST RECORD NAME CHAR30 ADDRESS
CHAR30 CITY CHAR30 BALANCE REAL
END FILE MDF contains Map Definition File which describes CRT
screen format EXPROC CUSTMAP INCLUDE CUSTOMER.PAS RECOR
D CUST LITERAL 0,0,'---------- CUSTOMER RECORD ----------' L
ITERAL 5,3,'Name ' FIELD 12,3,NAME LITERAL 5,5,'Addr ' !
!
V compiled
CRT mapping external
procedure CRT Screen formatted by CUSTMAP e
xternal procedure -------------------------------------------------------
---------- !
! ! ---------- CUSTOM FIELD 12,5,ADDRESS LITERAL 5,7,'City
' FIELD 12,7,CITY LITERAL 15,14,'Balance $' FIELD 15,1
4,BALANCE82 CURSOR 0,22 END File CUSTMAP.PAS Pa
scal external procedure generated by CRTMAP utility CRTMAP generated e
xternal procedure extern type %include ('CUSTOMER.PAS
') procedure CUSTMAP ( var r CUST ) proce
dure clear begin write(chr(27),'*')ER RECORD ----------
! !
! ! !
! Name PASCAL, BLAISE !
! ! !
Addr 777 RUE D'ARGENT ! !
! ! City PARIS
* end procedure gotoxy ( x,y integer ) begin w
rite(chr(27),'',chr(y+20h),chr(x+20h)) end procedure display
begin clear gotoxy( 0 ,0 )
write('---------- CUSTOMER RECORD ----------') gotoxy( 5 ,3
) write('Name ') gotoxy( 12 ,3
) write( r,NAME ) gotoxy( 5 ,5
) wabel 99 0091 0047 var 0091 0047 i integer 009
4 0048 begin 009D 0049 word ' ' 00AC 0050 while not (ch in alp
hameric) do 00AC 0051 begin 00B1 0052 getchar 00B4
0053 end 00C4 0054 word1 ch 00C9 0055 i 2 00CE 0056
getchar 00DC 0057 while (ch in alphameric) do 00DC 0058
begin 00EF 0059 wordi ch 00F9 0060 i i + 1 00FE
0061 rite('Addr ') gotoxy( 12 ,5 )
write( r,ADDRESS ) gotoxy( 5 ,7 )
write('City ') gotoxy( 12 ,7 ) wri
te( r,CITY ) gotoxy( 5 ,14 )
write('Balance $') gotoxy( 15 ,14 ) wri
te( r,BALANCE82 ) gotoxy( 0 ,22 ) e
nd begin di getchar 0101 0062 end 010E 00
63 word upcase(word) 010F 0064 end getword 010F 0065 010F 0066 0
10F 0067 procedure init 0115 0068 begin 012C 0069 writeln('CRTM
AP ver 3.0') 0130 0070 writeln 0157 0071 write('name of Map Desript
ion File ') 0160 0072 readln(mapfilename) 0164 0073 writeln 0168
0074 writeln 0177 0075 reset(f1,mapfilename,binary,256) 017C 0076
endoffile falssplay end. ----- CRT Mapping Utility
----- 0000 0002 %page(50) 0000 0003 0000 0004 This version setu
p for Televideo terminals. To adapt to oth 0000 0005 terminals modify PROC
EDURE PART2 which generates the cursor 0000 0006 positioning (gotoxy) and
clear screen (clear) codes. 0000 0007 0000 0008 program crtmap 0000 0
009 0003 0010 type 0010 0011 char16 array 1..16 of char 0010 0012
0010 0013 var 0010 e 0185 0077 ch ' ' 01A7 0078 alphameric
'A'..'Z','a'..'z','0'..'9','','.' 01AC 0079 getword 01E1 0080 if w
ord 'EXPROC' then error('EXPROC command expected') 01E6 0081 getword 01F
2 0082 exprocname word 020A 0083 rewrite(f2, exprocname + '.pas', bi
nary, 256) 020F 0084 getword 0246 0085 if word 'INCLUDE' then error
('INCLUDE' command expected') 024B 0086 getword 0257 0087 includenam
e word 025C 0014 ch char 0010 0015 alphameric set of char 0010
0016 endoffile boolean 0010 0017 mapfilename string15 0010 0018
word char16 0010 0019 exprocname char16 0010 0020 includename c
har16 0010 0021 recordname char16 0010 0022 f1, f2 file of char 0
010 0023 0010 0024 0010 0025 procedure error ( msg string40 ) 0013 0
026 var 0013 0027 dummy char16 0016 0028 begin 001A 0029 00
88 getword 0291 0089 if word 'RECORD' then error('RECORD' command exp
ected') 0296 0090 getword 02A2 0091 recordname word 02A3 0092
end init 02A3 0093 02A3 0094 02A3 0095 procedure part1 02A9 0096
begin 02DF 0097 writeln(f2 'CRTMAP generated external procedure ') 02F4
0098 writeln(f2 'extern') 02FF 0099 writeln(f2) 0312 0100 writ
eln(f2 'type') 033C 0101 writeln(f2 '%include (''',includename,' writeln
001E 0030 writeln 0028 0031 writeln(msg) 002C 0032 writeln 00
2C 0033 abnormally terminate - return to CP/M 0034 0034 call(0,dumm
y,dummy) 0035 0035 end 0035 0036 0035 0037 procedure getchar 003B
0038 begin 004C 0039 read(f1 ch) 0081 0040 if ch chr(1ah) the
n error('Premature end of input file') 008D 0041 write(ch) 008E 0042
end 008E 0043 008E 0044 procedure getword 0091 0045 l *
'')') 0347 0102 writeln(f2) 0386 0103 writeln(f2 'procedure ',expro
cname, '(var r '.recornam ')') 0391 0104 writeln(f2) 0392 0105 end
part1 0392 0106 0392 0107 0392 0108 procedure part2 0398 0109 b
egin 03B7 0110 writeln(f2 'procedure clear') 03CB 0111 writeln(f2 'b
egin') 03ED 0112 writeln(f2 'write(chr(27),''*'')') 0400 0113 writel
n(f2 'end') 040B 0114 writeln(f2) 043D 0115 writeln(f2 'proce 0684
0170 'CURSOR' processcoordinates 0696 0171 'END' en
doffile true 06D3 0172 else error('LITERAL, FIELD, CURSOR, or EN
D command ex cted') 06D4 0173 end 06D7 0174 end 06
EA 0175 writeln(f2 'end' ) 06F5 0176 writeln(f2) 06F6 0177 end
part3 06F6 0178 06F6 0179 06F6 0180 procedure part9 06FC 0181 be
gin 0710 0182 writeln(f2 'begin') 0727 0183 writeln(f2 dure gotoxy (
x,y integer )') 0451 0116 writeln(f2 'begin') 0489 0117 writeln(f2
'write(chr(27),'''',chr(y+20h),chr(x+20h))') 049C 0118 writeln(f2 'end')
04A7 0119 writeln(f2) 04A8 0120 end part2 04A8 0121 04A8 0122 0
4A8 0123 procedure part3 create DISPLAY procedure 04A8 0124 04AB
0125 procedure processcoordinates 04AE 0126 var 04AE 0127 xcoord
, ycoord char16 04B1 0128 begin 04B6 0129 getw'display') 073B 018
4 writeln(f2 'end.') 073C 0185 end part9 073C 0186 073C 0187 073F
0188 begin crtmap 0744 0189 init 0749 0190 part1 074E 0191
part2 0753 0192 part3 0758 0193 part9 075C 0194 close(f1)
0760 0195 close(f2) 0761 0196 end crtmap. No errors detected Module
size 1893 dec bytes End of compile for CRTMAP 5 close(f2) 0761 0196
end crtmap. No errors detected Module size 189ord 04C2 0130 xcoord w
ord 04C7 0131 getword 04D3 0132 ycoord word 0507 0133 writeln
(f2 'gotoxy( ',xcoord,',',ycoord,')') 0508 0134 end 0508 0135 0508 013
6 procedure processstring 050E 0137 begin 050E 0138 find start o
f string 052E 0139 while not (ch in '''',chr(0dh),' ',chr(9),chr(1ah)) do
0536 0140 getchar 0566 0141 if ch '''' then error('Literal
string expected') 057B 0142 write(f2X"3P1P&o! X(O!! X"3PO*9P8!XVO!1P&oX"3P
O*9P8!XO!1P&oX"3PO!1P&oX"3P*9P8!XO1P&o! XO!! X"3P*/P#"/PN'P!!RP#V9#V+"5P#£P"P*5P
#"5P*P+"P$P*/PlM*/P#"/POXOEP*PP"TP*TP!!1!P!"P.YPozg##*P!*P"CQ QPP!*CQ!PPPPPPP 'w
rite(') 057B 0143 repeat 058E 0144 write(f2 ch) 0593 0145
getchar 05A1 0146 until ch chr(0dh) 05B2 0147 writeln(f2 ')') 05B3
0148 end 05B3 0149 05B3 0150 05B6 0151 begin part3 05D7 0152
writeln(f2 'procedure display') 05EB 0153 writeln(f2 'begin') 0600 01
54 writeln(f2 'clear') 0608 0155 while not endoffile do 0608 0156
begin 060D 0157 getword 0613 0158 A. Re
served words The following words are reserved in JRT Pascal and
may not be used as identifiers abs addr
allocate and array begin
binary boolean call case
char chr close compress c
oncat cons const copy deallo
cate case word of 0621 0159 'LITERAL' 0621 01
60 begin 0626 0161 processcoordinates
062B 0162 processstring 062E 0163 en
d 063A 0164 'FIELD' 063A 0165 begin 063F
0166 processcoordinates 0644 0167 getw
ord 066C 0168 writeln(f2 'write( r,',word,')') 066F 0169
end !*!!!!!!!!!delete dispose di
v do downto else end
eof eoln exten false f
ile fillchar for forward fre
e function get goto hex$
if in include initialize
input insert integer la console
input to specify the line range to be monitored and the line spacing. Wh
en those parameters have been entered, the program execution will
begin. If Activan is active when the program terminates, Activan
mode is entered so that a final histogram can be printed.
While the program is running, it can be interrupted and control returned
to Activan by keying in a control-A command. Activan will then reques
t which action is desbel length list lran
ge ltrace map maxint mod
new nil nocons nolist
noltrace noptrace not nowarning
odd of open or ord
output page portin portout
pos pred proceduired co
de action ---- ------- C clear the
counters to zero H print histogram of activity
I initialize the line range and spacing M ru
n the program with Activan monitoring W run the program w
ithout Activan Z terminate the program C. B
lock letters An external procedure named LETTERS is provided
to gre program ptrace put rb
a read readln real real$
record repeat reset rewrite
round rrn set sqr
succ string system text then
to true trunc type
until upcase enerate large block letters. These le
tters are 9 lines high and from 4 to 10 columns wide. The external p
rocedure generates an entire row at a time of letters for use as report h
eaders, program identifiers, etc. The output line may be up to 220 colum
ns wide. The upper case letters, numbers, and dash may be input
to the external procedure. Unsupported characters are converted to spa
ces. Lower case characters are converted to upper case. var
warning while with write
writeln xor B. Activity analyzer
The activity analyzer, Activan, is a facility which monitors the execu
tion of a Pascal program and prints a graph showing the amount of time
spent executing each portion of the program. To use Activan, a program m
ust be compiled with the %LTRACE directive or the $L compile switch
on. A The output from letters is placed in a buffer whic
h is an array of strings. This must be defined exactly as shown. The d
eclaration for LETTERS is TYPE BUFFER ARRAY
1..9 OF STRING220 PROCEDURE LETTERS (INPUTSTRING STRING
SLANT CHAR VAR B BUFFE
R ) EXTERN The inputstring is the line of characters to be conv
erted to block letter format.ctivan monitors the line numbers as a p
rogram executes and keeps counters for the line numbers in the specified
range. The range of line numbers to be monitored and the line spacing can
be set and changed when the program is running. To run
a program with Activan, specify the $A switch when the program is start
ed with the EXEC command EXEC TEXTPGM $A Bef
ore the program begins execution, Activan will request "*"""""""""
The slant character provides for 'streamlined' characters by slanting
to the left or right. Slant may be 'L' or 'R' or ' ', for no slant.
The output buffer B refers to a variable of type buffer in the user's pro
gram. Note that B is a referenced parameter. This s
ample program will print out the word 'PASCAL' in block letters
PROGRAM BLOCKS TYPE BUFFER ARRAY 1..9 OF ST
RING220 V VAR R JSTATINTERFACE ) EX
TERN E. JGRAF JGRAF is an external procedure whi
ch formats x-y graphs and scatter graphs. The graph size in rows and col
umns and the lower and upper x and y bounds are set by the user. A title
to the graph may be provided. Once the graph has been prepared, it
can be displayed on the console, printed or stored in a disk file.
Any number of data points can be plotteAR I INTEGER
BLOCKSBUFR BUFFER PROCEDURE LETTERS ( INPUTSTRING S
TRING SLANT CHAR
VAR B BUFFER ) EXTERN BEGIN LETTERS('PASCAL','R
',BLOCKSBUFR) SYSTEM(LIST) FOR I1 TO 9 DO WRITELN( BLO
CKSBUFRI ) END. D. JSTAT JSTAT is an
external procedure which can be used to compute severd. Any number
of separate plots can be prepared simultaneously (within memory
limitations). To use JGRAF, your program (or occasion
ally an external procedure) must declare the char9000 and jgrafinterfa
ce types. Your program must then declare one (or more) variab
le of type jgrafinterface. For convenience, the interface variable
will be called jgi in this document. Your program could call the inte
rface al basic statistics given an array of real numbers as input. It
computes the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, variance, skewness,
kurtosis and the first four moments about the mean. The source co
de for JSTAT is provided on the distribution disk and may be modified
as necessary. The procedure is restricted to an array of 1000 real numb
ers, but this can be easily changed by modifying the declarati
on of the data type jstatarray and variable(s) anything appropriate. Y
our program must also declare JGRAF as an external procedure.
The declarations for sample main program to take plotting c
ommands from a disk file and create a plot is shown here. (The body of t
he sample program is listed later.) Everything listed here is require
d of any program using JGRAF except for the declarations noted as specifi
c to jg. program jg %ltrace %ptrace (* optional - suggest
recompiling the procedure. While jstatarray is declared as a 1000
element array, a much smaller array may be used to hold the data v
alues since the input array is used as a referenced parameter.
JSTAT (in its distributed form) requires three parameters n -
number of data items in the input array x - array of up to 1000
real numbers r - output record containing computed statistic
The followined *) type char9000 array 1..9000 of ch
ar jgrafinterface record command char (* R *)
plotchar char (* R *) xgrid boolean (*
R *) ygrid boolean (* R *) rows integer
(* R *) columns integer (* R *) xlowe
r real (* R *) xupper real (* R *)
ylower real (*g type declarations and procedure declaration are
required in the calling Pascal program TYPE JS
TATINTERFACE RECORD MEAN, STANDARDDEVIATI
ON, VARIANCE, SKEWNESS, KURTOSIS, M1, M2,
M3, M4 REAL END JSTATARRAY ARRAY 1..1000 OF RE
AL PROCEDURE JSTAT (N INTEGER VAR
X JSTATARRAY #*######### R *) yuppe
r real (* R *) filename array 1..14 of char
graftitle string (* R *) (* fields below used internally by jgr
af *) b char9000 bufrsize integer
linesize integer rowcount integer xspacing rea
l yspacing real end var jgi jgra
finterface (* following are used by progr 15.9, 205.7 )
JGI.PLOTCHAR '#' JGRAF ( JGI, 9.0, 105.0 ) To
print the graph on the console, set jgi.command to 'C' and call JGRAF
with x and y arguments zero, as JGI.COMMAND 'C'
JGRAF ( JGI, 0.0, 0.0 ) If you want output to the line pri
nter as well as to the console, set jgi.command to 'P' instead of 'C' be
fore calling JGRAF. To write the graph to a file, set jgi.fileam j
g *) filename array1..20 of char title array1..24 of char
inf file of char x, y real command char (* end of varia
bles used by sample program *) procedure jgraf ( var jg jgrafinterface
x, y real ) extern (* end of declarations *)
To produce graphs, your program must first set all members of
jgi marked (* R *) in the jgrafinterface type declaration to
appname to the desired name, jgi.command to 'S', and call JGRAF.
JGI.FILENAME 'BPLOT.5' JGI.COMMAND 'S'
JGRAF ( JGI, 0.0, 0.0 ) More data points can be added to a g
raph after printing, so that development or trends can be plotted in
succession. Further, by setting jgi.plotchar to a space (' '), data po
ints can be erased (although grid lines will not be restored).
If you want to priropriate values. Jgi.xgrid would be
set to false if grid lines running across the graph should be omitted.
Jg.ygrid is likewise set to false if grid lines running up and do
wn are to be omitted. Jgi.rows and jgi.columns contain the number of l
ines and number of characters across the body of the plot itself (min
us one). The number of rows and columns should normally be divis
ible by 10. Plot size can be calculated as (numbent more than one
graph using the same interface record (jgi) or want JGRAF to free the me
mory allocated to produce a graph, you can set jgi.command to 'X' before
calling JGRAF. This will free the buffers allocated by JGRAF (in the 'I'
command). Note that every call to JGRAF that is not pro
viding data (jgi.command 'D') should have the x and y arguments equal to
0.0. The body of the sample program jg is included here,
and r of columns + 16) * (number of lines + 5), which should
not exceed 9000 characters. The length of jgi.title should be less than
the number of columns in the plot. Once all the requair
ed members of jgi are initialized, set jgi.command to 'I' and call JGR
AF, as JGI.COMMAND 'I' JGRAF ( JGI, 0.0, 0.0 )
(Note that the examples listed here in upper case are for
illustration only and are NOT pa illustrates one use of JGRAF. Jg tak
es a disk file of commands as input and produces one or more plots as dir
ected. Commands on the disk file are similiar to the options to JGRA
F, with the addition of two commands. T followed by 'title' may prece
ed the I command. Period (.) followed by a space and a new plot cha
racter will reset the current plot character. begin (*
jg *) write('General graphing input file ') rt of the pr
ogram jg.) Then, to place data points on the graph, set jgi.comma
nd to 'D' and call JGRAF for each of the appropriate points. Do this as
often as needed. To get two distinct curves, you could set jgi.plotch
ar to '*' for one set of points, then set it to '#' before calling JGRAF
with another set of points. JGI.COMMAND 'D'
JGI.PLOTCHAR '*' JGRAF ( JGI, 15.4, 199.2 ) J
GRAF ( JGI, $*$$$$$$$$$ readln(filename) reset(inf,filename
, text, 512) jgi.title ' ' while (not eof(inf)) d
o begin read(inf command)
command upcase(command) writeln('db ',com
mand) jgi.command command case co
mmand of 'T' begin read
ln (inf title) **** 60 -I--
-------I---------I---------I---------I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I I I
I I I I I jg
i.title title end 'I'
begin readln (inf jgi.rows, jgi.columns,
jgi.xlower, jgi.xupper,
jgi.ylower, jgi.yupper) jgi.plotcha
r '*' jgi.xgrid true
jgi.ygrid true (* note that all r
I I I I I I
I I I I I 30 -I---------I---
------I---------I---------I I I I I
# I I I I I I
I I I I I I
I I I I I *** I
I I equired members *)
(* of jgi have been set *) jgraf(jgi, 0.0
, 0.0) writeln(' done I')
end 'D' begin r
ead(inf x, y) jgraf(jgi, x, y)
end '.' readln(inf jgi.plotchar)
'C' jgraf(jgi, 0.0, 0.0) I * I I
I I I * I I I I
I * I I I # I
I # I I I I 0 -I---------I----
-----I---------I---------I 0 10 20 3
0 40 A summary of the commands to JGRAF is included now for refere
nce code meaning ---- -----------
'P' jgraf(jgi, 0.0, 0.0) 'S' begin
readln(inf filename)
jgi.filename filename jgraf(jgi, 0.0, 0.0)
end 'X' jgraf(jgi, 0.0,
0.0) else writeln('Unrecognized command ',command)
end end close(i
nf) C display graph on console D plot
a data point I initialize graph buffer and axes
P print graph S save graph on a disk file
X delete graph buffer The source code for JGRAF is p
rovided and may be modified. For example, the number of lines between
the xgrid lines can be changed to 6 (or to 8) so that the grid lines for
m a one inch square on printer end. Given the input
file SAMPLE.DAT as follows T 'Sample' I 20 40 0
40 0 60 D 5 6 D 6 10 D 7 12 D 8 15
D 9 16 D 10 16 . # D 5 2 D 32 6
D 32 27 C S sample.out X
Jg will produce the (uninspired) output file SAMPLE.OUT as follows, g
iven the input listed above. JGRAF ver 3.0 **** Sample %*%%%
%%%%%%s with 10 characters per inch and 6 (or 8) lines per inch. J
GRAF is not limited to scatter plots. With appropriate selection
of data points, histograms can be produced. Contour plots (and even is
ometric drawings) are also possible. F. Restrictions 1. Arrays
are limited to 8 dimensions. 2. Literal chars strings in the 'const' s
ection are limited to 32 chars. 3. Random disk files require CP/M 2.2 a
nd may be up to 8 MB in size. 4. Sets are limited to 128 elements.
The first element (leftmost) corresponds to 0 the last element (rightmost
) corresponds to 127. 5. Up to 63 external procedures and functions may
be declared. 6. Not more than 1632 dynamic storage blocks may be allo
cated at one time. The run-time system may require up to 100 of these
for file buffers, file control blocks, external procedures and other use
s. 7. "With" statements may not be nested to more than 31 levels.
8. "Case" statements are limited to 128 clauses with 128 labels per clause.
9. Integers must be between +32767 and -32768, since they are stored
in 16-bit twos-complement format. In a few cases, integers will be
treated as unsigned 16-bit values with a range of 0 to +65535. The
MAP and CALL builtin procedures require addresses which may range up to
65535. Accessing random files by relative byte address may requir
e byte addresses up to 65535. 10. "Real" numbers are represented in 1
4 digit binary coded decimal (BCD) format. The floating point exponent r
ange is from -64 to +63. 11. Names of procedures and functions may not
be used as parameters. 12. Literal char strings in the source program m
ay not exceed 127 char. and functions may not be used as parameters. 1
2. LRA M£t£0pp!k65QZuFqnQt2"1N4IuD7aV4pE1+BpqX7Z Fs &*&&&&&&&&& '*'''''''''Tous droits réservés. Reproduction sans autorisation interdite. © Kukulcan